Management of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with pneumoperitoneum: 5-years systematic review

Introduction: Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare condition characterized by gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall. Although rare, it may also involve other regions, such as the mesentery. PCI is classified as primary or secondary and is associated with multiple predisposing factors. It may be associated with either a benign condition or a potentially fatal condition, such as mesenteric ischemia. The objective of this study was to review the medical literature on the rare benign presentations of PCI, excluding cases associated with intestinal ischemia.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA statement. We searched PubMed and LILACS databases for articles published between January 2015 and December 2020 using the following Medical Subject Headings: "pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis" and "pneumoperitoneum," "pneumatosis intestinalis," and "pneumoperitoneum" or "mesenteric pneumatosis."Results: We included 51 articles comprising 58 patients with PCI and pneumoperitoneum. Most patients were men, and mean patient age was 64.9 years. We identified an idiopathic etiology in 29.31% of cases, and the most common predisposing factor was immune dysfunction (29.31%). A total of 24.13% of patients were asymptomatic. The most commons symptoms were abdominal pain (43.10%), nausea and vomiting (41.37%), and abdominal distention (37.93%). Diagnostic surgery was conducted in 26 patients (44.82%). Only 1 patient underwent surgical treatment.Conclusions: PCI is a clinical condition that may have a benign etiology and not require surgery. Treatment of the benign etiology is conservative. Thus, life-threatening conditions should be excluded in all cases.

El uso de neumoperitoneo preoperatorio progresivo en el tratamiento de hernia gigante de la pared abdominal / (The use of progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum as treatment in giant abdominal wall hernia)

Resumen La cirugía para la corrección de las hernias ventrales gigantes, con pérdida de domicilio abdominal, representa un reto importante debido a la gran cantidad de comorbilidades potenciales. En esta patología se produce una migración de los órganos abdominales hacia el saco herniario; eventualmente, se atrofian los elementos de la pared y al tratar de retornarlos a su posición normal, se puede provocar múltiples efectos adversos en el paciente. Por eso, se debe realizar una cuidadosa planificación, preoperatoriamente. El uso de neumoperitoneo preoperatorio progresivo, permite una adaptación más adecuada desde el punto de vista fisiológico, tanto a nivel sistémico, como en la capacidad abdominal, para tolerar el retorno de los contenidos que han perdido su domicilio. Se presenta aquí el caso de una paciente femenina de 58 años, con una hernia ventral gigante con pérdida de domicilio abdominal, en cuyo manejo se utilizó la introducción preoperatoria progresiva de neumoperitoneo, descrita por primera vez por Goñi Moreno, en 1940.

Abstract Surgery for the correction of giant ventral hernias, with loss of abdominal domain, represents a major challenge due to the large number of potential comorbidities. In this pathology there is a migration of the abdominal organs to the hernia sac; eventually, the elements of the wall undergo atrophy and when trying to return the organs to their normal position, it can cause multiple adverse effects in the patient. Therefore, a careful planning must be carried out preoperatively. The use of progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum, allows a more adequate adaptation from the physiological point of view, both at a systemic level, as in the abdominal capacity, to tolerate the return of contents that have lost their domain. We present here the case of a 58 year old female patient, with a giant ventral hernia with loss of abdominal domain, in whose management, the introduction of progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum was used, described for the first time by Goñi Moreno, in 1940.

Neumoperitoneo masivo: el reto de no operar / Conservative management of pneumoperitoneum secondary to pneumatosis intestinalis

Background: In Cystic Pneumatosis Intestinalis, intramural gas filled cysts are formed in the gastrointestinal wall. Its pathogenesis is unknown and its clinical manifestations are variable. Case report: We report a 33 years old HIV positive woman in retroviral treatment presenting with abdominal pain and signs of peritoneal irritation. An abdominal CT scan showed intra and retroperitoneal gas and pneumatosis intestinalis in the right and transverse colon. The patient was managed conservatively with nasogastric aspiration with a favorable evolution and was discharged ten days after admission.

Introducción: Se denomina neumatosis quística intestinal (NQI) a la formación de quistes intramurales rellenos de gas ubicados en la pared del sistema gastrointestinal, de patogénesis desconocida y de manifestaciones clínicas muy variables. Caso clínico: Presentamos un caso de neumoperitoneo masivo por NQI intestinal en una paciente VIH+ que acude a urgencias por dolor y distensión abdominal y que, a pesar de las espectaculares imágenes de la radiografía simple de abdomen y la tomografía computarizada (TC), se trató conservadoramente. Este caso pone de manifiesto el reto diagnóstico y la duda que supone para el cirujano acostumbrado a "operar para curar", no operar un cuadro que hasta hace poco tiempo inexcusablemente suponía una laparotomía exploradora.

Pneumotorax e pneumoperitonio: uma associacao rara / Pneumothorax and pneumoperitonium: a rare association

A associacao de pneumotorax e pneumoperitonio e rara devido a diferenca de pressao entre o torax e o abdomen que e maior que 40cm H2O, tanto na inspiracao como na expiracao. Neste trabalho, apresentaremos dois casos desta associacao ocorridos na UTI do Hospital d Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre (HPS), revisando sua fisiopatogenia, diagnostico e terapeutica