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1.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 19(4): e210064, 2021. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1351162

ABSTRACT

We propose a revised classification of Doradidae based on phylogenetic analyses of sequence data for one nuclear (rag1) and two mitochondrial (co1, 16s) genes, and corroborated by caudal-fin morphology. The molecular dataset comprises 174 doradid specimens representing all 31 valid genera, 83 of the 96 valid extant species and 17 species-level taxa that remain undescribed or nominally unassigned. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of molecular data support six major lineages of doradids assigned here to three nominal subfamilies (Astrodoradinae, Doradinae, Wertheimerinae) and three new ones (Acanthodoradinae, Agamyxinae, Rhinodoradinae). The maximum parsimony topology of Doradidae was sensitive to ingroup density and outgroup age. With the exceptions of Astrodoradinae and Doradinae, each subfamily is diagnosed by caudal-fin characteristics. The highest degree of fusion among skeletal elements supporting the caudal fin is observed in Acanthodoradinae and Aspredinidae, lineages that are sister to the remaining doradids and aspredinoids (i.e., Auchenipteridae + Doradidae), respectively. Fusion among caudal-fin elements tends to be higher in taxa with rounded, truncate or emarginate tails and such taxa typically occupy shallow, lentic habitats with ample structure. Caudal-fin elements are more separated in taxa with moderately to deeply forked tails that occupy lotic habitats in medium to large river channels.(AU)


Propomos uma classificação revisada de Doradidae baseada na análise filogenética de dados moleculares dos genes rag1, co1 e 16s, e suportada pela morfologia da nadadeira caudal. A matriz molecular inclui 174 espécimes de doradídeos representando os 31 gêneros válidos, 83 das 96 espécies viventes e 17 táxons não descritos ou nominalmente não designados. As análises de parcimônia e bayesiana suportam seis linhagens principais de doradídeos atribuídas a três subfamílias nominais (Astrodoradinae, Doradinae, Wertheimerinae) e três novas subfamílias (Acanthodoradinae, Agamyxinae, Rhinodoradinae). A árvore de máxima parcimônia de Doradidae é sensível à densidade de grupo interno e a idade do grupo externo. Com exceção de Astrodoradinae e Doradinae, cada subfamília é diagnosticada por características da nadadeira caudal. Dentro da família Doradidae e da superfamília Aspredinioidea (Aspredinidae, Auchenipteridae e Doradidae), o maior grau de fusão entre os elementos da nadadeira caudal é observado nas linhagens mais antigas, Acanthodoradinae e Aspredinidae, respectivamente. A fusão entre os elementos da nadadeira caudal é maior em táxons com a caudal arredondada, truncada ou emarginada e esses táxons normalmente ocupam habitats lênticos rasos. Os elementos da nadadeira caudal são mais separados em táxons com a cauda bifurcada ocupando habitats lóticos em canais de rios médios a grandes.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Phylogeny , Catfishes/genetics , Ecosystem , Osteology/methods
2.
Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. (Online) ; 57(4): e172323, 2020. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1348174

ABSTRACT

Being able to study anatomical structures of wildlife species for science and clinical practice is of great importance. We aimed to describe the normal gross osteology of the common adult capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), using macerated bone specimens and high-resolution digital radiography. The complete axial and appendicular skeleton was further compared with previously reported anatomical findings. For this purpose, we used three adult capybara cadavers (two females and one male), with a mean bodyweight of ±50 kg. Some H. hydrochaeris-specific morphological characteristics, especially in the skull region, show evidence of adaptation to aquatic life, such as an elongated head shape, with eyes, ears, and nose, located dorsally, to stay above water. Additionally, the entire bone structure demonstrates the size and weight support of the largest rodent and its adaptation with respect to foraging and locomotion behaviors. As a semi-aquatic herbivore, classified as cursorial (having limbs adapted for running), the authors believe it should be reclassified as cursorial-swimming/diving. Moreover, we argue to consider a differentiation between H. hydrochaeris silvestris to H. hydrochaeris synanthrope, due to substantial weight variation, in some cases > 100%. This inevitably has an impact on the development of bone structure, thus influencing habitual adaptation, and consequently, its clinical implications and animal handling. Radiography exams helped in the identification of bone structures, which otherwise were not observed in anatomical specimens, such as ossa sesamoidea, including the ossiclelunulae. Likewise, the radiographs were particularly helpful in overall better comprehension of the intubation and catheterization procedures. We believe this work can contribute as a reference to anatomical studies for students and professionals acting in clinic, surgery, and research.(AU)


Ser capaz de estudar estruturas anatômicas dos animais da fauna para fins científicos e prática clínica é de grande importância. Objetivamos descrever a osteologia geral normal de capivaras adultas Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), usando amostras de ossos macerados e radiologia digital de alta resolução. O esqueleto axial e apendicular foi posteriormente comparado a achados anatômicos reportados anteriormente. Para esse fim, nós utilizamos de três cadáveres de capivaras adultas (duas fêmeas e um macho) com peso médio de cerca de 50 kg. cada. Algumas características morfológicas de cavidade específicas, especialmente na região do crânio, evidenciam a adaptação à vida aquática, como o formato alongado da cabeça, com olhos, orelhas e nariz localizados dorsalmente, para permanência sobre a água. O completo desenvolvimento morfológico ósseo é evidência de tamanho e suporte de peso do maior roedor, assim como de seus hábitos de alimentação e locomoção, sendo um herbívoro semiaquático, classificado como cursório (tendo membros adaptados à corrida), caso em que os autores acreditam deveria ser reclassificado como cursorial-natação/mergulho. Além disso, argumentamos que deve ser considerada uma diferenciação entre H. hydrochaeris silvestris e H. hydrochaeris sinantropo, devido ao fato da variação substancial de peso, em alguns casos> 100%, inevitavelmente terá um impacto no desenvolvimento da estrutura óssea, influenciando, assim, a adaptação habitual e, consequentemente, suas implicações clínicas e manejo animal. A radiografia auxiliou na correlação e identificação de estruturas ósseas que não observadas em espécimes anatômicos, como o osso sesamóide, incluindo o ossículo lunar. Ademais, as radiografias foram particularmente úteis para uma melhor compreensão geral de procedimentos de intubação e cateterização. Acreditamos que este trabalho possa contribuir como referência de estudos anatômicos para estudantes e profissionais atuantes em clínica, cirurgia e pesquisa.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rodentia/anatomy & histology , Radiographic Image Enhancement/methods , Osteology/methods
3.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 26(3): 57-63, jul./set. 2019. il.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1390814

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se descrever os acidentes anatômicos dos ossos longos do membro torácico de Tamandua tetradactyla por meio de análises macroscópicas e radiográficas. Foram utilizados 34 espécimes, que foram a óbito por atropelamento. A avaliação do úmero demonstrou as mesmas estruturas presentes nos animais domésticos, além de outras sem prévia descrição. Já no antebraço, rádio e ulna se apresentaram completamente separados, e apesar de, como o úmero, serem identificados alguns dos mesmos acidentes anatômicos descritos em outras espécies, também notamos particularidades. Todas as estruturas descritas na análise macroscópica foram identificadas à radiografia, quando realizada em pelo menos duas projeções ortogonais. As estruturas anátomo-radiográficas dos ossos longos do T. tetradactyla demonstraram grande variaçãoanatômica em comparação a outros mamíferos, o que torna a referida espécie muito singular. Assim o conhecimento de suas particularidades é fundamental para abordagens clínico-cirúrgicas mais seguras.


The objective was to describe the anatomical accidents of the long bones of the thoracic limb of Tamandua tetradactyla by means of macroscopic and radiographic analyzes. We used 34 specimens, which were death by running over. Evaluation of the humerus demonstrated the same structures present in domestic animals, besides others without previous description. In the forearm, radius and ulna were completely separated, and although, like the humerus, some of the same anatomical accidents described in other species were identified, we also noticed particularities. All the structures described in the macroscopic analysis were identified on radiography, when performed in at least two orthogonal projections. The anatomic-radiographic structures of the long bones of T. tetradactyla showed great anatomical variation compared to other mammals, which makes the species very unique. Thus knowledge of their particularities is fundamental for safer clinical-surgical approaches.


Subject(s)
Animals , Ulna/anatomy & histology , Radiography/veterinary , Upper Extremity/diagnostic imaging , Osteology/methods , Forearm/anatomy & histology , Vermilingua/anatomy & histology , Humerus/anatomy & histology , Anatomy, Veterinary/methods , Animals, Wild/anatomy & histology
4.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-162090

ABSTRACT

Objective: Habitual squatting in humans is associated with modifi cations of ankle especially the neck of the talus (squatting facets) and its trochlear surface (trochlear extensions) that characterize the strong pressure and traction forces on ankle joints in state of hyperdorsifl exion. Present study was done to fi nd out variations and incidences of various types of modifi cations of neck of talus thoroughly and to determine regional peculiarities of these modifi cations in Indians. Material and Methods: 300 dry (150 right and 150 left) adult tali were taken for present study. Each talus was examined for the presence of various patterns of articular facets on neck of talus and extensions of its trochlear surface. Statistical analysis of data was performed by using Fisher exact test with 95% confi dence limits. Results: Lateral squatting facet was found in 136 tali (45.3%). Incidences of medial, combined & continuous gutter like squatting facets were 7.7%, 3.3% & 4.3% respectively. Lateral and medial extensions of trochlear surface were found in 22.3% and 23.7% respectively. Conclusions: Modifi cations of the neck of talus (squatting facets and trochlear extensions) are result of prolonged squatting positions which is common habit of Indian population and incidences of these variations can be used as an anthropological marker for racial and regional diff erentiation of unidentifi ed bones.


Subject(s)
Adult , Back/anatomy & histology , Humans , India , Lower Extremity , Movement , Osteology/methods , Posture/anatomy & histology , Talus/anatomy & histology
5.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 11(4): 747-766, 2013. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-697859

ABSTRACT

The monotypic genus Carlastyanax Géry was defined to include Astyanax aurocaudatus, a morphologically odd species having, among other features, four teeth in the posterior premaxillary row and eight branched dorsal-fin rays. Later on, the characters used to define Carlastyanax were considered as invalid and this genus was synonymized with Astyanax. In this paper, we include Astyanax aurocaudatus in a phylogeny of the Characidae and obtain a sister-group relationship between this species and Creagrutus, within the Stevardiinae. The resurrection of Carlastyanax as a valid genus is therefore proposed. The analysis presented is the largest phylogeny of the Stevardiinae so far published. Relationships of this subfamily are also discussed.


El género monotípico Carlastyanax Géry fue definido para incluir a Astyanax aurocaudatus, una especie morfológicamente extraña que tiene, entre otras cosas, cuatro dientes en la fila posterior del premaxilar y ocho radios ramificados en la aleta dorsal. Luego, los caracteres usados para definir Carlastyanax fueron considerados inválidos y este género fue sinonimizado con Astyanax. En este artículo incluimos Astyanax aurocaudatus en una filogenia de Characidae y obtenemos una relación de grupos hermanos entre esta especie y Creagrutus, dentro de Stevardiinae. La resurrección de Carlastyanax como un género válido es aquí propuesta. Este análisis es la filogenia más grande de Stevardiinae publicada hasta el momento. Se discuten también las relaciones de esta subfamilia.


Subject(s)
Animals , Osteology/methods , Species Specificity , Fishes/classification
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(2): 705-708, jun. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-651855

ABSTRACT

El esqueleto caudal constituye una importante herramienta para evaluar las relaciones ancestro-descendencia de los peces teleósteos. Por tal motivo, se realizó un análisis osteológico comparativo de dicha estructura, a partir de ejemplares de las especies Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) y A. mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869), obtenidos de colecciones científicas de referencia y recolectados in situ en Veracruz y Baja California Sur (México). Los organismos fueron identificados con claves taxonómicas especializadas y procesados mediante la técnica de aclaración y tinción diferencial, para evaluar las posibles similitudes o diferencias en las estructuras que componen al complejo caudal. Achirus lineatus y A. mazatlanus se caracterizan por la presencia de una fórmula caudal compuesta por 1 epural + 5 hipurales + 1 parahipural, además de una espina neural y dos espinas hemales; así como por la presencia de 16 radios principales y la ausencia de los radios procurrentes y el uroneural. Asimismo, se observo que en la especie A. lineatus, los hipurales se encuentran más cercanos uno del otro; sin embargo, en lo general, no se aprecio una clara diferencia en los elementos que componen la aleta caudal de las especies bajo estudio. Por consiguiente A. lineatus y A. mazatlanus son consideradas como especies fraternas.


The caudal skeleton is recognized as an important source of information for establishment of teleostean interrelationships. A comparative analysis of the caudal skeleton of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and A. mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869) was performed, based on the examination of specimens from biological museums and others materials collected in Veracruz localities and Baja California Sur (Mexico). The specimens were identified using taxonomic keys and processed by means of clearing and staining methods, in order to determine the differences and similarities on the elements that characterized the caudal complex of this species. The caudal formula in A. lineatus and A. mazatlanus is composed by: 1 epural + 5 hypurals + 1 parhypural, one neural and two hemal spines, as well as the presence of 16 principal rays and absence of procurrent rays and the uroneural bone. The hypural in the A. lineatus are closer together; however, in general, differences were not observed among the species. Therefore, A. lineatus and A. mazatlanus are established as sister species.


Subject(s)
Animals , Osteology/methods , Flatfishes/anatomy & histology , Skeleton , Mexico , Species Specificity
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