ABSTRACT
Os vírus Influenza A infectam um largo espectro de hospedeiros e causam epidemias anuais. São vírus com alta variabilidade genética e RNA segmentado, que podem sofrer rearranjos entre os genes de diferentes vírus. Em 2006, foram analisadas 521 amostras de crianças menores de 5 anos atendidas no HU-USP e 25 foram positivas para Influenza A, sendo H3N2 o mais prevalente (68%). Cinco genes de 18 amostras foram seqüenciados e obtivemos 13 sequencias de HA, 12 da NP, 12 de NA, 14 da M e 10 da NS. Verificou-se a presença de várias mutações, especialmente na HA e NA, que favoreceram a substituição da cepa vacinal naquele ano. Todas as amostras H3N2 apresentaram sítios de resistências aos inibidores da M2. Diferentes linhagens circularam no mesmo ano, tanto de H1 como de H3, favorecendo rearranjos entre elas. Foram verificados, também rearranjos envolvendo os genes da HA e NP, indicando o complexo mecanismo de evolução desses vírus e enfatizando a necessidade de monitoramento da circulação e caracterização de seus genes.
Influenza A virus infects a wide range of hosts and cause annual outbreaks. RNA segmented virus has high genetic variability and may have rearrangements between the genes of different viruses. In 2006, 521 samples of children younger than 5 years were analyzed and 25 tested positive for Influenza A virus, of which the subtype H3N2 is the most prevalent (68%). Five genes of 18 samples were sequenced and 13 sequences of HA, 12 of NP, 14 of M and 10 of NS obtained were. The presence of this several mutations, especially in the HA and NA genes probably helped the replacement of the vaccine strain in that year. All H3N2 subtype samples showed points of resistance to M2 inhibitors. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of different lineages in the same year, for both H1 and H3, and the presence of two rearrangements involving the HA and NP genes. These results indicate the influence of rearrangements in the evolution of the virus and emphasize the need for monitoring of circulation and characterization of genes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/genetics , Alphainfluenzavirus/genetics , OrthomyxoviridaeABSTRACT
Background & objectives: With the emergence of a new reassortant influenza A H1N1 virus that caused the 2009 pandemic it was felt necessary that pigs should be closely monitored for early detection of any influenza virus infection. Therefore, we investigated disease outbreaks with clinical history suggestive for swine influenza reported to our laboratory by owners of affected pig farms in Uttar Pradesh. Methods: Detection of swine influenza A virus (SIV) was attempted by isolation in embryonated chicken eggs. Presence of virus was detected by haemagglutination (HA) test and RT-PCR for amplification of different gene segments, cloning and sequencing. BLAST analysis of sequence data, phylogenetic analysis and mutation analysis based on HA, NA and matrix genes was done. Results: SIV could be isolated from one farm and all eight gene segments amplified by RT-PCR. BLAST analysis of partial nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequence of HA (601 nt), NA (671 nt) and M (1031 nt) genes indicated close genetic relationship of the Indian swine isolate (A/Sw/UP-India-IVRI01/2009) with human pandemic 2009 (H1N1). The HA gene showed close relationship with the viruses of “North American Swine” lineage, whereas the NA and M genes clustered with the viruses of “Eurasian Swine” lineage, indicating a novel HA-NA reassortant. The remaining of 5 genes (NP, PA, PB1, PB2 and NS) belonged to “North American Swine” lineage. Interpretation & conclusions: This is perhaps the first report describing swine influenza among Indian pigs caused by an influenza A H1N1 virus sharing close homology with the human pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Further reassortment with circulating influenza viruses must be closely monitored.