Morphological, molecular and FTIR spectroscopic analysis during the differentiation of kidney cells from pluripotent stem cells

BACKGROUND: Kidney diseases are a global health problem. Currently, over 2 million people require dialysis or transplant which are associated with high morbidity and mortality; therefore, new researches focused on regenerative medicine have been developed, including the use of stem cells. RESULTS: In this research, we generate differentiated kidney cells (DKCs) from mouse pluripotent stem cells (mPSCs) analyzing their morphological, genetic, phenotypic, and spectroscopic characteristics along differentiation, highlighting that there are no reports of the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to characterize the directed differentiation of mPSCs to DKCs. The genetic and protein experiments proved the obtention of DKCs that passed through the chronological stages of embryonic kidney development. Regarding vibrational spectroscopy analysis by FTIR, bands related with biomolecules were shown on mPSCs and DKCs spectra, observing distinct differences between cell lineages and maturation stages. The second derivative of DKCs spectra showed changes in the protein bands compared to mPSCs. Finally, the principal components analysis obtained from FTIR spectra allowed to characterize chemical and structurally mPSCs and their differentiation process to DKCs in a rapid and non-invasive way. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that we obtained DKCs from mPSCs, which passed through the chronological stages of embryonic kidney development. Moreover, FTIR spectroscopy resulted in a non-invasive, rapid and precise technic that together with principal component analysis allows to characterize chemical and structurally both kind of cells and also discriminate and determine different stages along the cell differentiation process.

Avances en la medicina reconstructiva: células madre y células madre inducidas / Advances in reconstructive medicine: stem cells and induced stem cells

La utilización de células indiferenciadas embrionarias y de células diferenciadas inducidas para que se comporten como las anteriores permite dar origen adiferentes tejidos que pueden ser usados en medicina reconstructiva en reemplazo de los deteriorados...

Therapeutic Options in Idiopathic Burning Mouth Syndrome: Literature Review

Introduction Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by a burning sensation in the tongue, palate, lips, or gums of no well-defined etiology. The diagnosis and treatment for primary BMS are controversial. No specific laboratory tests or diagnostic criteria are well established, and the diagnosis is made by excluding all other possible disorders. Objective To review the literature on the main treatment options in idiopathic BMS and compare the best results of the main studies in 15 years. Data Synthesis We conducted a literature review on PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and Cochrane-BIREME of work in the past 15 years, and only selected studies comparing different therapeutic options in idiopathic BMS, with preference for randomized and double-blind controlled studies. Final Comments Topical clonazepam showed good short-term results for the relief of pain, although this was not presented as a definitive cure. Similarly, α-lipoic acid showed good results, but there are few randomized controlled studies that showed the longterm results and complete remission of symptoms. On the other hand, cognitive therapy is reported as a good and lasting therapeutic option with the advantage of not having side effects, and it can be combined with pharmacologic therapy. .

Potencialidad Celular Evolutiva y Medicina Regenerativa / Potential Evolutionary Cell and Regenerative Medicine

Las células derivadas del embrioblasto o macizo celular interno (MCI) del blastocisto corresponden a las células madres embrionarias, ellas son pluripotentes, debido a que tienen la capacidad de generar todas las estirpes celulares y al resto, se les conoce como células madres adultas porque tienen un potencial de diferenciación mucho más restringido. Dentro de las células adultas podemos reconocer las células madre hematopoyéticas de la médula ósea y las células madres mesenquimales presentes en casi todos los tejidos conectivos adultos y destinadas a regenerar y reparar tejidos. Se las ha descrito formando parte de la médula ósea, en el mesénquima del cordón umbilical, en el tejido adiposo y en el tejido nervioso. La obtención y utilización de células madres de tejidos embrionarios y adultos es el tema de interés actual, en una nueva área de la medicina que pretende regenerar órganos y funciones. En esta revisión se analizan los aspectos más interesantes de la obtención de células madres, con sus respectivas proyecciones en medicina humana y veterinaria.

Embryoblast derived cells or inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts correspond to embryonic stem cells, are pluripotent them, because they have the capacity to generate all cell lines and the remainder are known as stem cells adults because they have the potential for much more restricted differentiation. Within cells can recognize adult hematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells present in nearly all connective tissues and intended adult tissue repair and regeneration. They have been described as part of the bone marrow, umbilical cord mesenchyme in adipose tissue and nerve tissue. The collection and use of embryonic stem cells and adult tissues is the subject of current interest in a new area of medicine that aims to regenerate organs and functions. In this paper, we analyze the most interesting aspects of obtaining stem cells, with their projections in human and veterinary medicine.

Epiblast embryo stem cells give origin to adult pluripotent cell populations: primordial germ cell, pericytic and haematopoyetic stem cells: a review / Las células madre del epiblasto dan origen a poblaciones de células pluripotentes adultas: células germinales primordiales, células madre pericíticas y hematopoyéticas: revisión

Adult stem cells are great promise to the future of regenerative therapy, and understanding of its embryonic origin permit the discrimination of stem cell sources. Embryonic stem cells derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst originate the primordial germ cells, and pericyte stem cell associated to vessels endothelium in yolk sac. Currently, it is being proposed that embryonic primordial germ cell could originate hematopoietic stem cells based on the detection of germ cell markers (SSEA-1/TEC-1, Oct-4 and Nanog) in stem cell harvested from fetal liver and bone marrow. However, different experimental evidence points at two separate differentiation routes toward primordial germ cells, and hematopoietic stem cell with the same embryonic origin. The expression of undifferentiated stem cell markers in umbilical cord and placental vessels, such CD34, CXCR4, c-kit and OCT4 demonstrates the intimate relation between pericyte stem cells, endothelium, haematopoiesis, and primordial germ cells, which all originate from embryonic stem cell from the inner cell mass epiblast.

Las células madre adultas son una gran promesa para el futuro de la terapia regenerativa, y la comprensión de su origen embrionario permite la discriminación de las fuentes de células madre. Las células madre embrionarias derivadas del macizo celular interno del blastocisto originan las células germinales primordiales, y células madre pericíticas asociadas al endotelio de los vasos del saco vitelino. En la actualidad, se propone que las células germinales primordiales embrionarias podrían originar a las células madre hematopoyéticas sobre la base de la detección de marcadores de células germinales (SSEA-1/TEC-1 oct-4 y Nanog) en células madre extraídas de hígado fetal y médula ósea. Sin embargo, diferentes evidencias experimentales apuntan hacia dos vías separadas de diferenciación en células germinales primordiales, y en células madre hematopoyéticas con el mismo origen embrionario. La expresión de marcadores de células madre no diferenciadas en el cordón umbilical y los vasos de la placenta, como CD34, CXCR4, c-kit y OcT4 demuestra la íntima relación entre las células madre pericíticas, el endotelio y las células germinales primordiales, las que se originan en células madre embrionarias a partir del epiblasto del macizo celular interno.

Stem cells / Células-tronco

Stem cells can be classified as embryonic stem (ES) cells or adult stem cells considering their origin. If plasticity is considered, stem cells can be classified as totipotent, when stem cells retain the ability to give rise to an entire new organism. When stem cells lose this capacity, cells are named pluripotent stem cells, which can give rise to almost all mature cell types that compound an organism. Totipotent and pluripotent stem cells can be obtained from developing early-stage embryos. Multipotent is the group of adult stem cells with restricted plasticity. These cells can differentiate into a defined cell type related with a specific organ or tissue. ES cells can be propagated in vitro under undifferentiated system or with a series of protocols to induce cell differentiation. On the other hand, multipotent adult stem cells cannot be maintained in vitro in an undifferentiated form, except for a special class of adherent adult stem cells named mesenchimal stem cells, which can be expanded in vitro conserving their undifferentiated characteristics. Considering the ability to generate teratomas, ES cells were not used in experimental in vivo cell transplant. On the other hand, several experimental adult stem cells transplants have been performed with controversial results

Considerando a origem de obtenção, as células-tronco podem ser classificadas como células-tronco embrionárias (ES) ou como células-tronco adultas. Mas, se a plasticidade for considerada, as células-tronco podem ser classificadas como células totipotentes, quando as células-tronco preservam a capacidade de dar origem a um novo indivíduo completo. Quando as células-tronco perdem esta capacidade, passam a ser classificadas como células-tronco pluripotentes, que podem dar origem a praticamente todos os tipos celulares maduros que compõem um organismo. Células-tronco totipotentes e pluripotentes podem ser obtidas de estágios embrionários iniciais. O grupo de células-tronco que apresenta plasticidade restrita é denominado de multipotente. Estas células podem se diferenciar em determinado tipo celular comprometido com um órgão ou tecido específico. Células ES podem ser expandidas in vitro, mantendo sua forma indiferenciada, ou podem ser submetidas a uma série de protocolos, que irão induzir diferenciação in vitro. Por outro lado, as células-tronco adultas multipotentes não podem ser mantidas in vitro na forma indiferenciada, exceto uma subpopulação de célulastronco adultas aderentes, denominadas células-tronco mesenquimais, que podem ser mantidas in vitro na forma indiferenciada. Considerando a capacidade de gerar teratomas, as células ES não foram utilizadas para transplante celular experimental in vivo. Além disso, várias cirurgias de transplantes experimentais com células-tronco adultas têm sido realizadas, porém apresentando resultados controversos