Grandes mujeres científicas: Maud Leonora Menten / Great scientific women: Maud Leonora Menten

Maud Leonora Menten nació en Canadá, tuvo cuatro títulos universitarios: Bachiller en Artes, Master en Fisiología, médica y Doctora en Bioquímica. Trabajó en Estados Unidos, Alemania y Canadá. Trabajó en diferentes áreas: en la distribución de los iones cloruro en el sistema nervioso central, en tumores experimentales y su tratamiento con bromuro de radio, en el equilibrio ácido-base durante la anestesia, en el mecanismo hiperglucemiante de toxinas bacterianas, en el descubrimiento de un mecanismo de acoplamiento en química orgánica y hasta en la electroforesis de las hemoglobinas humanas. Sin embargo, el aporte por el cual es más conocida es su trabajo en el estudio de la cinética enzimática junto a Leonor Michaelis en 1913. El propósito de este trabajo es exponer la vida personal y académica de una científica conocida por la gran mayoría de los profesionales de la salud. La mujer que a principios del siglo XX trabajó con grandes investigadores de Canadá, Estados Unidos y Alemania, cuyos aportes científicos fueron reconocidos muchas décadas después. (AU)

Maud Leonora Menten was born in Canada; she had four university degrees, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Physiology, Physician and Doctor of Biochemistry. She worked in the United States, Germany, and Canada. Maud worked in different areas: the distribution of chloride ions in the central nervous system, experimental tumors and their treatment with radium bromide, the acid-base balance during anesthesia, the hyperglycemic mechanism of bacterial toxins, the discovery of a coupling mechanism in organic chemistry and even the electrophoresis of human hemoglobins. However, the contribution for which she is best known is for her work in the study of enzymatic kinetics with Leonor Michaelis in 1913. The aim of this paper is to expose the personal and academic life of a scientist known to the vast majority of Health professionals. The woman who, at the beginning of the 20th century, worked with great researchers from Canada, the United States and Germany, whose scientific contributions were recognized many decades later. (AU)

Ernestina Pérez Barahona (1865-1951): La medicina al rescate de la raza chilena / Ernestina Pérez Barahona (1865-1951). Her medical attempt to rescue the chilean race

This article analyzes some publications of Ernestina Pérez Barahona (1865-1951), the second Chilean and Latin American female physician. It exposes her concern for the public health and, more precisely, for the problem of the Chilean race. She constantly refers to hygiene in her conferences, articles and books published between 1887 and 1920. Thus, the aim of this review is to recover her production and to inform the readers about her intervention as a medical professional.

Las primeras médicas de Chile y Latinoamérica: Eloísa Díaz Insunza y Ernestina Pérez Barahona / The first chilean female doctors: Eloísa Díaz Insunza and Ernestina Pérez Barahona

Dr. Eloísa Díaz Insunza (1866-1950) was the first woman to become a doctor-surgeon in Chile and Latin America in 1887. Less known is her distinguished colleague, Dr. Ernestina Pérez Barahona (1865-1951), the second woman graduated in Chile as a physician, only seven days after Dr. Diaz. Dr. Diaz entered the School of Medicine of the University of Chile in 1881 and Dr. Pérez in 1883. However, both graduated from Bachelor of Medicine and Pharmacy in 1885 and received their degree in 1887. This paper highlights the extraordinary parallelism in their medical studies.

Augusta Marie Déjerine-Klumpke: much more than just Déjerine's wife / Augusta Marie Déjerine-Klumpke: muito mais do que apenas a esposa de Déjerine

ABSTRACT Augusta Marie Déjerine-Klumpke (1859-1927) was a formidable neurologist, neuroanatomist and researcher in France. One of the first women to be accepted for medical internship, externship and research in Paris, Augusta made her name studying and teaching anatomy, histology and dissection, attending clinical activities in neurology, obstetrics, pediatrics and neurologic trauma, performing necropsies, and writing scientific papers and book chapters. Her main research in neurology awarded her an eponym for the avulsion of the lowest root of the brachial plexus (Klumpke's palsy). Married to her professor, the remarkable Dr. Joseph Jules Déjerine, Augusta continued her career and became the first female president of the French Society of Neurology.

RESUMO Augusta Marie Déjerine-Klumpke (1859-1927) foi uma formidável neurologista, neuroanatomista e pesquisadora na França. Uma das primeiras mulheres aceitas para estágios médicos internos e externos ao hospital, e pesquisa em Paris, Augusta fez seu nome estudando e ensinando anatomia, histologia e dissecção, participando de atividades clínicas em neurologia, obstetrícia, pediatria e trauma neurológico, participando de necrópsias, e escrevendo artigos científicos e capítulos de livros. Sua principal pesquisa em neurologia lhe rendeu um epônimo para a avulsão da raiz inferior do plexo braquial (paralisia de Klumpke). Casada com seu professor, o notável Dr. Joseph Jules Déjerine, Augusta continuou sua carreira e se tornou a primeira mulher presidente da Sociedade Francesa de Neurologia.

Doctor James Barry (1795-1865), Inspector General de Hospitalesde su Majestad Británica / Doctor James Barry (1795-1865), Hospitals General Inspector for his British Majesty

El 25 de julio de 1865 falleció en Londres el médico James Barry, Inspector General de Hospitales de Su Majestad Británica. La asistente que preparó el cadáver denunció que esteera, sin dudas, el de una mujer. Este hecho provocó la conmoción pública y aún hoy, 150 años después, sigue generando controversias e interrogantes.Probablemente James Barry había nacido en Irlanda entre 1789 y 1795 como Margaret Ann Bulkley. Desgracias económicas familiares la pusieron bajo la tutela de su tío, el pintor James Barry, y de varios liberales pro feministas de la Gran Bretaña de comienzos del siglo XIX. En 1809, vestida de hombre, nuestro personaje ingresó a la Facultad de Medicina de Edimburgo, de donde se graduó tres años después. A continuaciónhizo estudios en los hospitales Guy y St. Thomas, pasó el examen del Royal College of Surgeons e ingresó a lasFuerzas Armadas en 1813. Allí fue sucesivamente médico asistente, cirujano asistente, cirujano jefe, médico del Estado Mayor, asistente de inspector general de hospitales y finalmenteinspector general de hospitales, el grado más alto al que alguien sin carrera militar podía aspirar en el Reino Unido.Sus destinos fueron Ciudad del Cabo en Sudáfrica, Mauritius, Jamaica, Saint Helena, Antigua, Trinidad, Malta, Corfú yCanadá... No podemos asegurar su sexo, quizá padeció un rarísimo desordengenético cromosomal llamado insensibilidad androgénica completa, o fue simplemente una mujer que con sudisfraz masculino sorteó las rígidas convenciones de la época en la que le tocó vivir y logró graduarse ûnada menosû que 40 años antes que Elizabeth Garret, la primera doctora británica,en Edimburgo.

On 25 July 1865 Dr. James Barry, Hospitals General Inspector for his British Majesty, died in London. Theassistant who prepared the corpse reported that it was, undoubtedly, a womanÆs corpse. This statement provoked public commotion and even today, 150 years after, it continues to arise controversies and questions.James Barry had probably been born in Ireland between 1789 and 1795 as Margaret Ann Bulkley. A terribleeconomic crisis in her family resulted in her being placed under the guardianship of her uncle, painter James Barry´s and various pro-feminist liberals in theearly 19th Century Great Britain. In 1809, dressed as a man, she entered the School of Medicine of Edinburgh,where she graduated three years after. Later she studied at the Guy and St. Thomas Hospitals; she passed the RoyalCollege of Surgeons exam and entered the Armed Force in 1813. There she practiced as assistant medical doctor, assistant surgeon, head of surgeons, General Staff Doctor, Assistant Hospitals General Inspector, and last, Hospitals General Inspector, the highest positionsomeone without military training could aspire for in the United Kingdom. Dr. Barry was sent to Capetown, South Africa, Mauritius, Jamaica, Saint Helena, Antigua, Trinidad, Malta, Corfu and Canada... We ignore his gender, he might have suffered from the very unusual genetic disorder called complete androgenic insensitivity syndrome, or he might have simply been a woman who overcame the strict conventions of her time with her male disguise, and managed to graduate 40 years before Elizabeth Garret did, who was the first British doctor in Edinburgh.

No dia 25 de julho de 1865 faleceu emLondres o médico James Barry, Inspetor Geral dos Hospitais de Sua Majestade Britânica. A pessoa que preparou o cadáver declarou que era sem dúvida, o corpo de uma mulher. Estefato comoveu o público e ainda hoje, depois de 150 anos, continua produzindo controvérsias y dúvidas.Provavelmente James Barry nasceu na Irlanda entre 1789 e 1795 como Margaret Ann Bulkley. Devido a problemas econômicos familiares ficou sob a tutela de seu tio, o pintor James Barry, e de vários liberais pró feministasda Grã Bretanha do começo do século XIX. Em 1809, vestida de homem, nosso personagem ingressou a Faculdade de Medicina de Edimburgo, onde se formoutrês anos depois. Depois de formada estudou nos hospitais Guy e St. Thomas aprovou o exame do Royal Collegeof Surgeons e ingressou às Forças Armadas em 1813. Foi sucessivamente médico assistente, cirurgião assistente,cirurgião chefe, médico do Estado Maior, assistente do inspetor geral de hospitais e finalmente inspetor geral de hospitais, o grau mais alto que uma pessoa semcarreira militar podia aspirar no Reino Unido. Esteve trabalhando na Cidade do Cabo na África do Sul, nas ilhas Mauricio, Santa Helena, Antigua, Trinidad, Malta, Corfú e na Jamaica e Canadá... Não podemos fazer afirmações sobre seu sexo; talvez fosse portador de um distúrbio genético cromossômicoraríssimo chamado insensibilidade androgênica completa, ou foi simplesmente uma mulher que, comuma roupa masculina, pode evitar as rígidas convenções da época que vivia e ser médica en Edimburgo 40 anos antes que Elizabeth Garret, a primeira médica britânica.

Women in Brazilian neurosurgery

Medicine remained as a male profession during many centuries, but the proportion of women rosesteadily during the second part of the 20th century in the world and in Brazil. In 2006 they became themajority (51.75%) of the new physicians licensed by the Regional Council of Medicine of the State of SãoPaulo. Nevertheless, the proportion of women in Neurosurgery and in directive posts in entities of thespecialty in Brazil continue very low or absent. Data obtained from the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgeryand the Brazilian Academy of Neurosurgery are very similar to those of the American counterparts, likethe proportion of women among the associates, around 5%, and one single female chief of a servicecertified for training in each country. Authors from WINS, an American entity, reported several problemssuffered by female neurosurgeons, including gender discrimination. Such occurrences, as reported inonline news, should alert against discriminatory attitudes.

Mulheres na neurocirurgia no BrasilA medicina remanesceu como uma profissão masculina durante muitos séculos, mas a proporção demulheres aumentou constantemente durante a segunda metade do século XX no mundo e no Brasil.Em 2006, elas passaram a constituir a maioria (51,75%) dos novos médicos licenciados pelo ConselhoRegional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo. Todavia, a proporção de mulheres na neurocirurgia e emcargos diretivos de entidades da especialidade no Brasil continua muito baixa ou ausente. Dados obtidos daSociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia e da Academia Brasileira de Neurocirurgia são muito semelhantes aosdas congêneres americanas, como a proporção de mulheres entre as associadas, em torno de 5%, e umaúnica chefe de serviço credenciado para treinamento em cada país. Autoras da WINS, entidade americana,relataram diversos problemas enfrentados pelas neurocirurgiãs, incluindo discriminações de gênero.Ocorrências dessa natureza, noticiadas em jornais eletrônicos, devem alertar contra atitudes discriminatórias.

Mulheres e cirurgiãs / Women and surgeons

As autoras apresentam o panorama da inserção das mulheres nas Especialidades Cirúrgicas desde o final do século XIX até os dias atuais e analisam as dificuldades enfrentadas bem como o aumento desta inserção nos dias atuais.

The authors present the current view of the women in Surgery since the end of the XIX century until now. They discuss the difficulties they face when they choose Surgery as a career and the progress now achieved.

Herminia Franco Espinoza (1891-1988): primera mujer médica de Puebla y veterana de la Revolución Mexicana / Herminia Franco Espinoza (1891-1988): the first woman physician of Puebla and veteran of the Mexican Revolution

Herminia Franco Espinoza fue la primera médica graduada del Colegio del Estado de Puebla. Nació en Chieltla, Puebla, en 1891, hija del profesor Felipe Franco Pacheco y Zeferina Espinoza Nape. Terminó sus estudios en 1915 y su examen profesional fue en 1917. Durante el asalto a la casa de la familia Serdán, el 18 de noviembre de 1910, atendió al primer herido cuando era practicante voluntaria del Hospital de San Pedro. Firmó la carta antirreeleccionista del grupo “Luz y Progreso”, encabezado por Aquiles Serdán. Viajó a la ciudad de México y se estableció en Plaza de la Constitución 37, donde abrió un consultorio. En 1929 tomó un curso de ginecología y obstetricia y de puericultura en la Universidad Nacional de México, en la ciudad de México. En 1937 viajó a París para tomar cursos de ginecología y obstetricia y pediatría en los Hospitales Broca, Baudelóc y Des Enfants Malades. Se jubiló en 1965, al cumplir 50 años de labor profesional. En 1970 fue reconocida como veterana de la Revolución Mexicana. La doctora Franco fue parte de las mujeres que encabezaron a principios del siglo pasado, la participación de la mujer en la vida médica mexicana.

Herminia Franco-Espinoza was the first woman to receive a medical degree in the "Colegio del Estado de Puebla", Mexico. She was born in Chietla, Puebla, in 1891, and was daughter of Professor Felipe Franco-Pacheco and Zeferina Espinoza-Nape. Herminia concluded her professional studies in 1915 and graduated in 1917. During the 1910 attack to the house of the Serdán family in Puebla, she provided medical care to the first injured while she was a voluntary practitioner at the Hospital de San Pedro. She participated in the signing of the anti-reelectionist letter of the group "Luz y Progreso", headed by Aquiles Serdán. Thereafter, she moved to Mexico City and established at Plaza de la Constitución 37, where she opened a medical office. In 1920 she undertook a course on gynecology and obstetrics and child welfare at the National University of Mexico. In 1937 she traveled to Paris to undertake a course on Gynecology and Obstetrics and Pediatrics at L'Hôpital Broca, L'Hôpital Baudelóc and L'Hôpital des Enfants Malades. She retired in 1965 when she completed 50 years of professional practice. On 1970 she was recognized as a Veteran of the Mexican Revolution. Dr. Franco was part of the group of women who at the beginning of the last century pioneered in Mexico women's participation in mexican medicine.

El Instituto de Neurocirugía e Investigaciones Cerebrales de Santiago de Chile y la primera neurocirujana en Latinoamérica / The Institute of Neurosurgery and Cerebral Research in Santiago de Chile and the first neurosurgeon woman in Latinamerica

La mexicana María Cristina García-Sancho de Penichet (1919- ) fue la primera neurocirujana en América Latina. Estudió medicina en una época en que la inserción de la mujer en esta disciplina todavía era baja y se decidió por una especialidad, inclusive difícil para los mismos hombres; la neurocirugía. Se preparó en este campo con uno de los grandes neurocirujanos de la época, Alfonso Asenjo Gómez (1906-1980) y en uno de los mejores lugares del mundo, el Instituto de Neurocirugía e Investigaciones Cerebrales en Santiago de Chile. Su aportación a la neurocirugía fue haber modificado el proceso quirúrgico de la cordotomía, operación para controlar el dolor y que tradicionalmente se hacía en dos tiempos. La doctora García-Sancho propuso realizarla en un solo paso.

María Cristina García-Sancho de Penichet (1919- ), a Mexican, was the first woman neurosurgeon in Latin America. She studied medicine at a time when women’s participation in medicine was limited, yet she chose specialization that was considered difficult even for men: neurosurgery. She trained in this discipline with one of the great neurosurgeons of the time, the Chilean Alfonso Asenjo Gómez (1906-1918), and at one of the most prestigious establishments in the world: the Institute of Neurosurgery and Cerebral Research in Santiago de Chile. Her main contribution to the field of neurology consisted in modifying the surgical procedure called cordotomy, an operation for pain control that traditionally required a two-step procedure, but which Dr. García-Sancho showed could be performed in just one step.

Las mujeres en la Academia Nacional de Medicina de México: análisis de su inserción y ubicación en la élite médica / Women members of the Mexican National Academy of Medicine: an analysis of their membership and place in the medical elite

Se analiza la inserción de la mujer en la Academia Nacional de Medicina de México (ANM), un ámbito originalmente masculino, y las características del grupo femenino. Hasta el año 2006, la ANM tenía 536 académicos, de los cuales 62 eran mujeres. Se investigó fecha de ingreso a la ANM y edad en ese momento, edad actual, si tenían hijos, el departamento y área donde se ubicaban y su pertenencia al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI). Se identificó que las académicas planean sus carreras, son competitivas, buscan y ocupan posiciones de poder, pero las cuestiones de género aún determinan sus decisiones profesionales.

This article analyzes women's admission to Mexico's National Academy of Medicine (NAM) originally an all-male institution. We describe the demographic characteristics of female members of the NAM. By the year 2006, the NAM had 536 academic members, 62 of them were women. Data gathered included date of entry to the NAM, members' age at time of admission, current age, whether they had children and the field and or area to which they were assigned. We also analyzed membership to the [quot ]National System of Researchers[quot ] (Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, SNI). Women admitted to the NAM were all competitive scholars who planned their career choices, sought and achieved positions of power yet gender issues still determined their professional careers.

Médicos e médicas em São Paulo e os Livros de Registros do Serviço de Fiscalização do Exercício Profissional (1892-1932) / Male and female doctors in São Paulo and the Records of the Professional Practice Audit Service (1892-1932)

Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar o perfil (naturalidade, nacionalidade e sexo), a formação e a inserção profissional dos médicos no mercado de trabalho em São Paulo, entre 1892-1932, período com poucos trabalhos sobre o tema. Utiliza como fontes a coleção de Livros do Serviço de Fiscalização do Exercício Profissional do Estado São Paulo, preservados pelo Centro de Memória da Saúde Pública (SES/SP). Trata-se de um estudo preliminar - primeiros resultados de uma pesquisa em andamento, que faz parte de um projeto mais amplo, voltado para a construção de um banco de dados e análise da formação e do perfil dos trabalhadores/as que atuaram em diferentes áreas da Saúde em São Paulo, entre 1892-1978.

This article aims at analyzing the profile (place of origin, nationality and sex), the place/institution of graduation and the insertion of physicians into the labor market of São Paulo between 1892 and 1932, a period covered by only a small number of studies on this topic. The source of information used in this survey is the collection of records of the Professional Practice Audit Service of the State of São Paulo, preserved in the Center for the Memory of Public Health. The present paper refers to a preliminary study, part of a broader project aimed at constructing a data bank and analyzing the formation and the profile of workers acting in São Paulo in different health areas, between 1892 and 1978.

Francisca Praguer Fróes: medicina, gênero e poder nas trajetórias de uma médica baiana (1872-1931) / Francisca Praguer Fróes: medicine, gender and power in the trajectories of a Bahian woman doctor (1872-1931)

No Brasil, a entrada das pioneiras no ensino superior, possibilitada pela urbanização, pelo crescimento do comércio e da indústria e por uma conjuntura mais favorável ao trabalho feminino no último quartel do século XIX, significou um marco fundamental na história da participação de mulheres no campo da medicina. Francisca Praguer Fróes formou-se na Faculdade de Medicina e Farmácia da Bahia, em 1893. Dedicou-se à Ginecologia e à Obstetrícia, defendeu a saúde, os direitos civis e políticos da mulher. O empenho de Francisca Praguer Fróes em defender o direito à saúde das mulheres infectadas por doenças sexualmente transmissíveis é notável e, nesse sentido, os preceitos higiênicos ganham força em suas proposições médicas. Apesar de terem sido poucas aquelas que debateram publicamente questões relativas à moral ligada ao sexo, na católica Bahia, Francisca envolveu-se nas discussões científicas e políticas sobre o tema da saúde da mulher e da moral sexual. Envolvida numa discussão mais ampla acerca da construção da ordem burguesa, entendia que os temas da higiene, da saúde da mulher e da moral sexual deveriam fazer parte do quadro de regeneração social da época. Poucas foram aquelas que debateram publicamente questões relativas à moral ligada ao sexo, na católica Bahia.

Increasing urbanization, the growth of industry and commerce, and the beginning of a more favorable attitude towards women's work in the late 19th century in Brazil set the stage for the admission of women to higher education. Within this scenario, Francisca Praguer Fróes graduated in the Bahian School of Medicine and Pharmacy, in 1893. Besides dedicating her work to Gynecology and Obstetrics, she has fought throughout her life for the political and civil rights of the women, particularly in the field of health. Noteworthy, among others, is the diligence with which she defends the right to health for women infected by sexually transmitted diseases invoking precepts of hygiene for sustaining her proposition from a medical standpoint. Beyond woman's health, Francisca has been active in the political and scientific discussions on sexual moral, as a matter of fact an issue barely talked about in catholic Bahia. Involved in a broader discussion around the construction of the bourgeoise society, she went even further advocating that the topics hygiene, health and sexual moral should make part of the general social agenda of that time.