Consumo de drogas: reporte por tarjeta de enfermedad de declaración obligatoria. Municipio Plaza de la Revolución / Drugs consumption: Report on compulsory disease declaration card

Introducción:El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas es considerado un serio problema por su impacto negativo sobre la salud, la economía, la convivencia familiar y social. Objetivo: Identificar las características comportamentales relacionadas con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en pacientes del municipio Plaza de la Revolución. Material y Métodos: Investigación descriptiva de corte transversal en los 71 pacientes residentes en el municipio, reportados por tarjeta EDO durante el período 2013- 2015 por trastornos relacionados con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Se aplicó una encuesta y una entrevista semiestructurada, previo consentimiento informado de los pacientes. Resultados: El 87.4 por ciento de los encuestados pertenecía al sexo masculino donde primaron personas en edades entre 20 y 29 años. La mayoría de las féminas eran adolescentes contando con una menor de solo 13 años. Primó el diagnóstico de abuso a múltiples sustancias siendo la marihuana, el alcohol y los fármacos los más usados. Los cuadros de intoxicación aguda fueron en su mayoría provocados por psicofármacos. Los monoconsumidores menores de 21 años prefirieron los cannabinoides sintéticos, los de mayor edad el crack. Elevada prevalencia de tabaquismo en los pacientes con incremento del consumo de cigarrillos cuando ingerían bebidas alcohólicas. Los encuestados tenían escasa percepción de riesgo del uso de la marihuana. El mayor número de reportes fue realizado por el Departamento de salud mental del municipio. Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta el consumo de múltiples sustancias encabezadas por la marihuana así como el uso de nuevas drogas de síntesis fundamentalmente en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes se trazaron estrategias por el equipo de salud mental(AU)

Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances is considered a serious problem because of its negative impact on health, economy, and family and social coexistence. Objective: To identify the behavioral characteristics related to the consumption of psychoactive substances in patients of Plaza de la Revolución Municipality. Material and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional investigation was conducted in 71 patients who live in the municipality, and were reported by compulsory disease declaration cards presenting disorders related to the consumption of psychoactive substances during the 2013-2015 period. A survey and a semi-structured interview were both applied, with a previous informed consent given by the patients. Results: the 87 percent of the inquired people were male, most of them aged 20 - 29 years. Most women were adolescents, including an underage who was only 13 years old. The aspect of great importance was the diagnosis of multiple substance abuse, being Marijuana, alcohol, and medications the most used ones. The cases of acute intoxication were mainly caused by psychopharmaceutical drugs. Monoconsumers younger than 21 years of age preferred the synthetic cannabinoids, and the older ones preferred the crack. There was a high prevalence of smoking in patients with increased cigarette consumption when they were drinking alcohol. The inquired people had a little risk perception of using Marijuana. The greatest number of reports was carried out by the Department of Mental Health of the municipality. Conclusions: Some strategies were developed by the mental health team, considering the consumption of multiple substances headed by Marijuana, as well as the use of new synthetic drugs which were mainly consumed by adolescents and young adults(AU)

The consumption of alcohol and other drugs among college students: interference in their academic life / O consumo de álcool e outras drogas entre estudantes universitários: interferências na vida acadêmica / El consumo de alcohol y otras drogas entre estudiantes universitarios: interferencias en su vida académica

The proposed study is justified by the vulnerability of young people regarding psychoactive substances consumption. The objectives were: to identify the number of students who use psychoactive substances in an Institution of Higher Education; to identify factors that influence consumption and the number of students who need intervention. For data collection we used two instruments: the sociodemographic and ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test). In a sample of 437 students, we found that 221 of them must receive intervention and eight need to be referred for treatment; 68 students think that alcohol hinders them in college and 99 students miss classes due to alcohol consumption...

A realização do estudo justifica-se pela vulnerabilidade dos jovens para o consumo de substâncias psicoativas. Os objetivos foram: identificar o número de universitários que fazem uso, em uma instituição de ensino superior, verificar fatores que influenciam o consumo e o número de universitários que necessitam receber intervenção. Para a coleta de dados utilizaram-se dois instrumentos: de caracterização sociodemográfica e o Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screen Test. Em amostra com 437 acadêmicos, verificou-se que 221 precisavam receber intervenção e oito precisavam ser encaminhados para tratamento; 68 universitários achavam que o álcool os atrapalhava na faculdade e 99 universitários faltavam às aulas devido ao consumo de álcool...

La realización del estudio se justifica por la vulnerabilidad de los jóvenes para el consumo de substancias psicoactivas. Los objetivos fueron: identificar el número de universitarios que hacen uso, en una Institución de Enseñanza Superiora; verificar factores que influencian el consumo; y el número de universitarios que necesitan recibir intervención. Para la recogida de datos se utilizó dos instrumentos: de caracterización sociodemográfica y el ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screen Test). En muestra de 437 académicos, se verificó que 221 necesitan recibir intervención y ocho necesitan ser encaminados para tratamiento; 68 universitarios creen que el alcohol les estorba en la facultad y 99 universitarios faltan a las clases debido al consumo de alcohol...

Prevalence of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Opioid Addicts.

Introduction: Substance use disorders and mood and anxiety disorders are widespread among the general population. Methods: This study assessed the rate of current mood disorders and anxiety disorders in outdoor opioid addicts. The data were collected from five hundred opioiddependent patients who were seeking treatment from outdoor dept. of civil hospital, Gurdaspur. The Research version of structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders was used. Results: The majority (23%) were self employed and 20% were unemployed. 25% had education till the level of high school, 15% were illiterate. 326(65.2%) subjects were diagnosed as having mood disorders, of those 274 (29%) had substance induced depression, 41 (8.2%) had major depression, 5 (1%) had dysthymia, 5 (1%) bipolar mood disorder type I, and 2 (0.4%) were diagnosed as having bipolar mood disorder type II. 138 (27.6%) subjects were diagnosed as having substance-induced anxiety disorders, and 88 (17.6%) as having generalized anxiety disorder. Of the participants 218 (43.6%) reported more than 5 years use of opioid abuse. Conclusions: Due to high rates of mood disorders in opioid-dependent subjects, psychiatric treatment services should be open and accessible to the patients, especially those who voluntarily seek help and treatment to reduce the rate of mood disorders and reduce relapse of substance abuse also.

Toxicologia e profissionais de saúde: uso abusivo e dependência / Toxicology and health professionals: drug abuse and dependence

Na década de 1990, foi demonstrada alta prevalência no uso abusivo de opioides pelos anestesiologistas. Desde então, houve aumento nas pesquisas desse tipo de comportamento entre os profissionais da área de saúde. No entanto, observa-se aumento da prevalência da dependência de drogas entre esses profissionais, devido a várias situações como: estresse, extensas jornadas de trabalho e o fácil acesso aos medicamentos. Outros fatores envolvidos estão relacionados a aspectos bioquímicos, genéticos e psiquiátricos. Objetivo: discutir a real prevalência, a etiologia e as estratégias de controle no abuso de propofol, opioides e cetamina entre os profissionais da saúde, especialmente entre as especialidades médicas. Métodos: revisão de artigos científicos disponíveis nos bancos de dados do Pubmed e Scielo. Resultados: entre os profissionais de saúde, a prevalência da dependência química de propofol, opioides (principalmente fentanil e sufentanil) e cetamina é mais alta entre os anestesiologistas, médicos socorristas e psiquiatras. Foi encontrada considerável associação entre a dependência química desses profissionais e outras psicopatogenias, como transtornos de personalidade e depressão. Esses transtornos podem até mesmo influenciar a escolha da droga utilizada. Conclusão: apesar do aumento do número de dependentes químicos em propofol, opioides e cetamina entre os profissionais da saúde, existem poucas estratégias de controle para impedir o acesso a esses medicamentos para uso próprio. Além disso, há poucas informações sobre a segurança do profissional em relação ao retorno ao ambiente de trabalho após o período de reabilitação.

A high prevalence of opioid abuse was found among anesthesiologists in the 1990s. Ever since, an increased number of studies have focused on health professionals? behaviors. However, the prevalence of drug abuse has increased among these professionals as a result of: stress, long work hours, and easy access to the drugs. Other factors involved are of biochemical, genetic and psychiatric nature. Objective: To discuss the actual prevalence, etiology and control strategies related to propofol, opioid and ketamine abuse among health professionals, particularly specialist physicians. Methods: Review of academic articles available on Pubmed and Scielo databases. Results: The prevalence of chemical dependence on propofol, opioids (specially fentanyl and sufentanil) and ketamine is higher among the anesthesiologists, paramedics, and psychiatrists. A meaningful correlation was found between these professionals? chemical dependence and other psychopathologies, including personality disorder, and depression. Such disorders may.

Sociedad libre de drogas o reducción de daño. Un falso dilema / Drug-free society or harm reduction. A false dilema

En el ensayo se argumenta que preguntarse por los beneficios de tomar o no una postura de “reducción de daño” en el contexto del consumo de drogas es un falso dilema. No es posible tener una posición absoluta frente al tema, debido a que existen variables individuales, culturales, históricas, entre otras, que influyen en los resultados de las prácticas asociadas a la reducción del daño y que no permiten establecer la bondad o no de dicha postura

Implicación de los valores éticos y morales en el enfrentamiento de las adicciones en jóvenes / Implication of ethical and moral values in facing addiction in the young people

El uso de sustancias adictivas constituye un grave y complejo fenómeno social ya que es un problema de salud directamente relacionado con la familia y la educación. La preocupación en la República Argentina por el consumo de alcohol y drogas llevó en 1999 a la Secretaría de Programación para la Prevención de la Drogadicción y la Lucha contra el Narcotráfico de la Presidencia de la Nación, a la realización de un estudio de prevalencia a nivel nacional sobre el uso de sustancias psicoactivas en los últimos 30 días anteriores a la aplicación de la encuesta, a individuos entre 16 y 64 años de edad. El estudio arrojó el siguiente resultado: el 72,5 por ciento de la población usó alcohol o tabaco, 2,9 por ciento drogas ilegales y el 1,2 por ciento medicamentos psicoactivos fuera de prescripción médica. Este estudio confirma la importancia de un análisis profundo de la realidad de esta población, poniendo el acento en los estudiantes, que aunque conocen las consecuencias de su uso y abuso, no tienen un cambio de actitud frente al problema. Además, los jóvenes están en un período de la vida donde se puede trabajar desde lo social, demostrándoles los principios éticos que sustentan el valor de la vida. Es por eso que se proyecta el presente trabajo que tiene por objetivo general analizar el problema del uso de sustancias adictivas desde una posición ético-social con énfasis en los aspectos éticos que se deben tener presentes en el abordaje de los problemas adictivos.

Use of addictive substances is a serious and complex social phenomenon since it is a health problem directly related to the family and education. The concern about alcohol and drug consumption in the Argentinian Republic led the Department of Programs for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and Fight against Drug Traffic under the Presidency of the Nation to perform a study on the national prevalence of use of psychoactive substances in the last 30 days before administering a survey to individuals aged 16-64 years. The study yielded the following result: 72, 5 of the population took alcohol or smoked, 2, percent used illegal drugs and 1, percent psychoactive drugs without any medical prescription. This study confirmed the importance of an in-depth analysis of this population segment's realities, putting emphasis on the students whose knowledge about the consequences of drug use and abuse has not led them to change their attitude to face this problem. Also, the young people are living a period of life that allows working with them from a social perspective and show them the ethical principles supporting the value of life. This is the reason why the present paper was aimed at analyzing the problem of use of addictive substances from an ethical/social standpoint, with emphasis on ethical aspects that should be considered in approaching addiction problems.

Correlation of circulatory immunoglobulin levels with Mu opiate receptor allele.

Opiates are known to induce immunosuppression in their users (addicts). Evidences supporting their role in suppressing a variety of immunological end points in addicts have been reported by several investigators. In the present study, we investigated the changes in serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and their correlation with Mu opiate receptor (MOR) genotypes. Eighty-seven users and forty-five non-users were recruited for the study. Genomic DNA, isolated from the peripheral blood, was used for genotyping for C17T and A118G polymorphism using PCR-RFLP method. The frequency of A and G alleles in non-users was 89% and 11% respectively, whereas in addicts, it was 67% and 33% respectively. Case control analysis between groups revealed that 118G allele was associated with opioid dependence [Chi square (chi2) = 13.56, odds ratio (OR) = 3.90, confidence interval 95% (CI 95%) = 1.80-8.67, p = 0.000231]. C17T polymorphism showed no association with opioid dependence [(chi2) = 0.9, OR = 2.49, CI 95% = 0.528-16.12, p = 0.343]. Mean Ig levels, both IgG (student's t-test = 2.2738, p = 0.007) and IgA (student's t-test = 2.848, p = 0.0051) differed between opiate users and nonusers. IgG and IgA levels were also significantly different in individuals with different MOR genotypes. Immunosuppression was observed in AA genotype-bearing individuals, while no suppression was seen in AG and GG genotypes bearing individuals. In case of C17T polymorphism, both CC and CT genotypes bearing individuals showed immunosuppression, as judged by circulating Ig levels.

Frequency distribution of opiate poisoning according to individual characteristics and clinical manifestations

Opiates include natural alkaloids and synthetic derivates. Their pharmacologic effects are based on bounding opiate receptors. Peak toxic and therapeutic effect of opiate is 90 minutes after oral administration. Acute presentations of opiate poisoning are CNS, respiratory and Gl involvements. In long term, opiate can change numbers and sensitivity of their receptors, and result in tolerance or withdrawal syndrome. In opiate over dosage, morbidity and mortality decrease with careful therapeutic and supportive managements. Study of frequency distribution of opiate poisoning according to individual characteristics and clinical manifestations are the main objectives of recent investigation. in this retrospective descriptive study, 2520 patients were enrolled in 2001-2002. Information including demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects was collected. 263 cases of 2520 [10.4%] were poisoned with opiates. The most frequent age group was 21-30 years old [38.3%] and the most common hospital stay was 1-7 days [55.8%]. The males were more poisoned than female [71.4%] and respiratory support was used for 29 patients [18%]. Poisoning route was often [68.8%] by ingestion [181 cases]. The most common clinical presentation was CNS involvement [74.1%]. The most common type of used narcotic substances was opium [60.4%]. Mortality rate was 4.5% [12 cases]. Opiate poisoning can result in morbidity and mortality. Complications were more among those who referred to hospital with delay or used high dose or potent agents. The main cause of mortality in opiate overdose was hypoxia with respiratory depression

Nicotine and Opiumdependence in psychiatric patients

Many psychiatric patients have nicotine and other substance dependence. The goal of this research is examining the frequencies of nicotine and opium dependence among psychiatric inpatients in Kerman, Iran. Three groups of psychiatric inpatients, chronic medical patients and a sample from the local population, each including 400 subjects were selected. Psychiatric patients were evaluated in Kerman Psychiatric Hospital, Kerman, Iran in the year 2001. Nicotine dependence was evaluated via Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, score above 7 was considered positive for nicotine dependence. Opium dependence was evaluated by semi-structured interview based on The Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. One hundred and fifteen [28.75%] psychiatric patients had nicotine dependence which was higher than 2 other groups [X2=4, degrees of freedom [df]=4, p<0.0001]. One hundred and forty [35%] psychiatric patients had opium dependence which did not differ from chronic medical patients but was higher than the third group [X2=21.97, df=2, p<0.0001]. Frequencies of nicotine and opium dependence were higher among male subjects in all 3 groups. Highest frequencies of nicotine and opium dependence were seen among patients with post traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]. The highest coefficient of contingency between nicotine dependence and opium dependence was seen among psychiatric patients. Psychiatric patients are predisposed to substance dependence. One plausible reason for opium dependence in our patients is cultural factors. Substance dependence associated with other psychiatric disorders should be considered by treating physicians in any treatment plan

Courses of substance use and schizophrenia in the dual-diagnosis patients: is there a relationship?

BACKGROUND: Interrelationship of schizophrenia and substance use is complex and multifactorial. Examining the influence of various psychoactive substances on course of patients with pure dual-diagnosis schizophrenia may help to solve this riddle. AIM: To examine the relationship of the courses of substance use and schizophrenic symptomatology in substance abusing "dual-diagnosis" patients with schizophrenia. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Outpatient Deaddiction and Treatment Center of a tertiary care hospital with a retrospective design. METHODS and MATERIAL: Twenty-two substance abusing dual-diagnosis patients with schizophrenia were investigated regarding the course of substance use (abuse/dependence, use, non-use) and that of schizophrenia (psychotic, non-psychotic, in remission). A graphical representation of course of schizophrenia and substance abuse was made and their relationship studied by superimposition of respective graphs. STATISTICS: The Friedman two-way analysis of variance of ranks was applied to see the relationship between time spent by patients while on and off various substances. RESULTS: In five cases, the onset of schizophrenia preceded the onset of substance use. In seven out of 22 subjects, the schizophrenic exacerbation was clearly preceded by increase in substance abuse in the preceding two-twelve months. In none of the subjects decrease in substance use led to a decrease or increase in schizophrenic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although substance use disorder preceded the onset of schizophrenic illness in the majority, and increase in substance abuse preceded schizophrenic exacerbation in one-third of dual-diagnosis patients, overall there was no evidence that the course of substance use was associated with that of schizophrenia after both disorders were diagnosed.

Increasing trend of illicit drug abuse in Thai parturient at Siriraj Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To report the magnitude of the problem and to evaluate the outcome of maternal illicit drug use in Thai parturients. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. SUBJECT: The subjects were 44,640 parturients who had deliveries at Siriraj Hospital from January 1998 to December 2001 and were divided into two groups. The study group consisted of 66 parturients with a history of illicit drug use and the control group consisted of 44,574 parturients without a history of illicit drug use. INTERVENTION: Medical records of 66 parturients with a history of illicit drug use were reviewed. Obstetric statistics of the department were retrieved from the computerized database in the Division of Obstetric and Gynecologic Registry. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Characteristics of parturients, pregnancy outcome, type and incidence of illicit drug. RESULTS: Within the study period, 66 cases of maternal illicit drug use were identifiable during the intrapartum period; 65 cases used amphetamine or derivatives and 1 case used an opioid derivative. The number had risen from 1 case in 1998 to 58 cases in 2001. Mean age of the patients was 23.30 +/- 6.04 years. Compared to the control group which included 44,574 parturients, the patients had a lower incidence of antenatal care (ANC rate = 21.21% vs 94.35%; RR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.14-0.26), a higher incidence of HIV infection (10% vs 2%; RR = 6.09, 95% CI = 2.83-13.12), a higher incidence of birth before arrival (BBA rate = 9.09% vs 1.06%; RR = 8.59, 95% CI = 3.98-18.51), and a lower cesarean section rate (10.60% vs 26.36%; RR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.20-0.81). There were no serious intrapartum, immediate postpartum and neonatal complication. Fetal outcome included a higher incidence of low birth weight infants (22.73% vs 10.23%; RR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.42-3.46) and a smaller head circumference than the normal range of Thai fetal biometry (31.85 +/- 1.47 cm). CONCLUSION: There is an increasing trend of illicit drug use in Thai parturients. Although the present case series of drug abuse in Thai parturients cannot give the whole picture of maternal drug abuse in the Thai population, the dramatic increase in the identifiable cases during the past 4 years is very alarming. Currently, the outcome of pregnancy in case detected during intrapartum is not much different from that in the general population. However, there are potential risks for the patients and their babies. All medical staffs should be aware of this condition. Careful clinical data gathering and laboratory testing are suggested for prevention of complications and the potential hazards of this problem.

Psychiatric Comorbidity in Substance Abuse

OBJECTIVE: To find the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the opioids dependents and to assess the severity of their addiction profile. METHOD: Sample comprised of fifty patients admitted in drug treatment and rehabilitation center at Psychiatry Department of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, between March to August 1997. DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were applied to diagnose substance dependence and associated psychiatric morbidity, while Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Addiction Severity Index were used to assess severity of anxiety, depression and dependence respectively. The major co-morbid psychiatric conditions were major depression [30%], personality disorder [6%], generalized anxiety disorder [4%], phobic disorder [4%], panic disorder [2%], dysthymic disorder [2%]. The overall findings in this study lends support to the hypothesis, that there is substantial psychiatric co-morbidity amongst the opioid abusers and dependents in our population, as is found in studies from the West

Morbidity and mortality patterns, health beliefs, and health risk factors of Karen highlanders of northwest Thailand.

Morbidity and mortality patterns, health care practices, and health care beliefs were assessed over three seasons in Pwo and Sgaw Karen preschool children living in the highlands of northwest Thailand. The sample consisted of all preschool children from 77 Pwo and 71 Sgaw households. Although the Pwo and Sgaw Karen residing in the highlands of northwest Thailand live in isolated villages in the same ecozone, utilize similar technologies, have similar access to health facilities, and maintain a certain level of sociocultural homogeneity through their identification as Karen, Pwo preschool children exhibit significantly higher levels of morbidity and mortality than their Sgaw counterparts. It is argued that these differences in morbidity and mortality are primarily the function of historical patterns which resulted in an earlier contact of the Sgaw with modem societies and particularly with an earlier exposure to western health care.

Substance abuse treatment policy implications derived from routine statistical reports.

Substance abuse poses both economic and social threats. Medical treatments for substance abusers are considered as one of the main strategies to tackle with the problems. For each episode of cases seeking medical treatments, data are routinely collected and reported to the Department of Medical Services and copies to the Office of Narcotics Control Board of Thailand. However, they are rarely analyzed and used. This paper demonstrates an example how a basic analysis, with occasional substantiation from other databases or basic knowledge, can lead to meaningful policy options for medical treatments of substance abuse in the near future.

Crack use in Puerto Rico: evidence of a recent epidemic

This study examines the prevalence of crack use among out-of-treatment drug users in the San Juan metropolitan area. Of the sample of 849 drug users, 310 (36.5 percent) were crack users only, 179 (21.1 percent) were drug injectors and crack users, and 360 (42.4 percent) were drug injectors only. To study the characteristics of crack users we selected the subjects who reported the use of crack only. Of the 310 subjects, 193 (62.3 percent) men and 117 (37.7 percent) women, the mean age was 29 years. Significant differences were observed by gender. Females reported higher education, living in a nuclear family, crack/cocaine as the first drug used, history of sexually transmitted diseases and higher rates of HIV seropositivity. Males were more likely to report income from illegal activities, incarceration, use of multiple drugs, and more years of drug use. Among those sexually active, females were more likely to practice unprotected vaginal sex, have multiple sex partners, engage in prostitution (exchange of sex for money and/or drugs) and use condoms

Visåo histórica sobre o uso de drogas: passado e presente; Rio de Janeiro e Såo Paulo / Historical profile of drug consumption: past and present; Rio de Janeiro and Såo Paulo

Os autores traçam um perfil histórico sobre o uso de opiáceos e cocaína, incluindo informaçöes sobre as cidades de Säo Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, ao longo dos dois últimos séculos. Os dados mostram que nos últimos 200 anos estas drogas gozavam de grande prestígio sendo livremente comercializadas, inclusive no Brasil. Resultados de pesquisas recentes em segmentos populacionais específicos (estudantes de 1§ e 2§ graus e menino(as) em situaçäo de rua) das cidades de Säo Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, bem como dados estatísticos de internaçöes psiquiátricas por dependência e apreensöes de drogas pela Polícia Federal, mostram que a cidade de Säo Paulo tem todos os indicadores mostrando um maior consumo (e problemas) de cocaína. No entanto, em franca contradiçäo com estes achados estatísticos, os meios de divulgaçäo brasileiros consideram o Rio de Janeiro como a capital do vício de cocaína

Dependencia a la cocaína en el Perú / Cocaine dependence at Peru

Se revisan los estudios epidemiológicos hechos en el Perú acerca del uso de drogas en estudiantes (escolares y universitarios), en los hospitales generales y servicios psiquiátricos, así como en las encuestas domiciliarias realizadas en la ciudad de Lima y siete años después en veinte ciudades del Perú. La parte central de esta monografía constituye el estudio clínico de 616 pacientes dependientes de la pasta de coca, atendidos en varios hospitales generales, hospitales psiquiátricos y en consultorios especializados