Literatura, história e farmácia: um diálogo possível / Literature, history and pharmacy: a possible dialogue

No Centro de Memória da Faculdade de Farmácia da UFMG encontram-se documentos relativos à passagem de Carlos Drummond de Andrade pela instituição, fato que levou à reflexão sobre a presença da farmácia e do farmacêutico na literatura. Por meio de diálogo interdisciplinar e de pesquisa sobre elementos que comprovassem essa presença, sua efetiva participação e presença na literatura, buscou-se historicizar essa vinculação não só do poeta de Itabira, mas de outros homens de letras, sendo profissionais farmacêuticos ou inspirados por eles. Objetivou-se, igualmente, apontar alguns elementos que fundamentem e demonstrem a importância desse profissional na sociedade brasileira do final do século XIX e primeira metade do XX.

In the Memory Center of the Pharmacy School of UFMG there are documents relating to the passage of Carlos Drummond de Andrade through the institution, a fact that has led to reflection on the presence of the pharmacy and the pharmaceutical expert in literature. By means of interdisciplinary dialogue and research into elements that prove this presence, active participation and presence in the literature, an attempt was made to historicize these ties, not only of the poet from Itabira, but other men of letters, be they pharmaceutical professionals or people inspired by them. The objective was also to highlight some evidence that supports and demonstrates the importance of this professional in Brazilian society of the late-nineteenth century and early-twentieth century.

El mortero. Del alimento al medicamento / The mortar. From aliment to medicament

Esta exposición temporal, la vigésima novena, o la quinta muestra del trimestre, exhibe un total de veinte (20) morteros de casa y farmacia, y uno industrial, así como un poporo arhuaco. De los veinte morteros, uno es de madera, dos de piedra volcánica, -de ellos, uno es prehispánico colombiano, y uno de ónix-, nueve de bronce, cuatro de porcelana y tres de vidrio. Son propiedad del Museo de Historia de esta Academia seis morteros de bronce y uno de porcelana, el más grande de ellos; de la familia Arango-Loboguerrero uno de piedra volcánica moderno molcajejte, uno de ónix, uno de bronce y uno de vidrio, y del autor de estas líneas el de piedra volcánica prehispánico, el de madera, cuatro de bronce, dos de porcelana y dos de vidrio. Con los morteros mencionados se exhibe también un poporo obsequiado por un mamo arhuaco al curador del Museo y un gran mortero de bronce, que perteneció a los laboratorios Legrand y ahora al Museo de la Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá -Hospital de San José­ que gentilmente lo prestaron para esta exposición.

La Escuela de Farmacia en la Universidad de La Habana desde 1902 hasta 1910 / The School of Pharmacy in the University of Havana from 1902 to 1910

Es indudable que la intervención del ejército de los Estados Unidos en la guerra revolucionaria cubana de 1895 y el período de ocupación militar que le siguió, conllevaron el cumplimiento del objetivo final de la política, que ese país se había trazado en relación con Cuba durante todo el siglo XIX. Por tal motivo, al marcharse de la isla en mayo de 1902, las autoridades interventoras dejaron asegurada la existencia de una república mediatizada e irremediablemente atada a los designios de su vecino del norte. La historia de la Universidad de La Habana, que había sido fiel reflejo de los principales hechos acontecidos en Cuba durante su etapa colonial, continuaría siéndolo a lo largo de la existencia de la república mediatizada. Se presentan los hechos más relevantes acontecidos durante los primeros ocho cursos académicos en la Escuela de Farmacia de la Universidad de La Habana, lapso en el que se produjo una segunda intervención militar estadounidense en el país y continuaron vigentes el reglamento universitario de 1901 y el plan de estudios de 1900 (plan Varona). También se ofrece información sobre los resultados académicos, la conformación del cuadro docente y los graduados de la Escuela de Farmacia en el transcurso del mencionado período

Beyond any doubt, the US army intervention in the Cuban revolutionary war in 1895 and the subsequent military occupation paved the way for that country to attain its ultimate political objective in relation to Cuba in the 19th century. For this reason, when the interventionist authorities left the island in May 1902, they made sure of the existence of a republic inevitably tied to the plans of the Northern neighbour. The history of the University of Havana, which had been the pure reflection of the main events occurred in Cuba during the colonial times, would continue playing the same role in the republic under US influence. This paper presented the most relevant developments in the first eight academic courses in the School of Pharmacy of the University of Havana, a period of time when the second US military intervention took place and the university set of rules of 1901 and the syllabus of 1900 (Varona's plan) remained in effect. Pieces of information on the academic results, the composition of the faculty and the graduates of the School of Pharmacy in this period were also provided

Joaquín Francisco Lastres y Juiz: el primer farmacéutico Rector de la Universidad de La Habana / Joaquín Francisco Lastres y Juiz: the first pharmacist President of the Havana University

Joaquín Francisco Lastres y Juiz nació en La Habana, Cuba, el 21 de febrero de 1835. Se graduó de Licenciado en Farmacia en la Real Universidad de La Habana en 1856 y de Doctor en la Universidad Central de Madrid en 1858. De inmediato regresó a Cuba y habilitó su título para incorporarse a la docencia en la Facultad de Farmacia, de la cual llegó a ser Decano desde 1880 hasta 1890 y su primer catedrático en ser nombrado Rector. Ocupó esa responsabilidad durante los últimos años de dominación española en Cuba (1890-1898), los cuales fueron extremadamente críticos para la isla y, en consecuencia, para la Universidad. Su hijo, Néstor Lastres y Coppinger, también farmacéutico, fue Comandante del Ejército Libertador durante la contienda de 1895. Joaquín Francisco Lastres era Licenciado en Ciencias Naturales y en Derecho Civil y Canónico y, aunque fue considerado un destacado jurista, solo desarrolló su actividad docente en la especialidad de Farmacia, única en la que ostentaba el grado de Doctor. Al cesar en su cargo de Rector, continuó como catedrático de la Facultad de Farmacia hasta la reforma de la enseñanza de 1900, año en que debió abandonar su actividad docente al no ser ratificado como integrante del claustro universitario. Falleció el 24 de abril de 1910

Joaquín Francisco Lastres and Juiz born in La Habana, Cuba in February 21, 1835. He was Bachelor in Pharmacy in the Real University of La Habana in 1856 and Doctor in the Central University of Madrud in 1858. Immediately, he returned to Cuba authenticating its degree to joining to teaching in the Pharmacy Faculty as dean from 1880 to 1890 and its first professor appointed as Head. Has this responsability during the last years of Spanish Domination in Cuba (1890-1898), which were very critical for the isle and consquently for the University. Its son, Néstor Lastres and Coppinger, also pharmacist was Commandant of Libering Army during the confflict of 1895. Joaquín Francisco Lastres was Bachelor in Natural Sciences and in Civil and Canonical Law, and although he was considered a prominent Jurist, only developed its teaching Pharmacy activity until the education reform of 1900, year in which abandoned its teaching activity due to a negative ratification as member of university staff. He dyed in April 24, 1910

Changes of Medico-pharmaceutical Profession and Private Practice from the Late 19th Century to the Early 20th Century : Ebb and Flow of Western Pharmacies and Clinics Attached to Pharmacy / 의사학

This article examined i) how traditional medico-pharmaceutical custom from the late 19th century influenced such changes, ii) how medical laws of Daehan Empire and early colonial period influenced the differentiation of medico-pharmaceutical profession, and iii) what the responses of medico-pharmaceutical professionals were like, and arrived at following conclusions. First, in late Chosun, there was a nationwide spread of pharmacies (medicine room, medicine store) as general medical institutions in charge of prescription and medication as well as diagnosis. Therefore, Koreans' perception of Western medicine was not very different from that of traditional pharmacy. Second, Western pharmacies were established by various entities including oriental doctors, Western doctors and drug manufacturers. Their business ranged from medical consultation, prescription, medication and drug manufacture. This was in a way the extension of traditional medico-pharmaceutical custom, which did not draw a sharp line between medical and pharmaceutical practices. Also, regulations on medical and pharmaceutical business of Daehan Empire did not distinguish oriental and Western medicine. Third, clinics attached to pharmacy began to emerge after 1908, as some Western pharmacies that had grown their business based on selling medicine began to hire doctors trained in Western medicine. This trend resulted from Government General's control over medico-pharmaceutical business that began in 1908, following a large-scale dismissal of army surgeons trained in medical schools in 1907. Fourth, as specialization increased within medico-pharmaceutical business following the colonial medical law in early 1910s, such comprehensive business practices as Western pharmacy disappeared and existing businesses were differentiated into dealers of medical ingredients, drug manufacturer, patent medicine businessmen and herbalists. And private practice gradually became the general trend by establishment of medical system with doctors at the pinnacle and spread of modern Western medicine, and support of capitalists.

Historia de las farmacias en la ciudad de La Paz entre los siglos XIX y XX / History of pharmacies in the city of La Paz between the nineteenth and twentieth

Hasta el momento no se ha realizado ningún estudio específico sobre la historia de las farmacias en la ciudad de La Paz. Sin embargo existen algunos trabajos que dan datos de referencia para dirigir esta investigación, tales como el de Rolando Costa Arduz sobre la historia de los hospitales de la medicina por Juan Manuel Balcazar entre otros.

Sobre algunos precursores de la práctica farmacéutica en Cuba / Cuba: On some precursors of pharmaceutical practice

Se presentan las semblanzas de algunos de los primeros profesionales que ejercieron la ciencia farmacéutica en Cuba. Los datos que sirvieron de fuente para preparar esta obra de referencia se extrajeron en principio de varios documentos inéditos del período colonial y de otras publicaciones que vieron la luz con posterioridad. Dicha información se procesó de modo conveniente para sacar de las sombras los nombres de estos hombres que no deben ser desconocidos por las generaciones actuales y futuras de los que se consagran a esta profesión. El presente trabajo, que aspira a cumplir ese propósito, trata asimismo de constituirse en modesto tributo a su memoria.

In present paper are showed the features of some of the first professional precursors of Pharmacy Science in Cuba. Previously, data as source to prepare this reference work were searched from some unpublished documents from colonial period and from other subsequent publications. Such information was processed in a suitable way to extract from the anonymity the name of these men that must no be unknown by present and future generations of that devoted to this profession. Present paper wants to fulfill this objective and to be a modest tribute to their memory.

Los prácticos de farmacia en Cuba hasta 1912 / Practitioners related to pharmacy in Cuba up to 1912

La Universidad de La Habana dio forma académica a los estudios de Farmacia en 1842. El 15 de julio de 1863 se estableció por Real Decreto un nuevo plan de estudios en esa institución, que incluyó enseñanzas agregadas de practicantes o flebotomianos, dentistas y comadronas. Desde entonces quedó allí oficializada la formación de los prácticos de Farmacia. En la primera mitad del siglo XX la farmacia cubana dejó de ser un centro de salud para convertirse en un centro comercial y la profesión farmacéutica pasó a ser exclusividad de la élite de la sociedad que podía costear los estudios universitarios. De otro lado, se produjo la formación de los prácticos de Farmacia, los cuales mediante el estudio independiente de contenidos teórico-prácticos, previo abono de la matrícula correspondiente podían rendir los exámenes pertinentes. Lógicamente el acceso a estos tipos de estudios predominó en jóvenes provenientes de la clase media. Es importante destacar el mérito que tuvieron estos técnicos medios de la profesión conocidos como prácticos de Farmacia. A pesar de que en la actividad farmacéutica en esa época predominaba el criterio comercial, este personal se convirtió en médico de los pobres por su contribución al alivio de las dolencias menores de salud de los mßs desposeídos. Durante los primeros a±os del siglo XX, las autoridades estadounidenses interventoras en la isla, intentaron en 1908 oficializar académicamente el ejercicio profesional de los prácticos de Farmacia, acción a la que se opusieron graduados farmacéuticos y representantes de la Universidad. Ello favoreció la elaboración de una nueva Ley de Farmacia, que fue publicada por primera vez en la Gaceta Oficial el 29 de febrero de 1912.

In 1842, University of Havana formed the academy of Pharmacy studies. By royal decree, in July 15, 1863 was established a new syllabus in that institution, including aggregate teachings of practitioners or phlebotomy specialists, dentists and midwives. From then was made official the training or Pharmacy practitioner. In the first half of XX century, Cuban pharmacy becames exclusive of the society elite that could to pay the university studies. Besides, training of Pharmacy practitioner was done, which by means independent study of theoretical-practical contents, previous payment of the corresponding registration, could make the pertinent examinations. Logically, access to these types of studies had predominance in young people from middle class. It is important to emphasize the merit of these middle technicians of the profession known as Pharmacy practitioners. Despite that in pharmaceutical activity in that period, there was a predominance of commercial criterion, this staff became in the physician of poor people by its contribution in relief of slight health pain of the more dispossessed. During the first years of XX century, the intervening American authorities in Cuba, in 1908 they tried to make academically official the professional exercise of the Pharmacy practitioners, action with the opposition of pharmaceutical graduates and University representative. It favored the drawing up of a new Pharmacy Act, first published in the Official Gazette in February 29, 1912.

O exercício farmacêutico na Bahia da segunda metade do século XIX / Pharmaceutical practice in Bahia in the latter half of the 19th century

Ao longo do Oitocentos, observa-se uma delimitação crescente dos ofícios relacionados às artes de curar no Brasil, enfatizando-se prerrogativas e responsabilidades. Verifica-se, na medicina acadêmica, progressiva distinção entre os que prescreviam e aqueles envolvidos na fabricação e comercialização de medicamentos. Procuramos investigar esse processo enfatizando o exercício farmacêutico na província da Bahia, na segunda metade do século XIX. Alguns dos aspectos que analisamos são as mudanças e permanências na legislação e a sua execução local, a relação dos farmacêuticos com as autoridades, os médicos e aqueles que atuavam ilegalmente fabricando e vendendo remédios sem autorização.

Vendendo saúde: a história da propaganda de medicamentos no Brasil / Selling health: a history of drug advertising in Brazil

O livro é um passeio por registros históricos carregados de um tal poder de sedução que o livro deu cor e vida a uma saga pouco conhecida por nós brasileiros: a relação, nem sempre harmoniosa, entre a propaganda e a saúde. O livro conta como um povo se formou junto com o mercado. Mercado este voltado a atrair clientes para suas fórmulas, suas práticas e suas promessas de saúde perfeita. E como se trata de História, ela começa com a instalação da corte portuguesa no Brasil. Naquele século XIX, no ano de 1851, nasce a 'ancestral' da Anvisa, a Junta Central de Higiene. Sua missão: combater a febre amarela e encampar a briga dos médicos contra os anúncios dos curandeiros que lhes faziam concorrência.

Origens e trajetória da indústria farmacêutica no Brasil / Origins and trajectory of the pharmaceutical industry in Brasil

Apresenta uma abordagem histórica da indústria famacêutica no Brasil. O que se pode esperar do presente e projetar para o futuro da indústria farmacêutica? Tentar responder a esta questão no atual contexto mundial e do Brasil gera dúvidas e incertezas. Mas quando se olha para trás, para a trajetória da indústria farmacêutica no Brasil, as idéias ficam mais claras, as perspectivas se delineiam com nitidez. Pois o passado revela um percurso de pioneirismo, de inciativa, de pesquisa, de convivência e colaboração entre laboratórios públicos e privados e até de orientações divergentes que, dialeticamente, impulsionaram a produção de medicamentos, lançando as bases da modena indústia farmacêutca que existe hoje no País. A contribuição de cientistas, farmacêuticos e empreendedores brasileios e estrangeiros e o intercâmbio quase permanente que marcou o desenvolvimento do setor moldaram a face de uma indústria pujante e em permanente evolução que teve, tem e terá um papel fundamental para a promoção da saúde no Brasil. O caminho percorrido ao longo de 250 anos pelos fabricantes de medicamentos _ das boticas de meados do século XVIII aos sofisticados laboratórios da atualidade _ joga luz sobre o passado e aponta para o futuro, mostrando que o estabelecimento de um pólo farmacêutico local que consiga fazer frente ao desafio de pesquisar e produzir medicamenetos inovadores e atender às necessidades básicas da população não é exatamente uma novidade. Será uma seqüência, a conseqüência natural de uma árdua e rica experiência que deve ter continuidade.

Vendendo saúde! Revisitando os antigos almanaques de farmácia / Selling health! A new look at old-time pharmacy almanacs

O artigo destaca a importância dos almanaques de farmácia como fonte de pesquisa em relação à história dos medicamentos, apresentando imagens desses impressos relacionadas às estratégias de promoção dos produtos farmacêuticos. A idéia de ciência veiculada pelos almanaques de farmácia também é analisada, indicando a relevância desse tipo de fonte para a história da ciência e da propaganda no Brasil.

Offering images of pharmaceutical products and marketing strategies, pharmacy almanacs are a valuable source when researching the history of medications. The article analyzes the idea of science that was presented in these almanacs and demonstrates how this research source is pertinent to the history both of science and of advertising in Brazil.

Boticas e pharmacias: uma história ilustrada da farmácia no Brasil / Pharmacies: an illustrated history of Pharmacy in Brazil

Incursão histórica que resgata não só o papel do profissional de cura na sociedade brasileira, como também as doenças e seus respectivos tratamentos através dos tempos. Para contar a trajetória da farmácia no país, apresenta, como pano de fundo da narrativa, o Brasil em três momentos históricos: Colônia, Império e República. As transformações são abordadas sob um ponto de vista político, social e cultural e revelam a evolução da saúde brasileira.

Basic principles of pharmaceutical science in Ayurvĕda.

Pharmaceutical is one of the allied branches of science, which is closely associated with Medical science. Today pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy are playing important role in treatment for a disease and its prevention. Herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population mostly in the developing countries in the primary health care. There has been an upsurge in demand for the Phyto-pharmaceutical products of Ayurvĕda in western nations, because of the fact that the synthetic drugs are considered to be unsafe. Due to this many national and multinational pharmaceutical companies are now concentrating on manufacturing of Ayurvĕdic Phyto-pharmaceutical products. Ayurvĕda is the Indian traditional system of medicine, which also deals about pharmaceutical science. The Ayurvĕdic knowledge of the pharmaceutical science is scattered in Ayurvĕdic classical texts. Săranghadhara Samhita, which is written by Săranghadhara, explain systematically about the information of the Ayurvĕdic pharmaceutical science and also updated it. Industrialized manufacturing of Ayurvĕdic dosage forms has brought in new challenges like deviation from basic concepts of medicine preparation. Săranghadhara Samrhită the devout text on pharmaceutics in Ayurvĕda comes handy to solve such problems, as the methods described are very lucid and easy to follow.