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1.
Rev. chil. cir ; 69(5): 421-428, oct. 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-899628

ABSTRACT

Resumen Las náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios (NVPO) son un problema frecuente en los pacientes quirúrgicos. Cuando no son prevenidos adecuadamente pueden provocar mayor morbilidad, estadía prolongada en la unidad de recuperación postoperatoria y hospitalización no planificada. El objetivo del equipo quirúrgico debe ser la profilaxis de las NVPO más que su tratamiento, con el fin de disminuir significativamente su incidencia y complicaciones asociadas. Los principales factores de riesgo para NVPO son: sexo femenino, historia de NVPO en cirugías previas y/o cinetosis, no fumar, uso de opioides sistémicos en el postoperatorio, someterse a ciertos tipos de cirugía (como colecistectomía, cirugía laparoscópica y cirugía ginecológica), utilizar anestésicos volátiles y/u óxido nitroso intraoperatorios, y duración de la cirugía. Sugerimos objetivar el riesgo de NVPO utilizando las escalas de riesgo de NVPO de Apfel o Koivuranta. Los principales fármacos antieméticos usados como profilaxis y tratamiento en el período perioperatorio son dexametasona, ondansetrón y droperidol. Existen estrategias generales que se pueden utilizar para reducir el riesgo quirúrgico basal de NVPO como evitar la anestesia general, privilegiando la anestesia regional, utilizar propofol para la inducción y mantención de la anestesia, evitar el uso de óxido nitroso y/o anestésicos inhalatorios, minimizar el uso postoperatorio de opioides sistémicos y recibir una hidratación intravenosa abundante durante la cirugía. La etiología de las NVPO es multifactorial, por lo que la prevención y tratamiento deben incluir diferentes clases de antieméticos, que actúen sobre los diferentes receptores de náuseas y/o vómitos hasta el momento conocidos, junto con las estrategias generales antes mencionadas.


Abstract Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are a common problem in surgical patients. When not properly prevented, they can lead to increased morbidity, prolonged stay in the postoperative recovery unit and unplanned hospitalization. The objective of the surgical team should be the prophylaxis of PONV rather than its treatment, in order to significantly reduce its incidence and associated complications. The main risk factors for PONV are: female sex, history of PONV in prior surgeries and/or motion sickness, non-smoking, use of systemic opioids postoperatively, undergo certain types of surgery (such as cholecystectomy, laparoscopic surgery and gynecological surgery), use volatile anesthetics and/or intraoperative nitrous oxide, and duration of surgery. We suggest to objectify the risk of PONV using the Apfel or Koivuranta PONV risk scales. The main anti-emetic drugs used as prophylaxis and treatment in the perioperative period are dexamethasone, ondansetron and droperidol. There are general strategies that can be used to reduce the baseline surgical risk of PONV such as avoiding general anesthesia, favoring regional anesthesia, using propofol for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, avoiding the use of nitrous oxide and/or inhalational anesthetics, minimizing the postoperative use of systemic opioids and to receive an abundant intravenous hydration during surgery. The etiology of PONV is multifactorial, so prevention and treatment should include different classes of antiemetics, acting on the different receptors of nausea and/or vomiting so far known, together with the general strategies mentioned above.


Subject(s)
Humans , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/prevention & control , Antiemetics/therapeutic use , Midazolam/therapeutic use , Butyrophenones/therapeutic use , Propofol/therapeutic use , Risk Factors , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Risk Assessment , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy , Dihydroxytryptamines/antagonists & inhibitors , Antiemetics/administration & dosage
2.
Journal of the Royal Medical Services. 2009; 16 (3): 31-35
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-134042

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to explore the effect of supplemental pro-operative fluids on the incidence of nausea and vomiting that occur post-operatively. We studied sixty patients, ASA I-II, undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were randomly divided into groups A and B; group A [n=30 patients] received no intravenous fluids pro-operatively, whereas group B [n=30 patients] received supplemental fluids [10ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution] one hour before induction of anaesthesia. During the first twenty four hours post-operatively, nausea and vomiting occurred in 21 patients [70%] from group A and only in 8 patients [27%] from group B [supplemental fluid group]. Post-operative nausea and vomiting can be reduced by the use of pre-operative supplemental lactated Ringer's solution, which is a cheap and safe therapy


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic , Preoperative Care , Isotonic Solutions , Hypovolemia
4.
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing ; : 503-512, 2008.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-215622

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the effects of Nei-Guan accupressure using a wrist band on postoperative nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery. METHODS: The study design was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized posttest design. Forty patients were assigned into two groups of 20 patients, the wrist band group and the control group. In the wristband group, acupressure was applied with a wrist band on the P6 point at both wrists from 30 min before to 24 hr after anesthesia. RESULTS: The 1st hypothesis 'Applied wrist band groups will have a greater reduction in the nausea & vomiting grades by INVR than the control group' was accepted (t=2.303, p=.028). The 2nd hypothesis 'The Applied wrist band groups will have a greater reduction in the occurrence of nausea & vomiting than the control group' was partly accepted. The 3rd hypothesis 'The applied wrist band group will have a greater reduction in injection of antiemetics for 24 hr. post anesthesia than the control group' was rejected. CONCLUSION: Acupressure on the P6 point using a wrist band is effective to alleviate nausea for middle ear surgery patients.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acupressure/instrumentation , Acupuncture Points , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Ear Auricle/surgery , Postoperative Care/instrumentation , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy
5.
Rev. medica electron ; 29(4)jul.-ago. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-488372

ABSTRACT

Las náuseas y vómitos afectan con frecuencia al paciente quirúrgico en el postoperatorio y en ocasiones afectan los resultados de intervenciones que pudieron ser exitosas. Se estima que afectan de 20 a 30 por ciento de éstos. Por tal motivo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de actualizar los conocimientos sobre la prevención de las Náuseas y Vómitos Postoperatorios (NVPO). Se citan fármacos utilizados con este propósito. También se incluyen la acupuntura y modalidades afines, específicamente las intervenciones sobre el punto Neiguan (Pc-6), como técnica mejor estudiada y reconocido efecto antiemético.


Nausea and vomiting frequently affect surgical patients during the Postsurgery period, occasionally affecting the results of interventions that could be successful. It is estimated that they affect 20 to 30 % of the patients. That is why we made a bibliographic review with the objective of updating the knowledge about postsurgery nausea and vomiting prevention. We mention drugs used with this purpose. We also include acupuncture and other related modalities, especially interventions on Neiguan point (Pc-6), as the best studied technique with recognized antivomiting effect.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/prevention & control , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy , Acupuncture Therapy
6.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 35(1): 29-35, ene.-mar. 2007. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-490991

ABSTRACT

Evaluar la eficacia de aplicar fentanyl más midazolam en reducir la incidencia de náusea y vómito secundarios a la limpieza de la cavidad peritoneal en pacientes sometidas a cesárea bajo anestesia subaracnoidea. Se analizaron los resultados por medio de regresión binomial. Métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado triple enmascarado entre pacientes llevadas a cesárea bajo anestesia raquídea. A 163 pacientes se les administró por vía endovenosa 50 mcg de fentanyl más 1 mg de midazolam, mientras que a 164 solución salina como placebo al momento de terminar la histerorrafia. Resultados: La aplicación de fentanyl más midazolam reduce en 8.45 (IC95 3.07-23.27) veces la probabilidad de presentar náusea. Diferencias que se mantienen aún luego de ajustar por las otras posibles explicaciones al fenómeno (7.99, IC95 2.91-21.92). La luxación del útero implica también un riesgo para náusea de 2.33 (IC95 1.29-4.22) veces. También se encontró reducción significativa en la incidencia de vómito, dolor y disnea, sin incremento en la frecuencia de prurito, temblor, malestar e hipoxemia. Conclusiones: La administración simultánea de 50 mcg de fentanyl más 1 mg de midazolam por vía endovenosa al momento de terminar la histerorrafia, reduce la incidencia de náusea y vómito secundaria a la manipulación del peritoneo al limpiar la cavidad abdominal, sin incremento de los efectos secundarios.


Subject(s)
Female , Anesthesia, Conduction , Analgesia, Obstetrical/adverse effects , Cesarean Section , Fentanyl/analogs & derivatives , Fentanyl/therapeutic use , Midazolam/therapeutic use , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy
7.
Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and Health Services [The]. 2006; 9 (4): 81-86
in Persian | IMEMR | ID: emr-78154

ABSTRACT

One of the prophylactic methods in avoiding postoperative nausea and vomiting [PONV] is the application of intraoperative supplemental oxygen which was shown to have a protective effect in some studies yet a matter of controversy among different researchers. To study the effect of postoperative oxygen therapy on PONV. This quasi-experimental study was performed on 106 eligible patients subjected to elective cesarean section in 2003. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Anesthesia and drugs in intraoperative and postoperative periods were the same in two groups. In intraoperative period all patients inhaled 50% oxygen balanced with N [2]O. One group received 60% oxygen in postoperative period [study group], and a second group received routine care of 30-40 percent oxygen in recovery room and no oxygen on surgical ward [control group]. SPO [2] and PONV were recorded in recovery and surgical ward. PONV was 28.3% and 24.5% in study and control groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups. Our study suggests that postoperative application of 60% oxygen was of no value to produce preventive effect on PONV in patients undergoing cesarean section


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cesarean Section , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy , Postoperative Complications
8.
Rev. argent. anestesiol ; 63(3): 160-167, mayo-jun. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-419584

ABSTRACT

Aunque actualmente se realizan investigaciones clínicas para mejorar la eficiencia de las drogas antieméticas, se sabe que las mismas producen efectos colaterales, por ejemplo cefaleas, y que en general son poco eficaces para controlar la desagradable sensación de las náuseas. Los médicos no deberían dejar de tener en cuenta el uso de un dispositivo simple, económico y no invasivo para el tratamiento y la prevención de las náuseas y vómitos, en su permanente búsqueda de abordajes costo eficaces para mejorar el bienestar del paciente sometido a cirugía, quimioterapia o durante el embarazo. Aunque se desconoce el mecanismo por el cual la estimulación por acupresión reduce las náuseas y vómitos, no cabe duda que el uso de un aparato de estimulación eléctrica nerviosa transcutánea puede incrementar la eficiencia de las sustancias analgésicas endógenas dentro del sistema nervioso central. Hace más de 25 años, Anderson y Krohg demostraron que el alivio del dolor favoreció la resolución de los síntomas eméticos en el 80 por ciento de pacientes que experimentaban dolor y náuseas en el inicio del postoperatorio. En futuros estudios de estimulación por acupresión debería examinarse cuidadosamente la relación que existe entre dolor y emesis. A pesar de que muchos médicos aún consideran que las náuseas y vómitos son una complicación "menor" relacionada con la anestesia y la cirugía, ellos continúan siendo "un importante 'pequeño' problema" para muchos de nuestros pacientes. Algunas cuestiones respecto de los efectos colaterales asociados a los antieméticos tradicionales, por ejemplo: disforia, dificultades para el descanso y somnolencia causada por el droperidol, reacciones extrapiramidales a la metoclopramida y cefaleas con los antagonistas 5-HT 320, llevaron a los profesionales a considerar el uso de nuevos agentes farmacológicos y técnicas no farmacológicas en el manejo de los síntomas eméticos. Recientemente, el antiemético de mejor relación costo: beneficio, el droperidol, ha recibido la advertencia "black box" de la FDA debido a sus potenciales serios efectos pro arritmogénicos e incluso muerte cuando es administrado en bajas dosis. Aunque son muchos los expertos que cuestionaron la decisión de la FDA, diversas farmacias hospitalarias y comités terapéuticos debieron retirar esa droga de sus farmacopeas... (AU)(TRUNCADO)


Subject(s)
Humans , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/prevention & control , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/drug therapy , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy , Acupressure/methods , Antiemetics/administration & dosage , Antiemetics/therapeutic use , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/methods , Postoperative Complications , /therapeutic use , Acupuncture Therapy/methods
9.
Scientific Journal of Al-Azhar Medical Faculty [Girls] [The]. 2004; 25 (3): 887-895
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-104955

ABSTRACT

Post operative pain has been considered to be a major cause of post operative vomiting after corrective strabismus surgery in children 1. Many factors are known to influence the incidence of pain and vomiting in paediatric strabismus surgery including the use of opioid analgesia, the use of antiemetics, and anaesthetic technique. There has been an increasing interest in the use of propacetamol, an injectable water soluble prodrug of paracetamol [acetaminophen] which can be parenterally administered as analgesic for the treatment of post operative pain 2. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of injectable propacetamol versus morphine in reducing post operative pain and vomiting in paediatric strabismus surgery. After approval of our local ethical committee and obtaining written informed consents from the parents, 60 ASA I, II children 4-16 ys of age were included in our study. The study was conducted in a double blind randomized fashion. The children were randomly divided into 2 equal groups. Group I: Patients received propacetamol in 30 mg/kg/dose as l.V in fission. Group II: Patients received morphine in 0.1 mg/kg/dose. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. Pain was assessed every 20 minutes on arrival to PACU using pain behaviour score. Incidence of postoperative vomiting was assessed by measuring the frequency of vomiting [0-2 h, 2-6 h, 6-24h]. Cortisol and epinephrine plasma levels were evaluated before the start of surgery and 2 hours post operative to assess the efficacy of propacetamol in obtunding hormonal stress response. In the propacetamol group I the incidence of vomiting during the first 24h was 16.6% [of which one child had severe vomiting]. The incidence of post operative vomiting in morphine group II was much higher 80% [P<0.01]. There was no difference as regards pain score between the two groups. Also, there was no statistical significant difference as regards the rise of post operative [2 h after operation] plasma level of cortisol and epinephrine between the 2 groups [p >0.05 = non significant]. No adverse effects were observed on using propacetamol. Propacetamol parenterally administered is an effective safe analgesic for paediatric strabismus surgery and gives less post operative vomiting than morphine i.v


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pain, Postoperative/therapy , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy , Acetaminophen , Morphine , Comparative Study , Child , Injections, Intravenous , Treatment Outcome
11.
Saudi Medical Journal. 2001; 22 (2): 121-123
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-58243

ABSTRACT

To compare the analgesic efficacy of diclofenac sodium and paracetamol on post adenotonsillectomy postoperative pain and oral intake. Between January 1999 and July 2000, 80 children aged 3-14 years, underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for either recurrent tonsillitis or adenotonsillar hypertrophy in Prince Zeid Ben Al-Hussein Hospital and Prince Rashid Ben Al-Hussein Hospital. Forty-one children received diclofenac sodium suppositories [1-3mg/kg] postoperatively, whereas 39 children received only paracetamol syrup [10-15 mg/kg] in 4 divided doses. All children were observed for postoperative pain, oral intake, vomiting, temperature and complications. Children who received diclofenac sodium had significantly less pain, less elevation of temperature, more oral intake, and started drinking significantly sooner than the paracetamol group. Two children in the diclofenac group experienced nausea and vomiting compared to 12 children in the paracetamol group in the first day. The time to first solid intake was significantly earlier in the diclofenac sodium group [p < 0.0001]. With regard to complications, one patient in each group developed secondary hemorrhage, one child developed otitis media in the 2nd group. Each group had one readmission, and 2 children from the paracetamol group had an emergency department visit for pain and dehydration. Diclofenac sodium has a significant effect on decreasing the pain associated with swallowing postoperatively and on the general condition of the patient. Improved oral intake resulted in a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and allowed safer and earlier hospital discharge


Subject(s)
Humans , Acetaminophen , Postoperative Complications/therapy , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy , Postoperative Hemorrhage/therapy , Child , Analgesics , Tonsillectomy/adverse effects
12.
Quito; s.n; 1999. 88 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-249514

ABSTRACT

Una gran incidencia de náusea y vómito postoperatorio (NVPO) es reportada en pacientes programados pra cirugía abdominal. Este estudio fue realizado para comparar la eficacia de ondansetrón versus metoclopramida en la prevención de NVPO en pacientes sometidos a anestesia general para cirugía abdominal. Se realizó un estudio clínico, experimental, randomizado, simple ciego, en 60 pacientes de ambos sexos divididos en dos grupos de 30 cada uno, entre 15 y 64 años, clasificados con estado físico ASA I, II, III, que recibieron en forma aleatoria 4mg IV de ondansetrón (grupo A) y 10 mg IV de metoclopramida (grupo B) cinco minutos antes de la finalización de la cirugía. La misma técnica de anestesia general fue utilizada la cual consistió en fentanylo, tiopental, vecuronio, ethrane y oxígeno. Se revirtió el bloqueo neuromuscular con prostigmine y atropina. La náusea y el vómito así como los efectos adversos de éstas drogas, tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca se valoraron continuamente durante las primeras seis horas después de la cirugía. Se estableció además la relación entre sexo, tipo de cirugía (electiva o de urgencia), procedimiento (abierto o laparoscópico), diagnóstico (patología gastrointestinal o ginecológica), tiempo anestésico y náusea y vómito. La náusea fue valorada por una escala objetiva de 0 a 3, y el vómito por el número de presentación. El análisis estadístico fue realizado usando test de chi cuadrado para las variables cualitativas y test de comparación proporcional, de medias y de varianza para las variables cuantitativas. La incidencia de NVPO fue igual con ondansetrón y con metoclopramida, sin existir diferencia significativa (pNS). Se registró una disminución de la frecuencia cardíaca mayor con metoclopramida que con ondansetrón a las cuatro horas posteriores a la cirugía (p 0.005). Las mujeres presentaron una tendencia mayor a la náusea que los varones (p 0.19). Para los otros parámetros no se estableció ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Concluimos en este estudio que ondansetrón y metoclopramida son igualmente efectivos como profilácticos en el control de NVPO durante las primeras seis horas de postoperatorio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Metoclopramide , Ondansetron , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/therapy , Anesthesia , Dopamine , Metoclopramide/adverse effects , Metoclopramide/pharmacokinetics , Ondansetron/adverse effects , Ondansetron/pharmacokinetics , Ondansetron/toxicity , Patients , Serotonin
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