Potencial de contaminação da água subterrânea por pesticidas na bacia do rio Dourados, MS / The potential of contamination of groundwater by pesticides in Dourados river watershed, MS- Brazil

Este trabalho teve os seguintes objetivos: 1) elaborar base de dados contendo informações sobre o uso de pesticidas na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Dourados (BHRD) na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Dourados (BHRD), MS; 2) simular a lixiviação dos principais pesticidas utilizados na BHRD por meio do simulador PEARL; e 3) gerar "ranking" dos principais pesticidas utilizados na BHRD com relação ao seu potencial de contaminação das águas subterrâneas. A base de dados foi composta por 4.374 receituários agronômicos emitidos no ano de 2002. Os dados de entrada para o simulador PEARL foram determinados experimentalmente ou obtidos na literatura. As simulações foram realizadas considerando o período de 19 anos, obtendo-se as concentrações na fase líquida do solo a 2, 5 e 10 m de profundidade e profundidades máximas de lixiviação. Os pesticidas mais usados na BHRD foram o glifosato, seguido em ordem decrescente pelo 2,4-D, fipronil, metamidofós, imazaquim, parationa metílica, trifluralina e atrazina. As simulações revelaram que os pesticidas com maior potencial de contaminação da água subterrânea na BHRD foram o bentazona, imazetapir, fomesafem, 2,4-D, metamidofós, imazaquim, tiodicarbe e monocrotofós.

Testosterone production and spermatogenic damage induced byorganophosphorate pesticides

Parathion is an organophosphorate pesticide amply used in agriculture. Many alterations induced by organophosphorate pesticides have been described, such as: cytogenetic alterations in germinal cells, oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia in the mouse. The effect of Parathion, both pure (PP) and commercial (PC), on mouse interstitial cell testosterone production was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Male mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of 1/3 LD50 of Parathion, both PP and PC. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 8 and 40 days post injection to evaluate the impact of disrupting testosterone production on spermatogonia, spermatocytes and elongated spermatids. The plasma testosterone was assayed by standard radioimmunoanalysis. The same method was used to assay testosterone in the culture medium of interstitial cells obtained from the control and Parathion treated animals at the same time intervals. Sperm count, sperm teratozoospermia and tubular blockage were analyzed for an appraisal of spermatogenesis. Increase in the teratozoospermia and tubular blockage was detected in the PP and PC group at 8 and 40 days post injection. Plasma testosterone levels drop significantly at 8 days and recovered slowly at 40 days only in PP animals as detected in vivo, implying interference of testicular steroidogenesis due to the toxicant. Recuperation of normality occurs at long time intervals. In conclusion, Parathion disturbs the synthesis of testosterone in mice affecting qualitatively the spermatogenesis.

Evidence of anopheline mosquito resistance to agrochemicals in northern Thailand.

The objective of this study was to assess insecticide resistance in anopheline mosquito populations in agroecosystems with high and low insecticide use in a malaria endemic area in Chiang Mai province in northern Thailand. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected in May and June 2004 from two locations with different agricultural insecticide intensity (HIGH and LOW), but similar in vector control strategies. The F1-generation of Anopheles maculatus s.s. and An. sawadwongporni were subjected to diagnostic doses of methyl parathion (MeP) and cypermethrin (Cyp), both commonly used insecticides in fruit orchards in Thailand. An. minimus A from the HIGH location was subjected to diagnostic doses to Cyp. CDC bottle bioassays were used to determine insecticide susceptibility. Time-mortality data were subjected to Probit analyses to estimate lethal time values (LT50 and LT90). Lethal time ratios (LTR) were computed to determine differences in lethal time response between populations from HIGH and LOW locations. The mortality of An. maculatus to MeP was 74% and 92% in the HIGH and LOW locations, respectively. The corresponding figures for An. sawadwongporni were 94% and 99%. There was no indication of resistance to Cyp for all species tested in either location. The LT90 and LT50 values of An. maculatus s.s. subjected to diagnostic doses of MeP were significantly different between locations (p<0.05). Reduced susceptibility to MeP in mosquito populations in the HIGH location is caused by intensive agricultural pest control and not by vector control activities, because organophosphates have never been used for vector control in the area. Our results indicate that there are still susceptible anopheline populations to pyrethroids, which is consistent with other research from the region. Therefore, there is presently no direct threat to vector control. However increased use of pyrethroids in agriculture may cause problems for future vector control.

Algunos efectos reproductivos y sistémicos en ratas macho expuestas a Paratión Metílico: un aporte a la evaluación de riesgo / Some reproductive and systemic effects on male rats exposed to methyl parathion: a contribution to risk assessment

Con el fin de contribuir a dilucidar la controversia existente con relación a la asociación entre efectos reproductivos adversos y exposición a plaguicidas órgano fosforados, se realizó el presente estudio. Mediante un diseño experimental se trataron 79 ratas machos durante 90 días, con Paratión Metílico® vía oral, con diferentes dosis (0.0, 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 mg/kg/día). La mitad del grupo con dieta ad libitum y la mitad con dieta restringida al 75 por cento. Se midieron como efectos reproductivos: motilidad del espermatozoide y peso de testículos y epidídimo y, sistémicos: peso del animal y visceral. Se estimaron las dosis de referencia (DRf), con la metodología de Análisis de Riesgo de la Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente de Estados Unidos (EPA). La motilidad del espermatozoide (<30 por cento), se afectó significativamente (p < 0.02) debido a la dieta. Con la exposición al plaguicida se obtuvieron OR de 2.4, 3.5, y 5.6 conforme aumentó la dosis (p<0.01). El peso de los testículos e hígado arrojó diferencias significativas (p<0.01) con efecto dosis-respuesta para Paratión Metílico. Se consideran valores críticos y se recomiendan dosis de refenerecia para exposición humana, para motilidad del espermatozoide DRf=2x10-4 y peso corporal DRf=1x10-2, entre otros. La asociación observada en este trabajo apoya la hipótesis de que la función reproductiva puede verse afectada por la exposición a Paratión Metílico

Toxicidade aguda do inseticida Paration Metílico e do biopesticida azadiractina de folhas de Neem (Azadirachta indica) para alevino e juvenil de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) / Acute toxicity of the insecticide methyl parathion and of the biopesticide azadirachtin from neem leaves (Azadiractha indica) to alevine and juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram calcular a CL(I)50-96H do inseticida organofosforado paration metílico e do biopesticida azadiractina para alevinos e juvenis de pacu (P. mesopotamicus). Também pretendeu-se avaliar o efeito do peso corpóreo sobre a toxicidade aguda do paration metílico e do neem para o pacu, bem como classificar o risco ambiental do uso de paration metílico e do neem para o controle de parasitas e patógenos de pacu. Foram realizados dos experimentos, em condições laboratoriais, para a determinação da concentração letal (CL(I)50-96h). A CL (I)50-96h calculada do paration metilico foi de 3,97mg/L para os alevinos e de 9,89 mg/L para os juvenis. Para a azadiractina foi de 1,20mg/L para os alevinos e de 1,18mg/L para os juvenis. As concentrações de 1,0 mg/L de paration metilico para os alevinos e de 7,5 mg/L para os juvenis e as de 0,29 e 0,59 mg/L de azadiractina não provocaram mortalidade nos animais expostos e podem ser utilizadas como referência em estudos de controle de parasitas em pacu. O paration metilico foi menos tóxico para os alevinos e para os juvenis de pacu do que a azadiractina, indicando a necessidade de cuidados com a utilização de extratos aquosos de neem no ambiente aquático

Los pesticidas favorecen la enfermedad y los síntomas respiratorios / Pesticides promote disease and respiratory symptoms

Recent studies suggest that pesticides may contribute to respiratory symptoms and morbidity. We evaluated the association between personal pesticide application and a common respiratory symptom, wheeze, among 20 468 licensed pesticide applicators, primarily farmers, in Iowa and North Carolina who participated in the Agricultural Health Study. Over 19% of applicators reported wheeze in the past year. Sixteen of the 40 pesticides evaluated were associated with an increased odds of wheeze. Parathion, an organophosphate, had the strongest association. We observed increased wheeze associated with other pesticides suggested from the literature including paraquat and malathion. Studying the respiratory health effects of pesticides among farmers is challenging due to the nature of the pesticide products, patterns of pesticide exposure, and other contributing exposures on farms. Our analyses had sufficient power to control for other farm activities such as animal production. Self-selection into specific farming activities may result in underestimates of risk if sensitive individuals remove themselves from exposure. Future work needs to be longitudinal, collect exposure information simultaneously with symptoms, and examine other aspects of respiratory function.

Efecto del parathion sobre el índice de apoptosis en hepatocitos de ratones CF1 / Effect of parathion on the apoptosis of CF1 mouse hepatocytes

El las últimas décadas el uso masivo de agropesticidas órganofosforados, como Parathion y Malathion, ha permitido el control de plagas en la producción hortofrutícola, mejorando la productividad e incrementando la oferta de alimentos de mayor calidad. Sin embargo, pese a su efectividad, estos compuestos químicos son potenciales causantes de daños morfológicos y genéticos, de alto riesgo para la Salud Humana y animal (Draper, 1985; Rodríguez y Bustos-Obregón, 2000). El parathion© (PT), inhibidor de la aceltilcolinesterasa, se metaboliza en hígado, pulmón y cerebro. El efecto tóxico se debe a un proceso de desulfuración oxidativa hepática, que transforma el PT en paraoxon (PO), siendo éste su metabolito activo (Chambers y Chambers, 1990; Siller et al., 1997). El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar los efectos de una dosis única de PT sobre los índices de apoptosis en hepatocitos de ratón CFI. Se usaron ratones macho CFI de 8 a 10 semanas, con un peso promedio de 30 g, a los cuales se les aplicó una dosis intraperitoneal única de PT de 20 mg/Kg de peso (Sobarzo y Bustos-Obregón, 2000). Posteriormente fueron sacrificados a 1, 8, 16, 28 y 50 días postratamiento. El análisis histológico del hígado se realizó mediante microscopía óptica sobre cortes teñidos con hematoxilina/eosina en que se analizó la presencia y frecuencia de hepatocitos apoptóticos. Los resultados obtenidos permiten demostrar el efecto del PT sobre el hepatocito con un aumento estadísticamente significativo de apoptosis. Se postula que el PT es carcinogénico, que bloquea o modifica la capacidad de replicación de los hepatocitos, alterando la susceptibilidad del tejido hepático (Fausto, 2000; Metcalfe y Streuli, 1997). Se concluye que el PT tiene un efecto tóxico, aún en dosis consideradas bajas, aumentando significativamente los índices de eventos apoptóticos, alterando el ciclo celular y afectando la histofisiología del tejido hepático

Pesticide soil contamination mainly affects earthworm male reproductive parameters / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To explore the effect of exposure to commercial Parathion (Pc) on the reproductive parameters (sperm and cocoon production and genotoxicity on male germ cells), the survival, the body weight and the gross anatomical changes in Eisenia foetida.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three doses of Pc (1478, 739 and 444 mg/kg of soil) and three time intervals of exposure (5, 15 and 30 days) were used.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All treated animals were affected. An acute genotoxic effect, revealed by DNA fragmentation (comet assay), was seen by 5 days. Alterations in reproductive parameters were conspicuous in regard to the number of sperm, cocoons and worms born, and the histological observation of the gonads and seminal receptacles. In addition, the body weight and survival rate were decreased. Neuromuscular function was also affected.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Earthworms are suitable bioindicators of chemical contamination of the soil, their advantage being their easy and economical handling.</p>

Efectos de paratión sobre la síntesis proteica testicular / Parathion effects in testicular protein synthesis

El paratión como insecticida de uso masivo en la agricultura, puede afectar el potencial reproductivo de la población humana y animal expuesta. Sus propiedades bioquímicas potencialmente alteral los mecanismos de síntesis proteica testicular, afectando la morfofuncionalidad del aparato reproductor. El objetivo del presente trabajo, es cuantificar la síntesis de proteínas testicular, bajo la presencia de paratión, en ratón CF1, in vitro. Se cultivaron túbulos seminífero de ratones CF-1 e incubaron con concentraciones decrecientes (0,4; 0,04 y 0,004 mM) de paratión (PT) por 4 horas. Leucina tritiada (2 µ Ci) fue agregada después de una hora. Posteriormente se evaluó la síntesis proteica como actividad específica (cpm/µgr proteínas). Los resultados mostraron que el paration induce inhibición significativa de la síntesis proteica en la concentración 0,4 mM, mientras que a dosis menores de paratión disminuye el efecto sobre la inhibición de la síntesis de proteínas

Drosophila Melanograster MEIGEN: 2. sensibilidade ao Paration Metílico e biomonitoramento de seus resíduos em couve-manteiga / Drosophila Melanogaster MEIGEN: 2. sensibility to Methyl Parathion and bioassays of its residues in kale

A sensibilidade de moscas Drosophila melanogaster ao Paration metílico e o seu uso no biomonitoramento de resíduos do inseticida em couve foram avaliados.Nas condiçöes do bioensaio, pelo método do filme seco em placa de Petri, o Paration metílico se degrada em funçäo da temperatura e do tempo de exposiçäo. Os bioensaios com D. melanogaster indicaram que a toxicidade do Paration metílico aumenta com o aumento da temperatura (p<0,05) e, variaram entre 3,0 a 10,5 ug/g pc para machos e 3,0 a 9,5 ug/g pc para fêmeas. Os resíduos do Paration metílico em couve-manteiga foram determinados pelo método de bioensaio, que apresentou limite de determinaçäo da ordem de 0,1 mg/kg, além de boa reprodutibilidade, com coeficiente de variaçäo inferior a 20 por cento. A validaçäo do bioensaio por cromatografia em fase gasosa corrobora a viabilidade do emprego da D. melanogaster no monitoramento de resíduos do Paration metílico em couve

Acute effect of parathion on the seminiferous epithelium of immature mice

En el presente se estudió el efecto tóxico para la esparmatogenesis, de una inyección única del agropesticida organofosforado parathion, administrada a ratones inmaduros. Animales de 7 días de edad fueron inyectados por vía intraperitoneal con 1/3 de la LD50. Fue medido el peso corporal y testicular. Se efectúo un análisis cuali y cuantitativo de los túbulos seminíferos y de las poblaciones de células germinales en ratones controles y tratados, a los 8, 16, 28 y 50 días post-inyección. El efecto tóxico del pesticida se demuestra por una disminución del peso corporal y testicular y un daño temprano de las células germinales de los animales tratados. El efecto es reversible y la recuperación ocurre en los intervalos largos post-inyección

Influencias de medidas regulatorias en la morbilidad y mortalidad por Talio y Parathion en Rosario, Argentina / The influence of regulatory steps in the morbility and mortality due to thallium and parathion in Rosario, Argentina

La expanción en el uso de plaguicidas en los últimos 50 años ha sido acompañada por la introducción de regulaciones tendientes a garantizar la seguridad de usuarios, consumidores y medio ambiente. El objeto de este trabajo es mostrar la disminución o supresión de las intoxicacionespor talio y parathion atendidas en Rosario luego de las medidas de prohibición del uso de dichos plaguicidas. En una revisión sobre 1343 intoxicaciones agudas con plaguicidas atendidas en Rosario entre 1977 y 1985, el 25,5 por ciento corresponde a pacientes intoxicados con talio de raticidas (desde 32,6 por ciento en 1977 hasta 7,1 por ciento en 1985) y luego practicamente desaparecen ( la última intoxicación registrada ocurrió en 1990). Nueve de los 10 casos letales por AP entre 1977 y 1985 y 8 de 11 casos letales por AP en el período 1990-1994 corresponden a intoxicacion por parathion. La última intoxicación por talio representaron un problema sanitario grave no sólo por su elevada incidencia sino tambien por la complejidad de los cuadros clínicos y la dudosa eficacia de las medidas terapéuticas disponibles. La gravedad de las intoxicaciones por parathion determinaron la inclusión de variantes en el tratamiento. En las dos situaciones consideradas, la prohibición de su uso determinó un rápido descenso en la morbilidad y mortalidad y las sustancias alternativas a su uso (anticuagulantes y otros compuestos organofosforados anticolinesterasa), si bien no son inocuas, tienen un margen de seguridad más aceptable incluyendo el uso inapropiado

Morphofunctional disturbances of human sperm after incubation with organophosphorate pesticides

The organophosphorate pesticides are highly toxic for insects and mammals, but their effects in the male reproductive tract are scarcely known. Many alterations induced by organophosphorate pesticides have been described, such as: cytogenetic alterations in germinal cells, oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia in the mouse. Parathion, the pesticide mostly utilized in Chilean agriculture, is rapidly metabolized to paraoxon, the active metabolite, in mammalian organisms. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Parathion and paraoxon on different morphological and functional parameters of the sperm. Human spermatozoa were incubated with Parathion and paraoxon at different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mM). Vitality (tripan blue and eosin tests), acrosome reaction (triple stain test), plasma membrane integrity (HOS-test), and chromatin stability (sodium thioglycolate test) were determined. The observations were done by optical microscopy at 1000x of magnification and three hundred sperms were evaluated for each treatment. The results indicated that Parathion and paraoxon increase the percent of sperm with acrosome reaction and also increase the percentage of sperm with chromatin decondensation in a dose-dependent manner. The vitality and plasma membrane integrity decrease significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest a direct action of Parathion and paraoxon on the different parameters studied. The morphofunctionality of sperm is altered significatively, suggesting that Parathion and paraoxon, thanks to their alkylating and electrophylic properties, could act on DNA and proteins respectively, to elicit these changes

Intoxicaciones masivas con plaguicidas en Colombia / Large-scale pesticides poisoning in Colombia

Este artículo resume los hechos de las tres intoxicaciones masivas con plaguicidas ocurridas en Colombia hasta 1998. La primera ocurrió en Chiquinquirá (Boyacá) en 1967 e involucró a más de 500 personas, de los cuales 165 requirieron tratamiento hospitalario y 63 murieron. La segunda ocurrió en Puerto López (Meta) en 1970 y tuvo 190 intoxicados, de los cuales 157 requirieron tratamiento médico y 7 murieron. El tercer caso ocurrió en Pasto (Nariño) en 1977 y tuvo como consecuencia más de 300 intoxicados, con 120 hospitalizados y 15 muertos. En los casos de Chiquinquira y Pasto los plaguicidas que provocaron la intoxicación fueron metil-paratión y paratión respectivamente, mientras que en el caso de Puerto López solo se conoce que fue un plaguicida organofosforado. Los 3 casos de intoxicación masiva ocurrieron por consumo de alimentos contamidados. Estos casos se analizaron y se compararon con las principales intoxicaciones ocurridas en el mundo. Se propone una discusión en torno a las consecuencias que tuvieron estos hechos en las políticas de salud pública nacionales, la capacidad de hacer frente a situaciones de este tipo en el país, la capacitación de personal para la prevención y manejo de estas situaciones y la educación de los profesionales de la salud en epidemiología, toxicologia y otras disciplinas involucradas en el campo de la salud ambiental

comparative study of inhibition of brain and plasma cholinesterase and hepatic and plasma aliesterases in young and adult rats following exposures to three organophosphorothionate insecticides

Young rats are more sensitive than adults to a variety of Organophosphorothionate insecticides [OPS], compounds which act in vivo by inhibition of Cholinesterase and aliesterases. Little is known, however, regarding age-related differences in biochemical responses to these toxicants. The time course of Cholinesterase and aliesterases inhibit and recovery in different tissues were compared in young [14 days of age] and adult [90-100 days of -age] rats after treatment with high sublethal intraperitoneal dosages of parathion, methyl parathion or chlorpyrifos. Young rats were more sensitive than adult in all cases [high sublethal doses for parathion, methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos; young = 0.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.; adult = 4, 12 and 60 mg/kg, i.p... respectively]. In general, the maximal inhibition of brain regions and plasma Cholinesterase activity was not immediate with parathion and chlorpyrifos, in young and adult rats, reflecting the time required for bioactivation of the phosphorothionates as well as the effectiveness of the aliesterases to inactive much of the hepatically generated oxons. In contrast, brain regions and plasma Cholinesterase activities were rapidly inhibited following administration of methyl parathion in both age groups reflecting the low sensitivity of the aliesterases to methyl paraoxon. In general, maximal plasma and brain regions Cholinesterase inhibition was similar [greater than 80 percent] in both age groups but Cholinesterase activity recovered faster in young rats. Aliesterases were inhibited to a greater extent than acetyl cholinesterase at each sampling time with parathion and chlorpyrifos in young and adult rats where the reverse was true with methyl parathion .The very prolonged inhibition of esterase activities following chlorpyrifos treatment probably results from its substantially greater lipophilicity compared to the other compouritls, which would allow it to be stored and released for gradual bioactivation The data reported indicate that young rats are more sensitive to sublethal dosages from these compounds and that high sublethal doses exposure produce extensive plasma and different brain regions cholinesterase and plasma and liver aliesterases inhibition in both age groups. Significant inhibitor- related and age-related differences in the duration of cholinesterase and aliesterases inhibition can ensue, however, following such Organophosphorothionate insecticides exposures. Additionally, under defined experimental conditions plasma cholinesterase inhibition may be a useful quantitative index for the degree of brain cholinesterase inhibition following organophosphorous exposures

Efectos del paration sobre la actividad de acetilcolinesterasa en rinón de rata

En el presente trabajo se estudió por métodos citoquímicos para microscopía óptica y electrónica, si el paratión (un inhibidos competitivo de acetilcolinesterasa que produce un efecto natriurético), es o no un inhibidor de la enzima a nivel renal, en dois no inhibitorias de AChE de glóbulos rojos (subtóxica). Se utilizaron ratas problema (RP) y ratas controles (RC) con deprivación de agua por 24 horas, inyectadas posteriormente con dosis de paratión intraperitoneal de 600 ug/100g de peso corporal. Para demonstración de actividad de AChE se realizaron incubaciones de riñón por el método de Karnovsky y Roots, variante Tsuji y Larabi. Los resultados de las cinco pruebas de incubación complementarias permiten concluir que existe actividad de AChE en corteza renal y que AChE a nivel renal es inhibida por dosis subtóxicas de paratión intraperitoneal. Se sugiere que el efecto natriurético del paratión se debería a este mecanismo de acción.

A comparative study of delayed neurotoxicity in hens following repeated administration of organophosphorus compounds.

Hens treated with Mipafox (10 mg/kg, sc), sarin (50 micrograms/kg, sc) or parathion (1 mg/kg, sc) daily for 10 days exhibited severe, moderate and no ataxia respectively on 14th day after the start of exposure. The neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity was significantly inhibited in the brain, spinal cord and platelets of hens treated with mipafox or sarin whereas no change was noticed with parathion treatment. All three compounds significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the platelets. Spinal cord of hens treated with mipafox, sarin or parathion showed axonal degeneration heavy, moderate and none respectively. It is concluded that repeated administration of equitoxic doses of mipafox, sarin and parathion to hens are marked, moderate and non-delayed neurotoxic respectively.

Assessment of the Naktong river pollution after phenol spillage from the Kumi industrial estates II, Korea / 예방의학회지

The aquatic quality of the Naktong river after two of three months in June, 1991 with phenol spillage from a electrical factory in Kumi was investigated. The samples were collected at six sites of the Naktong river basin and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. Phenol was not detected from all water samples. Turbidity was very much increased to the down stream in the Naktong river. The BOD and COD values exceeded the 2nd grade(3 mg/l) of the Korean standard quality of Environmental Water Act at the all sampling sites of the Naktong river. Especially, the value of COD at Kaejin (12.5 mg/l) was poorly classified as to the 5th grade of water class for the environmental quality standards. Organophosphorous pesticides such as parathion, malathion, fenitrothion and diazinon were investigated but not detected. Diazinon was only detected at the Ilson bridge(1.42 ppb), Okkye stream(6.95 ppb), Waekwan bridge(0.32 ppb), Gangjung reservior(0.13 ppb), Kaejin(0.05 ppb). Of the carbamates such as carbanyl, isoprocarb and cabofuran, the carbofuran was detected all sites except tap water, and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. The content of heavy metals such ans Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg were not exceeding for drinking water standards at the all sampling region, but only mecury was detected from Okkye stream(0.018ppb) and Kaejin(0.09ppb). In the regions of Kachang and Kongsan lakes, the content of heavy metals were lower than that of reservoir of Naktong river.

Type II paralysis or intermediate syndrome following organophosphorous poisoning.

Three cases of type II paralysis or intermediate syndrome following organophosphorous poisoning are reported. Two patients had an initial improvement followed by development of paralysis of neck flexors, cranial nerves, proximal muscles of the limbs and respiratory muscles, which occurred 48 to 96 hours after the poisoning. All the patients recovered completely.