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2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 37(4): 450-455, ago. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1138569

ABSTRACT

Resumen El Imperio Romano sufrió entre el siglo II y III dos grandes pestes, la Peste Antonina, de la cual existe bibliografía, y la Peste de Cipriano, que es menos conocida. Como una visión de conjunto, ambas pandemias se asemejan a la crisis que en el 2020 el coronavirus está generando en muchos aspectos de la vida humana. Este artículo se centra en el impacto que la peste de Cipriano tuvo en el contexto de la crisis del siglo III; su mortalidad se estima entre 10-20% de la población en los lugares afectados y finalmente sus efectos generaron varias de las condiciones necesarias para la transición del mundo antiguo al medieval. Se trata de comprender cómo el ciclo de pestes que va desde el siglo II al siglo III cambió la fisonomía del mundo romano y que lecciones nos entrega la historia 1700 años después.


Abstract Between the 2nd and 3rd centuries the Roman Empire suffered two great plagues, the Antonine Plague, of which there is a bibliography, and the lesser known Plague of Cyprian. As an overview, both pandemics resemble the crisis that in 2020 the Coronavirus is generating in many aspects of human life. This article focuses on the impact that the Cyprian plague had in the context of the crisis of the third century, its mortality is estimated between 10-20% of the population in the affected places, finally its effects generated several of the necessary conditions for the transition from the ancient to the medieval world. It is about understanding how the cycle of plagues that went from the 2nd century to the 3rd century changed the appearance of the Roman world and what lessons history gives us 1700 years later.


Subject(s)
Humans , Plague/history , Pandemics/history , Plague/epidemiology , Roman World , History, Ancient
3.
Rev. cuba. pediatr ; 92(supl.1): e1183, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1126787

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Se describen las principales pandemias en la historia de la humanidad desde a.n.e. hasta la más reciente causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Examinar las principales pandemias en la historia de la humanidad y su repercusión en la salud pública, ámbito social y perspectivas de la actual pandemia de la COVID-19 en el desarrollo de la sociedad. Métodos: Se revisaron las publicaciones sobre el tema en español e inglés en bases de datos de PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO y Latindex desde el 2000 hasta al 25 de mayo 2020. Resultados: Se describen los aspectos más sobresalientes de las epidemias causadas por viruela, peste bubónica, cólera, VIH/sida. gripes y la actual producida por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, atendiendo a su aparición, duración en años, fallecidos, localización mundial, países más afectados e impacto en la sociedad y ámbito sanitario. Se exponen las perspectivas sociales determinadas por la pandemia de la COVID-19. Conclusiones: Se examinan los rasgos sobresalientes, en especial las pérdidas de vidas humanas en las principales pandemias que han azotado a la humanidad, desde a.n.e. hasta la más reciente causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. La sociedad en su momento actual se enfrenta a incertidumbres y retos sociales, económicos, culturales, éticos, sanitarios y existenciales, provenientes de las implicaciones que está teniendo la pandemia de la COVID-19, lo que determinará consecuencias para la salud y la vida humana. Esta pandemia es mucho más que una crisis sanitaria(AU)


Introduction: This work describes the major pandemics in the history of mankind from B.C. until the most recent caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Objective: To examine the major pandemics in the history of mankind and their impact on public health, social scopes and prospects of the current pandemic of COVID-19 in the development of mankind. Methods: There were reviewed publications on the subject in Spanish and English in databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO and Latindex from 2000 to 25 May, 2020. Results: There is a description of the most important aspects of epidemics caused by smallpox, bubonic plague, cholera, HIV/AIDS, influenzas and the current one produced by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, on the basis of their onsets, duration in years, amount of deceased, world location, most affected countries and impact on society and the health field. The social perspectives determined by the pandemic of COVID-19 are presented. Conclusions: There was an study on the outstanding features, especially the loss of human lives in the major pandemics that have plagued mankind, from B.C. until the most recent caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The global society at present time is facing uncertainties and challenges of social, economic, cultural, ethical, health and existential kind coming from the implications caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which will determine consequences for human health and life. This pandemic is much more than a health crisis(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Plague/epidemiology , Cholera/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/history , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks
4.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 45(1)ene.-mar. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-991126

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La peste bubónica afectó a gran parte del mundo en la primera mitad del siglo xx, causando desde pequeños brotes a grandes epidemias. En Cuba se presentó en dos oportunidades, en 1912 y en 1914, causando alguna morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Rescatar la historia de las epidemias de peste bubónica en Cuba. Metodología: Cualitativa, utilizando como métodos teóricos el histórico-lógico y el análisis documental. Se revisaron estadísticas en el Departamento de Estadísticas y Registros Médicos del Ministerio de Salud Pública, artículos de la época, directrices y planes de enfrentamiento a la epidemia orientados por el Departamento Nacional de Sanidad, de la Secretearía de Sanidad y Beneficencia, e informes redactados por los sanitaristas que trabajaron en su control. Resultados: En 1912 existieron brotes en La Habana, Santiago de Cuba y Pinar del Río, importada de las Islas Canarias. Durante la segunda epidemia en 1914, erradicada al año siguiente, se produjeron 68 casos y 23 fallecidos. Se diseñó una estrategia de lucha que incluyó, desde el ingreso y aislamiento de los sospechosos, vigilancia de los residentes en la zona, recogida de ratas, hasta desinfección, saneamiento y desratización de la zona afectada. Conclusiones: Las medidas tomadas fueron oportunas y eficientes, controlando la epidemia. No se produjeron más casos desde julio de 1915(AU)


Introduction: The bubonic plague affected much of the world in the first half of the twentieth century, causing from small outbreaks to large epidemics. In Cuba, it appeared twice in 1912 and in 1914 causing some morbidity and mortality. Objective: To rescue the history of bubonic plague's epidemics in Cuba. Methodology: Qualitative, using as theoretical methods the historical- logic and the documentary analysis. Statistics were reviewed in the Department of Statistics and Medical Records of the Ministry of Public Health, in articles of the time, in guidelines and plans to confront the epidemic established by the National Department of Health of the Secretariat of Health and Charity, and also reports written by the health workers who participated in the control strategies of this disease. Results: In 1912, there were outbreaks in Havana, Santiago de Cuba and Pinar del Rio imported from the Canary Islands. In the second epidemic in 1914 that was eradicated in 1915, there were 68 cases and 23 deaths. A control strategy was designed, which included the entry and isolation of the suspects, surveillance of the residents in the area, collection of rats, disinfection, sanitation and deratization of the affected area. Conclusions: The measures taken were timely and efficient for controlling the epidemic. No more cases have occurred since July, 1915(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Plague/history , Plague/epidemiology , Communicable Disease Control , Cuba
5.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 50(6): 769-776, Nov.-Dec. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-897037

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, the plague is established in several foci located mainly in the northeastern part of the country, where it alternates between active and quiescent periods. These foci in the State of Ceará have high epidemiological importance. In addition to other plague detection activities, plague areas can be monitored through serological surveys of dogs and cats (domestic carnivores), which, following feeding on plague-infected rodents, can develop mild to severe forms of the disease and produce long-lasting antibodies. This study aimed to characterize the circulation dynamics and spatial distribution of Yersinia pestis antibodies in dogs and cats in plague foci areas of Ceará. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted to analyze the temporal series and spatial distribution of secondary data obtained from domestic carnivore serum surveillance in Ceará's plague areas from 1990 to 2014. RESULTS: Joinpoint analysis revealed that the overall trend was a reduction in antibody-positive animals. The mean proportion of antibody-positivity during the whole study period was 1.5% (3,023/203,311) for dogs, and 0.7% (426/61,135) for cats, with more than 4% antibody-positivity in dogs in 1997 and 2002. Antibody titers ranging from 1/16 to 1/64 were frequent. Despite fluctuations and a significant reduction, in recent years, there were antibody-positive animals annually throughout the study period, and the localities containing antibody-positive animals increased in number. CONCLUSION: Yersinia pestis is actively circulating in the study areas, posing a danger to the human population.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Plague/veterinary , Yersinia pestis/immunology , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Plague/diagnosis , Plague/immunology , Plague/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cat Diseases/immunology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/immunology , Spatio-Temporal Analysis
6.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 21(2): 687-708, apr-jun/2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-714657

ABSTRACT

Em períodos de crise sanitária grave como os de 1854-1856, 1899 e 1918, especialmente no Porto, onde cólera-morbo, peste bubónica, tifo exantemático, gripe pneumónica e varíola mataram percentagens elevadas da população, as imagens das epidemias na imprensa permitem-nos identificar os conhecimentos científicos num país considerado periférico, mas que dispunha de estudos e pessoal especializado no nível dos mais avançados da época. Uma base de dados de 6.700 notícias, artigos e anúncios revela-nos o conhecimento médico e farmacêutico da segunda metade do século XIX e início do XX, o modo como era transmitido e divulgado ao público e as soluções apresentadas pelas autoridades sanitárias. Um fator foi sempre salientado nas notícias e anúncios: a higiene.


In severe health crisis like those of 1854-1856, 1899 and 1918, especially in Porto, where cholera morbus, the bubonic plague, typhus fever, pneumonic influenza and smallpox killed high percentages of the population, the images of the epidemics in the press enable us to identify the scientific knowledge in a country considered peripheral, but which had studies and personnel specialized at the most advanced levels for the time. A database of 6,700 news items and announcements reveals the medical and pharmaceutical knowledge of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the way it was transmitted and disclosed to the public and the solutions offered by the health authorities. Hygiene was consistently highlighted in the news and announcements.


Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Epidemics/history , Newspapers as Topic/history , Cholera/epidemiology , Cholera/history , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/history , Portugal , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/history , Public Health/history , Smallpox/epidemiology , Smallpox/history , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/epidemiology , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/history
8.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2012. viii,48 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-663569

ABSTRACT

A peste é uma doença infecciosa primordialmente de roedores, cujo bioagente, a Yersinia pestis é transmitido por picadas de pulgas contaminadas. O homem é infectado acidentalmente quando penetra no ecossistema dos roedores em atividades de caça, agricultura, comércio ou lazer. Além disso, a peste é doença de notificação internacional obrigatória e imediata. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar o sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da peste (SVEpeste) no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2009; descrever a sua estrutura; avaliar o sistema em relação aos atributos qualitativos, quantitativos e utilidade; descrever as ações de vigilância epidemiológica desenvolvidas no período de 2000 a 2009; descrever os casos notificados pelo SINAN também no mesmo período; bem como avaliar o SVE-Peste em relação aos atributos qualitativos, quantitativos e utilidade. Metodologia: Para avaliação dos atributos qualitativos e quantitativos, utilizamos as diretrizes para avaliação de sistemas de vigilância propostas pelo CDC. Para a identificação dos determinantes contextuais do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da peste, foram aplicados dois questionários semiestruturados aos gestores estaduais do PCP. Resultados: O Programa de Controle da Peste (PCP) é um sistema de vigilância passiva e universal, assim todo caso suspeito deve ser notificado no máximo em 24 horas e investigado em 48 horas. A primeira amostra sanguínea para diagnóstico deve ser colhida no máximo até o quinto dia do início dos sintomas. No período avaliado, verificou-se que a notificação foi inoportuna nos dois períodos avaliados (11,0 por cento de 2000 a 2006) e (5,6 por cento de 2007 a 2009).


Para a investigação o sistema foi considerado inoportuno (73,7 por cento no período de 2000 a 2006) e oportuno (91,5 por cento no período de 2007 a 2009). Quanto a coleta da primeira amostra sanguínea para diagnóstico laboratorial o sistema foi considerado inoportuno com (14,0 por cento no período de 2000 a 2006) e (28,0 por cento no período de 2007 a 2009). Em relação ao encerramento do caso no sistema de informação, o sistema de vigilância da peste também foi considerado inoportuno (40,1 por cento no período de 2000 a 2006) e (71,8 por cento no período de 2007 a 2009). Conclusões: Os achados deste estudo sugerem que o SVE-Peste se apresentou simples, aceitável, estável, não flexível, inoportuno, mas com boa qualidade de dados. Entretanto, esta avaliação do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da peste no Brasil possui caráter inédito, uma vez que não há registros na literatura nacional e internacional de outras publicações que tenham usado essa metodologia para sua avaliação.


Subject(s)
Humans , Program Evaluation , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/prevention & control , Brazil , Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data
9.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 44(2): 223-227, Mar.-Apr. 2011. mapas, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-586104

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A peste, doença infectocontagiosa milenar, continua sendo considerada da maior importância do ponto de vista epidemiológico devido ao alto potencial epidêmico, estando inclusive sujeita ao Regulamento Sanitário Internacional. Apesar da ausência de casos humanos da doença no Brasil, seu agente etiológico, a bactéria Yersinia pestis, permanece firmemente arraigado em seus focos naturais. A ocorrência de sorologia positiva em carnívoros domésticos de regiões pestígenas da Bahia, nos últimos anos, objetivou a realização deste estudo, que se propõe a verificar a existência de circulação do agente no estado, tendo em vista que fatores condicionantes para a doença são mantidos, oferecendo riscos à população. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo para verificação da presença de infecção por Y. pestis através do inquérito de soroprevalência em humanos, cães e roedores; e pesquisa da bactéria em roedores e pulgas. Utilizou-se de questionário estruturado para avaliação da associação existente entre fatores ambientais, sócioeconômicos e biológicos e a soroprevalência da infecção em humanos. RESULTADOS: Os 630 soros examinados (88 de humanos, 480 de cães, 62 de roedores) apresentaram-se não reagentes para peste e as análises bacteriológicas realizadas em 14 roedores e dois lotes de pulgas não identificaram a bactéria. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados não configuram erradicação da doença no estado, pois sua natureza cíclica indica que pode passar longos períodos silente e depois ressurgir acometendo um grande número de pessoas. Portanto, a manutenção da vigilância ativa e permanente se faz necessária para a detecção precoce da doença e desenvolvimento oportuno das medidas de controle pertinentes.


INTRODUCTION: From an epidemiological point of view, the plague is still being considered of great importance, because of its high epidemic potential. Despite the absence of cases of human plague in Brazil, its etiologic agent, the bacteria Yersinia pestis, is still deep rooted in its natural environment. The occurrence of positive serology for plague in domestic carnivores in plague areas in Bahia in the past few years implies the need for a more rigorous evaluation in order to verify whether the bacillus of the plague is still active in these areas. METHODS: In this study, the presence of infection caused by Y. pestis was analyzed by seroprevalence tests on humans, dogs and rodents and by the detection of the bacteria in rodents and fleas. A structured questionnaire was used to analyze the association between environmental, socioeconomic and biological factors and seroprevalence in humans. RESULTS: Of the 630 serum samples examined (88 from humans, 480 from dogs and 62 from rodents), all were nonreactive for plague and bacteriological analyses performed on 14 rodents and 2 flea lots showed no signs of the bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: These results cannot confirm the eradication of the disease in the entire State, since the cyclic nature of the plague indicates that it can go silent for long periods and then resurge, affecting large numbers of people. Thus, maintenance of active, permanent surveillance is required for early detection and the development of adequate control measures.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Child , Dogs , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Rats , Young Adult , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Plague/prevention & control , Rodentia/microbiology , Siphonaptera/microbiology , Yersinia pestis/immunology , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Vectors , Plague/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Socioeconomic Factors
11.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 42(6): 711-715, Dec. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-539523

ABSTRACT

Analisou-se a prevalência de anticorpos contra Yersinia pestis em carnívoros domésticos (cães e gatos) nas áreas pestígenas do Estado do Ceará, visando estabelecer a importância do monitoramento desses animais na rotina do Programa de Controle da Peste. No decênio 1997-2006, analisaram-se 146.732 amostras de soros (95.883 cães e 50.849 gatos), das quais 2.629 (2.234 cães e 395 gatos) revelaram-se positivas. A prevalência entre os cães (85 por cento) foi superior a dos gatos (15 por cento) em todo o decênio e locais, exceto em Ibiapina, em 1998. O significado desses achados ainda não foi determinado. Os estudos sobre a zoonose no Brasil pautaram-se por paradigmas que não contemplavam todos os elementos envolvidos na zoonose, impossibilitando a devida elucidação do papel desses carnívoros. O monitoramento da atividade pestosa, realizado exclusivamente por inquéritos caninos, pode redundar no desconhecimento progressivo da situação epidemiológica da peste, caso não sejam desenvolvidas pesquisas interinstitucionais suplementares.


The prevalence of antibodies against Yersinia pestis in domestic carnivores (dogs and cats), in plague areas in the State of Ceará, was analyzed to establish the importance of monitoring these animals within the routine practice of the plague control program. Over the decade 1997-2006, 146,732 serum samples were examined (95,883 from dogs and 50,849 from cats), of which 2,629 (2,234 from dogs and 395 from cats) proved to be positive. The prevalence among dogs (85 percent) was higher than among cats (15 percent) throughout the decade and in all places, except in Ibiapina in 1998. The significance of these findings has not yet been determined. Studies on this zoonosis in Brazil have been based on paradigms that did not cover all the elements involved in the zoonosis, thus making it impossible to properly understand the role of these carnivores. Monitoring of plague foci conducted exclusively by means of dog surveys may result in progressive lack of knowledge of the epidemiological situation of plague, if supplementary inter-institutional research is not developed.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Plague/veterinary , Yersinia pestis/immunology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/immunology , Dog Diseases/immunology , Prevalence , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/immunology
13.
Pediatr. día ; 23(3): 44-45, jul.-ago. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-475719
14.
Cad. saúde pública ; 23(3): 715-724, mar. 2007. mapas, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-441999

ABSTRACT

Após a sua introdução no Ceará, Brasil, em 1900, a peste focalizou-se em sete complexos ecológicos: Chapada do Araripe e Serras da Ibiapaba, do Baturité, do Machado, das Matas, da Pedra Branca e de Uruburetama. As atividades de vigilância nesses focos no período de 1935/2004 foram desenvolvidas sucessivamente pelo Departamento Nacional de Saúde, Serviço Nacional de Peste, Departamento Nacional de Endemias Rurais, Superintendência de Campanhas de Saúde Pública, Fundação Nacional de Saúde e finalmente pela Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. A análise dos dados levantados sobre a ocorrência de casos humanos nesses 70 anos permite identificar diferentes padrões de circulação da enfermidade na população humana, caracterizados pela alternância de momentos de elevadas incidências e de silêncio, possibilitando estabelecer uma periodização cronológica com características epidemiológicas próprias. Conclui-se desses resultados que a peste ainda deve ser considerada uma ameaça potencial, o que justifica revitalizar as ações de vigilância epidemiológica, o que só ocorrerá com o fortalecimento de todas as instâncias do Sistema Unico de Saúde.


After its introduction into the State of Ceará, Brazil, in 1900, the plague was established in seven ecological complexes: Chapada do Araripe and the Ibiapaba, Baturité, Machado, Matas, Pedra Branca, and Uruburetama mountains. These natural foci were monitored successively from 1935 to 2004 by the National Health Department, National Plague Service, National Department of Rural Endemics, Superintendency of Public Health Campaigns, National Health Foundation, and finally by the National Health Surveillance Secretariat. Data analysis on human cases during these 70 years allowing identifying different plague circulation patterns in the human population, alternating high incidence with silent periods and characterizing a chronological periodicity with unique epidemiological characteristics, besides concluding that plague should still be considered a potential threat, thus justifying the revitalization of surveillance measures by strengthening all levels in the Unified National Health System.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Local Health Strategies , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/history , Plague/prevention & control , Yersinia pestis , Zoonoses , Brazil
15.
Tanzan. j. of health research ; 9(1): 12-18, 2007. tables, figures
Article in English | AIM | ID: biblio-1272608

ABSTRACT

A review of plague records from 1986 to 2002 and household interviews were carried out in the plague endemic villages to establish a pattern and spatial distribution of the disease in Lushoto district; Tanzania. Spatial data of households and village centres were collected and mapped using a hand held Global Positioning System and Geographical Information System. During the 16-year period; there were 6249 cases of plague of which 5302 (84.8) were bubonic; 391 (6.3)septicaemic; and 438 (7.0) pneumonic forms. A total of 118 (1.9) cases were not categorized. Females and individuals aged 7-18 years old were the most affected groups accounting for 54.4(95CI: 52.4-56.0) and 47.0(95CI: 45- 49) of all reported cases; respectively. Most cases were found in villages at high altitudes (1700-1900m); and there was a decline in case fatality rate (CFR) in areas that experienced frequent outbreaks. Overall; there was a reduction in mean reporting time (from symptoms onset to admission) to an average of 1.35 days (95CI: 1.30-1.40) over the years; although this remained high among adult patients (18 years). Despite the decrease in the number of cases and CFR over the years; our findings indicate that Lushoto district experiences human plague epidemic every year; with areas at high altitudes being more prone to outbreaks. The continued presence of plague in this focus warrants further studies. Nonetheless; our findings provide a platform for development of an epidemic preparedness plan to contain future outbreaks


Subject(s)
Humans , Demography , Plague/epidemiology , Plague , Epidemics
16.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-112659

ABSTRACT

A localized outbreak of bubonic plague occurred in village Dangud (population 332), district Uttar Kashi, Uttaranchal, India in the second week of October 2004. 8 cases were considered outbreak associated based on their clinical and epidemiological characteristics; 3 (27.3%) of them died within 48 hours of developing illness. All the 3 fatal cases and five surviving cases had enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes. None of them had pneumonia. The age of the cases ranged from 23-70 years and both sexes were affected. No such illness was reported from adjoining villages. The outbreak was fully contained within two weeks of its onset by supervised comprehensive chemoprophylaxis using tetracycline. A total of approximately 1250 persons were given chemoprophylaxis in three villages. There was no clear history of rat fall in the village. No flea was found on rodents or animals. 16 animal serum samples were found to be negative for antibodies against F-1 antigen of Y. pestis. However, Y. pestis was isolated from two rodents (Rattus rattus and Mus musculus) trapped in the village. One case and three animal sera showed borderline sero-positivity against rickettsial infection. The diagnosis of plague was confirmed by detection of four fold rise of antibody titre against F-1 antigen of Yersinia pestis in paired sera of three cases (one of the WHO approved criteria of diagnosis of confirmed plague). This outbreak and the occurrence of earlier outbreaks of plague in Surat (Gujarat) and Beed (Maharashtra) in 1994 and in district Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) in 2002 confirm that plague infection continue to exist in sylvatic foci in many parts of India which is transmitted to humans occasionally. Thus, there is a strong need for the States to monitor the plague activity in known sylvatic foci regularly and have a system of surveillance to facilitate prompt diagnosis and treatment of cases to control the disease. This investigation highlights that with high index of suspicion the disease can be diagnosed early and mounting of supervised comprehensive response can prevent the disease to proceed to pneumonic stage where man to man transmission gets established and outbreak assumes larger dimensions.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Bacterial Proteins/immunology , Disease Outbreaks , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Mice , Middle Aged , Plague/epidemiology , Rats/microbiology , Rodent Diseases/epidemiology , Yersinia pestis/immunology
17.
In. Márquez Valderrama, Jorge; Casas Orrego, Álvaro; Estrada Orrego, Victoria Eugenia. Higienizar, medicar, gobernar: historia, medicina y sociedad en Colombia. Medellin, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2004. p.183-202.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-425028

ABSTRACT

Analiza la historia de la reforma sanitaria en Colombia, en el momento de emergencia de diversas prácticas y saberes como la bacteriología, la epidemiología, las estadísticas sanitarias y la higiene de los puertos. Plantea problemas epistemológicos e históricos de la historia de la epidemiología en general y de la historia de la epidemiología colombiana en particular.


Subject(s)
Epidemiology/history , Plague/epidemiology , Health Care Reform/history , Colombia , History of Medicine , Public Health/history
18.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 35(2): 143-148, Mar.-Apr. 2002. mapas, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-327477

ABSTRACT

As atividades de vigilância sorológica da peste nos focos do Estado do Ceará detectaram elevaçäo do número de animais indicadores/sentinela com anticorpos antipestosos a partir de 1995, com pico em 1997 evidenciando aumento da circulaçäo do bacilo pestoso em todos os focos investigados. De um total de 110.725 amostras de soro obtidas de roedores (7.873) e carnívoros domésticos (102.852) analisadas pela técnica de hemaglutinaçäo (HA) para detecçäo de anticorpos contra o antígeno F1 da Yersinia pestis, 905 revelaram-se positivas, sendo 15 de roedores (4 Rattus rattus e 11 Galea spp), 720 de cäes e 170 de gatos. Dos 652 casos humanos suspeitos e contatos investigados apenas dois foram positivos pela HA e um terceiro paciente foi positivo por hemocultura. A cepa isolada revelou-se altamente patogênica para animais de laboratório e mostrou sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos usados no tratamento dos doentes


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Rats , Population Surveillance , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/veterinary , Animals, Domestic , Brazil/epidemiology
19.
Arch. inst. pasteur Madag ; 68(1): 51-54, 2002. ilus
Article in French | AIM | ID: biblio-1259535

ABSTRACT

La peste est entrée à Madagascar en 1898, à partir du port de Toamasina, suite à l'escale d'un bâteau venant d'Inde. En 1921, elle arrive à Antananarivo et s'étend sur les Hautes Terres Centrales en y provoquant des épidémies sans précédent pendant près de 20 ans. Jusqu'au début des années 1980, elle a persisté à bas bruit surtout en milieu rural, avant de connaître une reviviscence au point de constituer un problème de santé publique de nos jours. La peste urbaine existe surtout dans la ville d'Antananarivo (réémergence en 1978 après 28 ans de silence apparent) et dans le port de Mahajanga (réémergence en 1991 après 63 ans de silence apparent). La re-dynamisation du programme national de lutte contre la peste, à partir de 1994, a permis une meilleure surveillance de la maladie. Cette analyse a pour objectif une actualisation des données épidémiologiques de la peste humaine à Madagascar, à partir des cas déclarés (16 928 cas suspects dont 3 500 confirmés ou probables) obtenus au Laboratoire Central à l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar de 1980 à 2001. La saison pesteuse sur les hautes terres se situe d'octobre à mars et celle de la ville de Mahajanga de juillet à novembre. Le sex-ratio homme/femme est de 1,3/1, la tranche d'âge la plus touchée est celle des sujets âgés de 5 à 25 ans. Le taux de létalité de 40% au début des années 1980 a diminué à 20% vers la fin des années 1990, le pourcentage de formes pulmonaires est passé de 15% à moins de 5%, indiquant une amélioration de la prise en charge des cas. Par contre, on a assisté à une extension géographique de l'endémie pesteuse dans le pays : 4 districts confirmés en 1980, un pic de 30 districts en 1999 et 21 districts en 2001. En 2002, la diffusion d'un nouveau test de diagnostic rapide de la peste (bandelettes), dans les centres de santé de base des 42 districts endémiques, devrait contribuer à diminuer la morbidité et la létalité due à la peste, et améliorer sa surveillance au niveau national


Subject(s)
Madagascar , Plague/diagnosis , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/prevention & control
20.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 34(1): 87-90, jan.-fev. 2001. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-462067

ABSTRACT

Climatic alterations arising in the north of Perú as a result of the El Niño phenomenon (ENSO) have caused variations in the crop volume, changes in the direction of rivers and probably an increase in the rodent population. In February 1999, in a native community in Jacocha, Huancabamba, Piura's mountains, Perú, an outbreak of bubonic plague appeared with five human cases, one of which lead to death. The diagnosis was confirmed by serology (passive hemaglutination). The presence of antibodies in dogs of localities close to Jacocha has confirmed the circulation of Yersinia pestis in the region. The outbreak was controlled by the local sanitary authorities' prompt action. This episode, after an epidemiological silence for more than four years, showed the necessity of intensifying the plague epidemiological surveillance system in this area.


As alterações climáticas produzidas no norte do Perú devidas ao Fenômeno El Niño (ENSO), ocasionaram variações no volume das safras, redistribuição do curso dos rios e provavelmente aumento da população de roedores. Em fevereiro de 1999, em uma comunidade indígena em Jacocha, Huancabamba, na serra de Piura, Perú, surgiu um surto de peste com cinco casos humanos, um dos quais faleceu. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela sorologia (hemaglutinação passiva). A presença de anticorpos em cães de localidades próximas de Jacocha confirmaram a circulação da Yersinia pestis na área. O surto foi debelado pela rápida atuação das autoridades sanitárias locais. O episódio após silêncio epidemiológico por mais de quatro anos, mostrou a necessidade de reforçar o sistema de vigilância epidemiológica de peste nesta área.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Disease Outbreaks , Plague/epidemiology , Peru/epidemiology
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