ABSTRACT
Semiotics and Semiology share a similar etymology and meaning: the study of signs. In Medicine, signs are objective manifestations of disease, as opposed to the subjective nature of symptoms. Medical semiology comprises the study of symptoms, somatic signs and laboratory signs, history taking and physical examination (in English-speaking countries is known as Bedside diagnostic examination or Physical diagnosis). The first edition of Medical Semiology dates from 1987, and new editions appeared in 1999, 2010, and 2017. The book is devoted to semiology proper with clinical orientation. Its origin, however, dates back to 1937, when the University of Chile appointed Dr. Hernán Alessandri (1900-1981), the eminent Chilean medical educator, Professor in Semiology at the Internal Medicine Section of the Hospital del Salvador in Santiago. The authors of the present book served as Dr. Alessandri's teaching assistants for decades. The two-semester course in semiology had a tutorial character: each teaching assistant was assigned five students whom engaged daily in practical activities in the hospital wards for a total of four hours, in addition to a 45- minute lecture on the theoretical aspects of the subject. The 720-page fourth edition of the book brings together teaching method and clinical experience of more than 50 years. The book consists of six Sections: "Cardinal manifestations of disease", "Major clinical syndromes", "History taking and Physical examination", "Clinical diagnosis and the patient-physician relationship", "Laboratory clinical tests and Instrumental exploration of the body," and "Glossary of diseases." In its forty Chapters, a total of 207 issues are described in detail.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Physical Examination/history , Books/history , Education, Medical/history , Diagnostic Techniques and ProceduresABSTRACT
Este artigo analisa aspectos da atuação da Inspeção Médica Escolar, órgão criado em 1911 como dependência do Serviço Sanitário de São Paulo e transferido em 1916 para a pasta da Instrução Pública. Detém-se, de modo mais específico, sobre as práticas de exame individual dos alunos, buscando compreender os propósitos a que responderam, seu papel na configuração de padrões de normalidade e anormalidade, bem como o componente racial que presidiu tais práticas. Para tanto, toma como fontes artigos publicados no periódico Imprensa Médica, obras escritas pelo médico-chefe do órgão, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, e os Anuários do Ensino, publicação oficial da Diretoria Geral da Instrução Pública.
This article analyzes aspects of the activities of the School Medical Inspection Service, an agency created in 1911 under the São Paulo State Sanitary Service and transferred in 1916 to the Secretary of Public Instruction. It focuses, more specifically, on the practice of the individual examination of students with the purpose of understanding the motivations behind these practices, the role they played in establishing standards of normality and abnormality, as well as their underlying racial tenor. To this end, its sources are articles published in the periodical Imprensa Médica, works written by the agency’s head physician, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, and the Anuários do ensino, the official publication of the General Board for Public Instruction.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , History, 20th Century , Government Agencies/history , Physical Examination/history , School Health Services/history , Brazil , Racial GroupsABSTRACT
Se presenta un recuerdo histórico de la antigua técnica de la palpación del pulso desde la más remota antigüedad hasta la época contemporánea, basado en testimonios escritos tales como los papiros de Edwin Smith y Ebers, los tratados chinos de esfigmología y los textos de los médicos griegos Rufus de Efeso y Galeno de Pérgamo. Se describen los progresos en la palpación del pulso desde el Renacimiento, pasando por los siglos XVII y XVIII. Se recuerdan los primeros intentos del registro gráfico del pulso de Vierordt, Marley y Mackenzie, culminando con los progresos logrados por Allen y Wood en el siglo XX. Se enfatiza la importancia de mantener la enseñanza y la práctica de la palpación del pulso, como parte de las habilidades y destrezas clínicas de las jóvenes generaciones médicas del presente y del futuro.