Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for cancer treatment at the province of Nador, Morocco

Morocco has varied wealth of aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs) which are commonly used for prevention and treatment of vario us diseases or as complementary therapy such for cancer diseases. An ethnobotanical study was carried out in the province of Nador, located northeast of Morocco. A total of 418 persons were interviewed, information about their profile, type of medicinal pl ants existing in this area, plant characteristics and uses of those existing plants. Results showed 35 species distributed in 23 families, the most represented were Lamiaceae (7), Apiaceae (5) and Fabaceae (3). This study revealed that the population mainl y used seeds (28%), leaves (26%), aerial parts (20%) and fruits (14%). Moreover, it has shown that Nerium oleander were used by the local population for cancer treatments. Biological activity of N. oleander showed an antimicrobial effect on Escherichia col i , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

Marruecos tiene una riqueza vegetal muy variada de plantas aromáticas y medicinales (AMP) y se utilizan com únmente para la prevención y el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades o como terapia complementaria, como las enfermedades del cáncer. Se llevó a cabo un estudio etnobotánico en la provincia de Nador, situada al noreste de Marruecos. Se entrevistó a un tota l de 418 personas, información sobre su perfil, tipo de plantas medicinales existentes en esta zona, características de las plantas, usos de las plantas existentes, etc. Los resultados mostraron una alta riqueza de especies de 35 especies distribuidas en 2 3 familias, las más representadas fueron Lamiaceae (7), Apiaceae (5) y Fabaceae (3). Este estudio reveló que la población utilizó preferentemente semillas (28%), hojas (26%), partes aéreas (20%) y frutos (14%). Además, se ha demostrado que la población loc al utilizaba Nerium oleander para tratamientos contra el cáncer. La actividad biológica de N. oleander mostró un efecto antimicrobiano sobre Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Staphylococcus aureus

Uso y conocimiento tradicional de plantas medicinales en comunidades de Villa Corzo, Chiapas, México / Use and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in communities of Villa Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico

The use and knowledge of native and naturalized medicinal plants were evaluated in four communities of Villa Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. The information was obtained through semi - structured surveys conducted with 1 18 people of different age and gender categories. To determine the most important plant species, indexes of value and frequency of use were generated. Seventy - nine species of 49 families were recorded, as well as their use in the treatment of various disea ses according to local knowledge. The species with the highest value of use were Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., Verbena officinalis L. (verbena), Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) and Psidium guajava L. (guava). (guava). The most important families by number of specie s used were, in order of importance: Asteraceae and Rutaceae with five species Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae with four species each.

Se evaluaron el uso y conocimiento de las plantas medicinales nativas y naturalizadas en cuatro comunidades de Villa Corzo, Chiapas, México. La información se obtuvo a través de encuestas semiestructuradas realizadas a 118 personas de distintas categorías de edad y género. Para determinar las especies de plantas más importantes se generaron índices de valor y frecuencia de uso. Se registraron 79 especies de 49 familias, así como su uso en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades de acuerdo al conocimiento local. Las especies con mayor valor de uso fueron Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (sábila), Verbena officinalis L. (verbena), Ocimum basilicum L. (albahaca) y Psidium guajava L. (guayaba). Las familias más importantes por el número de especies utilizadas fueron, en orden de importancia: Asteraceae y Rutaceae con cinco especies, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae y Rosaceae con cuatro especies cada una.

Differential biological activity of two extracts of ripe fruits of Carica candamarcensis Hook on human neutrophils / Actividad biologica diferencial de dos extractos de frutos maduros de Carica candamarcensis Hook en neutrófilos humanos

We evaluated the effect of the total macerate (TM) and seed oil (SO) of mature Carica candamarcensis fruits, on the release of Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and the phosphorylation of MAPK in neutrophils. The antioxidant capacity of these extracts was evaluated by ABTS assay. Neutrophils stimulated with different dilutions of TM or SO were analyzed for cytotoxicity, MMP9 release, and MAPK phosphorylation, using trypan blue exclusion assays, zymography, and immunoblotting, respectively. Both extracts show antioxidant activity, being higher in TM; none presented cytotoxic effect. The 5% and 2.5% dilutions of TM significantly reduced MMP9 release, and all decreased MAPK phosphorylation. SO significantly increased the release o f MMP9 and MAPK phosphorylation, the effect being greater when they were prestimulated with lipopolysaccharide.TM may have anti - inflammatory potential, while SO could have a priming effect that needs to be confirmed

Evaluamos el efecto del macerado total (MT) y aceite de semillas (AV) de frutos maduros de Carica candamarcensis , en la liberación de Matriz metaloproteinasa 9 (MMP9) y la fosfor ilación de MAPK en neutrófilos. La capacidad antioxidante de estos extractos se evaluó por ensayo ABTS. En neutrófilos estimulados con diferentes diluciones de MT o AV se analizó la citotoxicidad, liberación de MMP9 y fosforilación de MAPK, mediante ensayo s de exclusión con azul de tripano, zimografía e inmunotransferencia, respectivamente. Ambos extractos muestran actividad antioxidante, siendo mayor en MT; ninguno presentó efecto citotóxico. Las diluciones 5% y 2,5% de MT redujeron significativamente la l iberación de MMP9, y todas disminuyeron la fosforilación de MAPK. El AV incrementó significativamente la liberación de MMP9 y la fosforilación de MAPK, el efecto fue mayor cuando se preestimularon con lipopolisacárido. El MT puede tener potencial antiinfla matorio, mientras que el AV podría tener un efecto "priming" que necesita ser corroborado.

Estudio etnobotánico de la flora medicinal de la provincia de Trujillo, Perú / Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal flora of the province of Trujillo, Peru

Trujillo, one of the main provinces of Peru, is home to a multicultural population, coming from the Coast, Sierra and Selva; of different ideologies, cultures, and ancestral knowledge about the correct use of medicinal flora. In this sense and in an effort to rescue this ancestral knowledge, the ethnobotanical study of the medicinal flora of the province of Trujillo was carried out. For which 96 semi - structured interviews were applied, using the "snowball" technique; followed by the collection, taxonomic determination and calculation of ethnobotanical indices: Use Value Index (IVU) and Informant Consensus Factor Index (FCI). It is concluded that the inhabitants of Trujillo make use of 102 species of medicinal flora, distributed in 95 genera and 46 families for the treatment and/or cure of 62 diseases. Of the total species, 24 turned out to be the most important (according to their IVU) for the cure of diseases of the Trujillo po pulation.

Trujillo, una de las principales provincias de Perú, alberga una población pluricultural, procedente de la Costa, Sierra y Selv a; de distintas ideologías, culturas, y saberes ancestrales sobre el correcto uso de la flora medicinal. En tal sentido y en el afán de rescatar ese conocimiento ancestral, se realizó el estudio etnobotánico de la flora medicinal de la provincia de Trujill o. Para lo cual se aplicaron 96 entrevistas semiestructuradas, empleando la técnica "bola de nieve"; seguido de la colecta, determinación taxonómica y cálculo de Índices etnobotánicos: Índice de valor de Uso (IVU) e Índice de Factor de Consenso del Informa nte (FCI). Se concluye que los pobladores trujillanos hacen uso de 102 especies de flora medicinal, distribuidas en 95 géneros y 46 familias para el tratamiento y/o cura de 62 enfermedades. Del total de especies, 24 resultaron ser las más importantes (segú n su IVU) para la cura de enfermedades del poblador Trujillano.

The infusion of Baccharis spicata (Lam. ) Baill (Asteraceae) has antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus without cytotoxic effects against several cell lines / La infusión de Baccharis spicata (Lam. ) Baill (Asteraceae) posee actividad antiviral contra el virus de la hepatitis B sin efectos citotóxicos contra varias líneas celulares

Medicinal plants are used to cure diseases, and their replacement is frequent and affects public health. The genus Baccharis has representatives within the medicinal flora of Argentina, although the replacement of the species of this genus known under the vulgar name of "carqueja" by Baccharis spicata has been detected i n herbalists or markets of herbal products. The genotoxic safety of this species has been established in previous work of our group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of an infusion made from B. spicata leaves against hepatitis B virus with the HepG2.2.15 cellular system and to determine cytotoxicity in HepG2.2,15, A549 and Vero cell lines. Infusion of B. spicata was active to inhibit HBV replication with an EC 50 of 22.54 µg/mL and a CC 50 of 190 µg/mL.

Las plantas medicinales son empleadas para la cura de enfermedades, y su sustituc ión es frecuente y afecta a la salud pública. El género Baccharis posee representantes dentro de la flora medicinal de Argentina, aunque se ha detectado la sustitución de las especies de dicho género conocidas bajo el nombre vulgar de "carqueja" por Baccha ris spicata en herboristerías o mercados de productos herb arios . Se ha establecido la seguridad genotóxica de esta especie en trabajos previos de nuestro grupo. Este estudio buscó evaluar la actividad antiviral de una infusión elaborada a partir de hojas de B. spicata frente al virus de la hepatitis B con el sistema celular HepG2.2.15 y determinar la citotoxicidad en las líneas celulares HepG2.2.15, A549 y Vero. La infusión de B. spicata fue activa para inhibir la replicación del virus con un EC 50 de 22.54 µg/mL y un CC 50 de 190 µg/mL.

Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities of species of the genus Desmodium: a literature review / Usos medicinales tradicionales y actividades biológicas de las especies del género Desmodium: una revisión de la literatura

The genus Desmodium includes about 350 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The objective of this review wa s to associate the traditional medicinal uses of the genus Desmodium with its biological activities reported in the scientific literature. Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities were described in 56 species. More than 100 traditional medicina l uses have been reported in 43 countries, highlighting the use in inflammatory, gastrointestinal and infectious processes, muscular pain, rheumatic, renal and hepatic affections. Among the 45 biological activities experimentally evaluated, antioxidant, an timicrobial, anti - inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antinociceptive were the most reported. The species with the highest number of studies were D. gangeticum, D. adscendens and D. styracifolium. In conclusion, several traditional medicinal uses have been experimentally supported, demonstrating the pharmacological potential of this genus.

El género Desmodium incluye alrededor de 350 especie s, distribuidas en regiones tropicales y subtropicales alrededor del mundo. El objetivo de esta revisión fue asociar los usos medicinales tradicionales del género Desmodium con sus actividades biológicas reportadas en la literatura científica. Los usos med icinales tradicionales y las actividades biológicas fueron descritos en 56 especies. Más de 100 usos medicinales tradicionales han sido reportados en 43 países, destacándose el uso en procesos inflamatorios, gastrointestinales e infecciosos, dolores muscul ares, reumáticos, afecciones renales y hepáticas. Dentro de las 45 actividades biológicas evaluadas experimentalmente, las más reportadas fueron la antioxidante, antimicrobiana, antiinflamatoria, hepatoprotectora y antinociceptiva. Las especies con mayor n úmero de estudios fueron D. gangeticum, D. adscendens y D. styracifolium. En conclusión, varios usos medicinales tradicionales han sido experimentalmente respaldados, demostrando el potencial farmacológico de este género.

Larrea divaricata a native Argentine plant with potential activity against SARS-CoV-2? / ¿Larrea divaricata una planta nativa argentina con actividad potencial sobre SARS-CoV-2?

Larrea divaricata Cav. is an autochthonous South American plant popularly used in inflammatory and infectious diseases with reported anti - inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Covid - 19 is an infection ca used by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS - CoV - 2). This virus can cause pneumonia and even death in about 5% of the cases. The objective of the article was to demonstrate, through a literature review, that L. divaricata has sufficie nt attributes to be assayed against SARS - CoV - 2. For this, the chemical composition, reported activities and docking studies were taken into account. This review demonstrated that the plant extracts are capable of inhibiting the proliferation of fungi, bact eria and viruses and that they exert anti - inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions in different " in vitro " and " in vivo " models. These results suggest that the plant is a good candidate to be studied for the prevention and/or treatment of SARS - CoV - 2.

Larrea divaricata Cav. es una planta autóctona Sudamericana, utilizada popularmente en enfermedades inflamatorias e infecciosas, con activida d anti - inflamatoria, inmunomoduladora, antimicrobiana y antioxidante reportada. El Covid - 19 es una infección causada por una cepa de coronavirus, SARS - CoV - 2 (coronavirus tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo). Este virus puede originar neu monía e incluso la muerte en alrededor del 5% de los casos. Nuestro objetivo fue demostrar, a través de una revisión bibliográfica, que esta planta tiene atributos suficientes para ser ensayada en estudios contra SARS - CoV - 2. Se tuvo en cuenta la composici ón química, los antecedentes científicos y los estudios de acoplamiento molecular. Esta revisión permitió demostrar que extractos de la planta son capaces de inhibir la proliferación de hongos, bacterias y virus y que presentan acción anti - inflamatoria en diferentes modelos " in vitro " e " in vivo ", lo que los hace candidatos a ser estudiados en la prevención y/o tratamiento de la infección contra SARS - CoV - 2.

Effects of cinnamon oil and its main constituents, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, on 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahydropyridine - induced neurodegeneration in PC - 12 cells / Efectos del aceite de canela y sus principales componentes, ácido cinámico y cin amaldehído en la neurodegeneración inducida por 1 - metil - 4 - fenil - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahidropiridina en células PC 12

Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) is a well - known medicinal plant considered as an effective treatment for neurological disorders based on Persian medicine . The aim of the present study was assessing the effect of cinnamon oil, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde, on the in vitro model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cinnamon oil, prepared in sesame oil, was phytochemically analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pheochromocytoma - 12 (PC - 12) cells were treated with 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as an in vitro model of neurodegeneration in PD. Cell viability, activity of caspase enzymes, and formation of reactive oxygen sp ecies (ROS) were evaluated. MPTP significantly decreased cell viability and increased Casp activity, as well as ROS formation. Cinnamon oil and cinnamic acid at 200 µg/m L could significantly reverse MPTP - induced abnormalities in PC - 12 cells including Casp activity and ROS formation. Our study supports the beneficial effect of cinnamon oil in neurodegeneration. Furt her investigations are needed to clarify the mechanisms and main active components.

La canela ( Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) es una planta medicinal m uy conocida, y considerada como un tratamiento efectivo para patologías neurológicas según la medicina persa. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del aceite de canela, el ácido cinámico, y el cinamaldehído, en un modelo in vitro de la enferme dad de Parkinson (PD). El aceite de canela, preparado en aceite de sésamo, fue analizado fitoquímicamente usando cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC). Se trataron células con feocromocitoma - 12 (P - 12) usando 1 - metil - 4 - fenil - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahidropiridi na (MPTP) como un modelo in vitro de neurodegeneración en PD. Se evaluó la viabilidad celular, actividad de enzimas caspasa, y formación de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS). El tratamiento con MPTP disminuyó significativamente la viabilidad celular y a umentó la actividad casp, así la formación de ROS. Aceite de canela y ácido cinámico a 200 µg/mL podría revertir significativamente las anormalidades inducidas por MPTP en células PC - 12, incluyendo la actividad casp y la formación de ROS. Nuestro estudio e ntrega sustento sobre los efectos benéficos del aceite de canela en la neurodegeneración. Se requiere más investigación para clarificar los mecanismos y los principales componentes activos.

Essential oil of Cordia curassavica (Jacq) Roem. & Schult: in vitro and in silico evaluation of effects on dengue virus replication and cytokines production / Aceite esencial de Cordia curassavica (Jacq) Roem. & Schult: evaluación in vitro e in silico del efecto sobre la replicación del virus dengue y la producción de citoquinas

The lack of effective conventional therapie s against dengue has created an interest in herbal preparations as alternative therapies. In the present study, in vitro effects of Cordia curassavica essential oil (EO) on both dengue virus replication and cytokine production were examined. Predictions of molecular interactions between EO compounds and virus and cell proteins were performed with AutoDock Vina. The EO inhibited replication of dengue virus serotypes at IC 50 < 30 µg/mL, and it reduced 87% TNF - α, 67% IL - 8 and 46% IFN - α in LPS - stimulated PBMCs. The main EO compounds were trans - ß - caryophyllene (21.4%), germacrene D (17.8%), α - copaene (16.5%), trans - ß - guaiene (8.2%), and α - pinene (6.0%). The first two compounds, δ - cadinene, α - muurolene, α - cubebene and ß - burbonene were coupled to proteins involved in the TLR - 4 cytokine effector pathway. 3,7 - Guaiadiene was coupled to the viral E and C proteins. This study demonstrates the potential of C. curassavica EO as a starting point for discovering novel therapeutic for dengue.

La falta de terapias eficaces para el dengue ha suscitado interés por preparados herbales como terapias alternativas. En el presente estudio se examinaron efectos in vitro del aceite e sencial (AE) de Cordia curassavica sobre la replicación del virus dengue y producción de citoquinas. Se realizaron predicciones de interacciones moleculares entre los compuestos del AE y proteínas virales y celulares con AutoDock Vina. El AE inhibió la rep licación de serotipos del virus a CI 50 < 30 µg/mL y redujo 87% TNF - α, 67% IL - 8 y 46% IFN - α en MNCP. Los principales compuestos del AE fueron trans - ß - cariofileno, germacreno D, α - copaeno, trans - ß - guaieno y α - pineno. Los dos primeros compuestos, el δ - cadineno, el α - muuroleno, el α - cubebeno y el ß - burboneno se acoplaron a proteínas implicadas en la vía efectora de citoquinas TLR - 4. El 3,7 - guaiadiene se acopló a las proteínas virales E y C. Este estudio demuestra el potencial del AE de C. curassavica como punto de partida para descubrir nuevas tera pias para el dengue.

Effect of soil moisture on efficacy to eliminate dampness and relieve jaundice and flavonoid content of Sedum sarmentosum / 中国中药杂志

The growth environment of medicinal plants plays an important role in the formation of their medicinal quality. However, there is a lack of combined analysis studying the close relationship between the growth environment, chemical components, and related biological activities of medicinal plants. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of different soil moisture treatments on the efficacy to eliminate dampness and relieve jaundice and the flavonoid content of Sedum sarmentosum, and explored their correlation. The flavonoid content in the decoction of S. sarmentosum growing under field conditions with soil moisture levels of 35%-40%(T1), 55%-60%(T2), 75%-80%(T3), and 95%-100%(T4) was compared. The effects of these treatments on liver function parameters, liver inflammation, and oxidative damage in mice with dampness-heat jaundice were evaluated, and the correlation between pharmacological indicators and flavonoid content was analyzed. The results showed that the total flavonoid and total phenolic acid content in the decoction of S. sarmentosum were highest in the T1 treatment, followed by the T3 treatment. The content of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin was highest in the T2, T1, and T3 treatments, respectively. Among the different moisture treatments, the T3 group of S. sarmentosum effectively reduced the levels of serum ALT, AKP, TBIL, DBIL, TBA, as well as hepatic TNF-α and IL-6 in mice with jaundice, followed by T2 treatment, especially in reducing AST level. The T4 treatment had the poorest effect. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between AST, ALT, AKP levels in mice and the total content of quercetin and the three flavonoids. MDA showed a significant negative correlation with the total flavonoid content and kaempferol. TNF-α exhibited a significant negative correlation with the content of isorhamnetin. In conclusion, S. sarmentosum growing under field conditions with a soil moisture level of 75%-80% exhibited the best efficacy to eliminate dampness and relieve jaundice. This study provides insights for optimizing the cultivation mode of medicinal plants guided by pharmacological experiments.

Study on the dynamic variation of the secondary metabolites in Viscum coloratum using targeted metabolomics / 中国天然药物

Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai is a well-known medicinal plant. However, the optimal harvest time for V. coloratum is unknown. Few studies were performed to analyze compound variation during storage and to improve post-harvest quality control. Our study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of V. coloratum in different growth stages, and determine the dynamic variation of metabolites. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify 29 compounds in V. coloratum harvested in six growth periods, and the associated biosynthetic pathways were explored. The accumulation of different types of compounds were analyzed based on their synthesis pathways. Grey relational analysis was used to evaluate the quality of V. coloratum across different months. The compound variation during storage was analyzed by a high-temperature high-humidity accelerated test. The results showed that the quality of V. coloratum was the hightest in March, followed by November, and became the lowest in July. During storage, compounds in downstream steps of the biosynthesis pathway were first degraded to produce the upstream compounds and some low-molecular-weight organic acids, leading to an increase followed by a decrease in the content of some compounds, and resulted in a large gap during the degradation time course among different compounds. Due to the rapid rate and large degree of degradation, five compounds were tentatively designated as "early warning components" for quality control. This report provides reference for better understanding the biosynthesis and degradation of metabolites in V. coloratum and lays a theoretical foundation for rational application of V. coloratum and better quality control of V. coloratum during storage.

Discovery, isolation and structural identification of alkaloid glycosides in six traditional Chinese medicine such as Coptis chinensis / 中国中药杂志

Alkaloids are important active ingredients occurring in many traditional Chinese medicines, and alkaloid glycosides are one of their existence forms. The introduction of saccharide units improves the water solubility of alkaloid glycosides thus presenting better biological activity.Because of the low content in plants, alkaloid glycosides have been not comprehensively studied. In this study, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was employed to identify and analyze the alkaloid glycosides in Coptis chinensis, Phellodendron chinense, Menispermum dauricum, Sinomenium acutum, Tinospora sagittata and Stephania tetrandra. The results showed that except Tinospora sagittata, the other five herbal medicines contained alkaloid glycosides. Furthermore, the alkaloid glycosides in each herbal medicine were identified based on UV absorption spectra, quasimolecular ion peaks in MS, fragment ions information in the MS/MS, and previous literature reports. A total of 42 alkaloid glycosides were identified. More alkaloid glycosides were identified in C. chinensis and Menispermum dauricum, and eleven in C. chinensis were potential new compounds. Furthermore, the alkaloid glycosides in the water extract of C. chinensis were coarsely se-parated by macroporous adsorption resin, purified by column chromatography with D151 cation exchange resin, ODS and MCI, combined with semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Two new alkaloid glycosides were obtained, and their structures were identified by mass spectrometry and NMR data as(S)-7-hydroxy-1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-2,2-N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and(S)-N-methyltetrahydropalmatubine-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. This study is of great significance for enriching the information about the chemical composition and the in-depth development of C. chinensis. Meanwhile, it can provide a reference for rapid identification and isolation of alkaloid glycosides from other Chinese herbal medicines.

Research progress in microevolutionary process of excellent traits and quality of Dao-di herbs / 中国中药杂志

Dao-di herbs are the treasure of Chinese materia medica and one of the characteristic research objects of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Probing into the microevolution of Dao-di herbs can help to reveal their biological essence and quality formation mechanisms. The progress in molecular biology and omics provides the possibility to elucidate the phylogenetic and quality forming characteristics of Dao-di herbs at the molecular level. In particular, genomics serves as a powerful tool to decipher the genetic origins of Dao-di herbs, and molecular markers have been widely used in the research on the genetic diversity and population structure of Dao-di herbs. Focusing on the excellent traits and quality of Dao-di herbs, this paper reviews the studies about the microevolution process of quality formation mechanisms of Dao-di herbs with the application of molecular markers and omics, aiming to underpin the protection and utilization of TCM resources.

Biotechnological potential of essential oils from different chemotypes of Lippia alba(Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson / Potencial biotecnológico de los aceites esenciales de diferentes quimiotipos de Lippia alba(Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton y P. Wilson

This study reports the biotechnological importance of seven Lippia albaspecimens collected in different places in Brazil, and evaluation of some activities as larvicidal against Aedes spp., antifungal against dermatophytes; cytotoxicity against SNB-19 (astrocytoma), HCT-116 (human colon) and PC-3 (human prostate) cancer cell lines, and inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The essential oils, whose extraction yield was about 1.24 w/w ± 0.9%, showed differences in their chemical composition and considered as chemotypes. The essential oils containing neral and geranial as main constituents showed better action against HCT-116 cell lines (IC50 value was 9.22 µg/mL), larvicidal activity against arbovirus vectors (LC50 value against A. aegypti was 1.59 µg/mL) and inhibition of AChE (halo inhibition zone was 1 cm). The essential oils containing mainly monoterpenoids showed better antifungal action with MIC values range from 0.15 to 1.25 mg/mL. This chemical and biological characterization may be useful for biotechnological applications.

Este estudio reporta la importancia biotecnológica de siete especímenes de Lippia alba recolectados en diferentes lugares de Brasil, y evaluación de algunas actividades como larvicida contra Aedes spp., Antifúngico contra dermatofitos; citotoxicidad contra líneas celulares de cáncer SNB-19 (astrocitoma), HCT-116 (colon humano) y PC-3 (próstata humana), e inhibición de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa (AChE). Los aceites esenciales, cuyo rendimiento de extracción fue de aproximadamente 1,24 p/p ± 0,9%, mostraron diferencias en su composición química y se consideraron quimiotipos. Los aceites esenciales que contienen neral y geranial como constituyentes principales mostraron una mejor acción contra las líneas celulares HCT-116 (el valor de CI50 fue de 9.22 µg/mL), actividad larvicida contra los vectores de arbovirus (el valor de LC50 contra A. aegypti fue de 1.59 µg/mL) e inhibición de AChE (la zona de inhibición del halo era de 1 cm). Los aceites esenciales que contienen principalmente monoterpenoides mostraron una mejor acción antifúngica con valores de CMI en el rango de 0.15 a 1.25 mg/mL. Esta caracterización química y biológica puede ser útil para aplicaciones biotecnológicas.

Eletrofiação aplicada a cicatrização de feridas: revisão de literatura / Electrospinning applied to wound healing: literature review / Electroalambre aplicado a la cicatrización de heridas: revisión de la literatura

feridas correspondem a interrupção da continuidade da pele, com a perda de uma ou mais camadas do tecido cutâneo. Curativos tradicionalmente aplicados em feridas cutâneas buscam principalmente fornecer uma barreira de proteção e permitir o desenvolvimento dos eventos celulares e bioquímicos que compreendem a cicatrização. Objetivou-se com este estudo apresentar sob a forma de revisão de literatura narrativa os principais eventos relacionados ao processo de reparo tecidual da pele, bem como abordar a aplicabilidade da técnica de eletrofiação no desenvolvimento de curativos funcionais biocompatíveis. Foram selecionados artigos voltados à caracterização dos eventos chave ocorridos a nível tecidual durante a cicatrização e, na sequência, buscou-se artigos voltados à produção, caracterização e aplicação de filmes nanoeletrofiados com ênfase na utilização de biopolímeros e substâncias bioativas. Observou-se que a maioria dos trabalhos recentes, voltados a pesquisa de base, descrevem a resposta vascular como o principal evento do processo cicatricial, sendo responsável pelas etapas que se desenrolam a seguir, que compreendem as fases inflamatória, proliferativa e de remodelamento, classicamente já descritas. Os curativos funcionais baseados em polímeros eletrofiados apresentam resultados superiores quanto testados in vitro e in vivo. As características morfoestruturais mimetizam a matriz extracelular e podem atuar em tecidos alvo como dispositivos de entrega de substâncias. Conclui-se que a atualização e reorganização de conceitos relativos à cicatrização podem contribuir no desenvolvimento de inovações, como os curativos produzidos por eletrofiação. Embora promissora, as desvantagens da técnica encontram-se principalmente no processo de obtenção e disponibilidade, que limitam a aplicação clínica em escala comercial.

Wounds correspond to the interruption of skin continuity, with the loss of one or more layers of skin tissue. Dressings traditionally applied to cutaneous wounds mainly seek to provide a protective barrier and allow the development of cellular and biochemical events that comprise healing. The objective of this study was to present, in the form of a narrative literature review, the main events related to the skin tissue repair process, as well as to address the applicability of the electrospinning technique in the development of biocompatible functional dressings. Articles focused on the characterization of the key events that occurred at the tissue level during healing were selected and, subsequently, articles focused on the production, characterization and application of nanoelectrospun films with emphasis on the use of biopolymers and bioactive substances were sought. It was observed that most recent works, focused on basic research, describe the vascular response as the main event of the healing process, being responsible for the steps that follow, which include the inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phases, classically already described. Functional dressings based on electrospun polymers show superior results when tested in vitro and in vivo. The morphostructural features mimic the extracellular matrix and can act in target tissues as substance delivery devices. It is concluded that the updating and reorganization of concepts related to healing can contribute to the development of innovations, such as dressings produced by electrospinning. Although promising, the technique's disadvantages lie mainly in the process of obtaining and availability, which limit clinical application on a commercial scale.

Las heridas corresponden a la interrupción de la continuidad de la piel, con la pérdida de una o más capas de tejido cutáneo. Los apósitos aplicados tradicionalmente a las heridas cutáneas buscan principalmente proporcionar una barrera protectora y permitir el desarrollo de los eventos celulares y bioquímicos que comprenden la curación. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar en forma de revisión bibliográfica narrativa los principales acontecimientos relacionados con el proceso de reparación tisular de la piel, así como abordar la aplicabilidad de la técnica de electrodeposición en el desarrollo de apósitos funcionales biocompatibles. Se seleccionaron artículos dirigidos a la caracterización de los eventos chave ocurridos a nivel técnico durante la cicatrización y, a continuación, se buscaron artículos dirigidos a la producción, caracterización y aplicación de películas nanoelectrofíricas con énfasis en el uso de biopolímeros y sustancias bioativas. Se observa que la mayoría de los trabajos recientes, realizados en la investigación de base, describen la respuesta vascular como el principal evento del proceso cicatricial, siendo responsable de las etapas que se desarrollan a continuación, que comprenden las fases inflamatoria, proliferativa y de remodelación, clásicamente descritas. Los apósitos funcionales basados en polímeros electro-tejidos presentan resultados superiores cuando se prueban in vitro e in vivo. Las características morfoestruturales mimetizan la matriz extracelular y pueden actuar en tejidos alvos como dispositivos de entrega de sustancias. Se concluye que la actualización y la reorganización de los conceptos relativos a la cicatrización pueden contribuir al desarrollo de innovaciones, como las curativas producidas por la electrofagia. Aunque es prometedora, las desventajas de la técnica radican principalmente en el proceso de obtención y la disponibilidad, que limitan la aplicación clínica a escala comercial.

Variation in phenolic, antioxidant and vitamin amounts among some medicinal plants and investigation by PCA analysis: Lamiaceae family / Variación en las cantidades de fenoles, antioxidantes y vitaminas entre algunas plantas medicinales e investigación poranálisis PCA: familia Lamiaceae

Aromatic and medicinal plants are of great importance to determine the contents of the active compounds of plant origin and to evaluate them depending on variety and climate factors in order to determine the phenolic, antioxidant enzyme activity, vitamin contents in species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Examination of the characteristics of different species, the highest peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, ascorbate peroxidase (AxPOD), total antioxidant (TA), malondialdehyte (MDA), caffeic acids (CA), vitamin C contents,and chloric acid (ChA) were obtained in the M. longifoliaspecies. The highest vitamin E and catalase (CAT) were determined in the S. hortensisspecies but the highest total phenolic (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorogenic acid (ChgA) were determined in the S. spicigeraspecies. As a result of PCA analysis, it can be said that Mentha longifolia(L.) Hudson and Satureja spicigeraspecies have significant value in terms of biochemical and phenolic content.

Las plantas aromáticas y medicinales son de gran importancia para determinar el contenido de los compuestos activos de origen vegetal y evaluarlos en función de la variedad y factores climáticos con el fin de determinar la actividad enzimática fenólica, antioxidante, contenido vitamínico en especies pertenecientes a la familia Lamiaceae. El examen de las características de diferentes especies, la mayor actividad enzimática de peroxidasa (POD), ascorbato peroxidasa (AxPOD), antioxidante total (TA), malondialdehído (MDA), ácidos cafeicos (CA), contenido de vitamina C y ácido clorhídrico (ChA) se obtuvieron en la especie M. longifolia. La mayor cantidad de vitamina E y catalasa (CAT) se determinó en la especie S. hortensis, pero la mayor cantidad total de enzima fenólica (TP), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2) y ácido clorogénico (ChgA) se determinó en la especie S. spicigera. Como resultado del análisis de PCA, se puede decir que las especies Mentha longifolia(L.) Hudson y Satureja spicigeratienen un valor significativo en términos de contenido bioquímico y fenólico.

Avaliação da citotoxicidade in vitro e genotoxicidade ex-vivo em compostos da Pavonia glazioviana Gürke (Malvaceae / Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity and ex-vivo genotoxicity in compounds from Pavonia glazioviana Gürke(Malvaceae)

Introdução: as terapias alternativas que utilizam plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos são bastante comuns no Brasil. Dentre várias espécies vegetais brasileiras utilizadas em terapias destacam-se as espécies da família Malvaceae. Objetivos: o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a citotoxicidade in vitro e a genotoxicidade ex-vivo em compostos da Pavonia glazioviana Gürke espécie brasileira pertencente à família Malvaceae. Metodologia: métodos in vitro foram utilizados para verificar o potencial citotóxico por meio de ensaios hemolíticos e anti-hemolíticos e da análise genotóxica ex-vivo. O Extrato Etanólico Bruto (EEB) e Fração Clorofórmico (FC) foram obtidos na amostra vegetal utilizada neste estudo. Resultados: os produtos EEB-Pg e FC-Pg apresentaram baixo efeito citotóxico apenas nas concentrações de 50 e 100 µg / mL. As amostras expostas às concentrações de 500 e 1000 µg / mL apresentaram índice hemolítico alto a moderado com lise superior a 60%. Foi descrito efeito anti-hemolítico moderado em todas as amostras tratadas com 500 e 1000 µg / mL, com hemólise < 60%. Além disso, os compostos mostraram baixo efeito genotóxico ex-vivo, com um índice geral de células normais superior a 84% em todas as concentrações. Conclusões: os resultados sugerem um baixo perfil tóxico dos compostos obtidos da espécie Pavonia glazioviana, indicando limites seguros para o uso desses produtos naturais.

Introduction: alternative therapies using medicinal plants and herbal medicines are quite common in Brazil. Among several Brazilian plant species used in therapies, the species of the Malvaceae family stand out. Objetctives: the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and ex-vivo genotoxicity in compounds of the Brazilian Pavonia glazioviana Gürke belonging to the Malvaceae family. Methodology: in vitro methods were used to verify the cytotoxic potential through hemolytic and antihemolytic assays and the ex-vivo genotoxic analysis. The Crude Etanolic Extract (CEE) and Cloroformic Fraction (CF) was obtained in vegetal sample used on this study. Results: the CEE-Pg and CF-Pg products only showed a low cytotoxic effect at the concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL. The exposure to the concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg/mL showed a high to moderate hemolytic index with lysis higher than 60%. A moderate anti-hemolytic effect was described in all samples treated with 500 and 1000 µg/mL, with hemolysis <60%. In addition, the compounds showed low ex-vivo genotoxic effect with a general index of normal cells greater than 84% at all concentrations. Conclusion: the results suggest a low toxic profile of the compounds obtained from the Pavonia glazioviana Gürke species belonging to the Malvaceae family, indicating safe limits for the use of these natural products.

Broad-spectrum survey of medicinal plants as a potential source of anticancer agents / Estudio de amplio espectro de plantas medicinales como fuente potencial de agentes contra el cáncer

Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells that spreads through cell division. There are different types of medicines available to treat cancers, but no drug is found to be fully effective and safe for humans. The major problem involved in the cancer treatments is the toxicity of the established drug and their side effects. Medicinal plants are used as folk medicines in Asian and African populations for thousands of years. 60% of the drugs for treating cancer are derived from plants. More than 3000 plants have anticancer activity. The present review aims at the study of a broad spectrum survey of plants having anticancer components for different type of cancers. This article consists of 364 medicinal plants and their different parts as potential Source of Anticancer Agents.

El cáncer es un crecimiento anormal y descontrolado de células que se disemina a través de la división celular. Hay diferentes tipos de medicamentos disponibles para tratar el cáncer, pero no se ha encontrado ningún medicamento que sea completamente efectivo y seguro para los seres humanos. El principal problema involucrado en los tratamientos del cáncer es la toxicidad del fármaco establecido y sus efectos secundarios. Las plantas medicinales se utilizan como medicinas populares en poblaciones asiáticas y africanas durante miles de años. El 60% de los medicamentos para el tratamiento del cáncer se derivan de plantas. Más de 3000 plantas tienen actividad anticancerígena. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo el estudio de un estudio de amplio espectro de plantas que tienen componentes anticancerígenos para diferentes tipos de cánceres. Este artículo consta de 364 plantas medicinales y sus diferentes partes como fuente potencial de agentes anticancerígenos.

In vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 of plant extracts used in Colombian traditional medicine / Actividad antiviral in vitro contra el SARS-CoV-2 de extractos de plantas usados en medicina tradicional colombiana

Background: Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the infection with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has affected the life and health of more than 222 million people. In the absence of any specific pharmacological treatment, the need to find new therapeutic alternatives is clear. Medicinal plants are widely used worldwide to treat different conditions, including COVID-19; however, in most cases, there are no specific studies to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments. Objective: This article evaluates the antiviral effect of six plant extracts used by indigenous and afro Colombian people against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Methods: The antiviral effect of six extracts prepared from plants used in Colombian traditional medicine was evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 through a pre-post treatment strategy on the Vero E6 cell line. Once cytotoxicity was established through an MTT assay, the antiviral effect of the extracts was calculated based on the reduction in the viral titer determined by plaque assay. Results:Gliricidia sepium inhibited SARS-CoV-2 in a 75.6%, 56.8%, 62.5% and 40.0% at 10 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, and 2 mg/mL, respectively, while Piper tuberculatumtreatment reduced viral titer in 33.3% at 6 mg/mL after 48h. Conclusion:G. sepium and P. tuberculatum extracts exhibit antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

Introducción: La enfermedad infecciosa causada por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) generada por la infección con el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha afectado la vida y la salud de mas de 222 millones de personas. En ausencia de algún tratamiento farmacológico específico, la necesidad de encontrar nuevas alternativas terapéuticas es clara. Las plantas medicinales son utilizadas en todo el mundo para tratar diferentes condiciones, incluyendo el COVID-19; sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos no existen estudios específicos que evalúen la eficacia de estos tratamientos. Objetivo: En este artículo, evaluamos el efecto antiviral de seis extractos de plantas usadas por pueblos indígenas y afrocolombianos contra el SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.Metodología: El efecto antiviral de seis extractos preparados a partir de plantas usadas en medicina tradicional colombiana fue evaluado contra SARS-CoV-2 por medio de una estrategia de pre-post tratamiento en células Vero E6. Una vez se estableció la citotoxicidad por un ensayo de MTT, el efecto antiviral de estos extractos fue calculado basado en la reducción del título viral determinado por ensayo de plaqueo. Resultados:G. sepium inhibió SARS-CoV-2 en un 75.6%, 56.8%, 62.5% y 40.0% a 10 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, and 2 mg/mL, respectivamente. Mientras el extracto de Piper tuberculatum redujo el título viral en un 33.3% a 6 mg/mL luego de 48h de tratamiento

Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera peregrina stem bark / Caracterização fitoquímica, atividade antioxidante e antibacteriana do extrato hidroetanólico de cascas do caule de Anadenanthera peregrina

The Brazilian Cerrado biome consists of a great variety of endemic species with several bioactive compounds, and Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg is a promising species. In this study, we aimed to perform phytochemical characterization and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the hydroethanolic extract of A. peregrina stem bark. The barks were collected in the Botanical Garden of Goiânia, Brazil. The hydroethanolic extract was obtained by percolation and subjected to physicochemical screening, total phenolic content estimation, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting, and antioxidant (IC50 values were calculated for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay - DPPH) and antibacterial activity determination. The pH of the extract was 5.21 and density was 0.956 g/cm3. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides, organic acids, reducing sugars, hemolytic saponins, phenols, coumarins, condensed tannins, flavonoids, catechins, depsides, and depsidones derived from benzoquinones. The extract showed intense hemolytic activity. The total phenolic content was 6.40 g GAE 100 g-¹. The HPLC fingerprinting analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin. We confirmed the antioxidant activity of the extract. Furthermore, the extract did not inhibit the growth of E. coli colonies at any volume tested, but there were halos around S. aureus colonies at all three volumes tested. These results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical composition of A. peregrina stem bark and further support the medicinal applications of this species.

O bioma Cerrado brasileiro apresenta em uma grande variedade de espécies endêmicas com diversos compostos bioativos, e Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg é uma espécie promissora. Neste estudo, objetivamos realizar a caracterização fitoquímica e avaliar as atividades antioxidantes e antibacterianas contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli do extrato hidroetanólico de cascas do caule de A. peregrina. As cascas foram coletadas no Jardim Botânico de Goiânia, Brasil. O extrato hidroetanólico foi obtido por percolação e submetido a triagem físico química, estimativa de conteúdo fenólico total, impressão digital por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência(HPLC) e determinação da atividade antioxidante (valores de IC50 foram calculados para o ensaio 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil) e antibacteriana. O pH do extrato foi de 5,21 e a densidade foi de 0,956 g/cm3. A triagem fitoquímica indicou a presença de glicosídeos cardíacos, ácidos orgânicos, açúcares redutores, saponinas hemolíticas, fenóis, cumarinas, taninos condensados, flavonóides, catequinas, depsídios e depsidonas derivados de benzoquinonas. O extrato mostrou intensa atividade hemolítica. O conteúdo fenólico total foi de 6,40 g de GAE 100 g-1. A análise por impressão digital por HPLC revelou a presença de ácido gálico, catequina e epicatequina. Confirmamos a atividade antioxidante do extrato. Além disso, o extrato não inibiu o crescimento de colônias de E. coli em nenhum volume testado, mas houve halos em torno das colônias de S. aureus nos três volumes testados. Estes resultados contribuem para uma melhor compreensão da composição química da casca de A. peregrina e apoia ainda mais as aplicações medicinais desta espécie.