Phytochemical Estimation and Therapeutic Amelioration of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Seeds Ethanolic Extract in Gastric Ulcer in Rats Possibly by Inhibiting Prostaglandin Synthesis / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To quantify phytochemicals using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LCMS) analysis and explore the therapeutic effect of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (AH) seeds ethanolic extract against gastric ulcers in rats.@*METHODS@#Preliminary phytochemical testing and LCMS analysis were performed according to standard methods. For treatment, the animals were divided into 7 groups including normal control, ulcer control, self-healing, AH seeds low and high doses, ranitidine and per se groups. Rats were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin, excluding the normal control group (which received 1% carboxy methyl cellulose) and the per se group (received 200 mg/kg AH seeds extract). The test group rats were then given 2 doses of AH seeds extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively), while the standard group was given ranitidine (50 mg/kg). On the 11th day, rats in all groups were sacrificed, and their stomach was isolated to calculate the ulcer index, and other parameters such as blood prostaglandin (PGE2), tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). All isolated stomach tissues were analyzed for histopathological findings.@*RESULTS@#The phytochemical examination shows that the AH seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic components, and glycosides. LCMS analysis confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin. The AH seeds extract showed significant improvement in gastric mucosa conditions after indomethacin-induced gastric lesions (P<0.01). Further marked improvement in blood PGE2 and antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT, MDA and GSH, were observed compared with self-healing and untreated ulcer-induced groups (P<0.01). Histopathology results confirmed that AH seeds extract improved the mucosal layer and gastric epithelial membrane in treated groups compared to untreated ulcer-induced groups.@*CONCLUSIONS@#LCMS report confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin in AH seeds ethanolic extract. The therapeutic effect of AH seeds extract against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rat model indicated the regenerated membrane integrity, with improved cellular functions and mucus thickness. Further, improved antioxidant enzyme level would help to reduce PGE2 biosynthesis.

Hiperostosis cortical neonatal: un efecto colateral de la administración prolongada de prostaglandinas E1 / Neonatal cortical hyperostosis: a side effect of prolonged prostaglandin E1 infusion

La infusión de prostaglandinas E1 (PGE1) es habitualmente administradapor tiempos cortos para mantener la permeabilidad del ductus arterioso en lactantes con cardiopatías congénitas. En pacientes a la espera de la cirugía cardíaca el tratamiento puede prolongarse. Pueden ocurrir efectos colaterales, en su mayoría reversibles con la supresión del tratamiento. La hiperostosis cortical es una complicación frecuente de la administración prolongada de PGE1.Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia y gravedad de la hiperostosis cortical en neonatos que requieren infusión prolongada de prostaglandinas E1. Se estudiaron 61 recién nacidos con cardiopatías congénitas admitidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales de la Clínica Bazterrica, desde enero del 2006 hasta mayo del 2010. Cinco recién nacidos recibieron tratamiento prolongado con PGE1. Cuatro presentaron evidenciaclínica y radiológica de hiperostosis cortical con elevados niveles séricos de fosfatasa alcalina. Diagnosticar esta entidad permitirá evitar estudios complementarios innecesarios o la suspensión de la cirugía cardíaca.

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusion is usually administered for short periods to maintain patency of ductus arteriosus in infants with cyanotic heart disease. Prolonged therapy may be necessary while patients are awaiting surgical treatment. Several side effects occur at the onset of the treatment, most of them reversible once the treatment is discontinued. Cortical hyperostosis is a frequent complication of prolonged PGE1 infusion. Objective is to determine the incidence and severity of cortical hyperostosis in newborn requiring prolonged prostaglandin E1 infusion. 61 newborn babies were admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Bazterrica Clinic, Buenos Aires City, from January 2006 to May 2010. Five newborn received prolonged PGE1 therapy defined as a longer-than-one-week treatment. Four of them had radiologic evidence of cortical hyperostosis and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of this condition is critical to reduce unnecessary laboratory tests and to avoid cardiac surgery canceling.

Medical management of glaucoma: Principles and practice.

Glaucoma care is more an art than science. The introduction of several new classes of glaucoma medications and the completion of many large randomized clinical trials have not changed this fact. While we now have better choices when initiating glaucoma therapy relative to our predecessors, the principles of glaucoma therapy have not changed much during this period. Debates continue regarding the utility of concepts such as “the monocular therapeutic trial,” “target intraocular pressure (IOP),” and “maximal medical therapy.” Our tools for detecting and following glaucomatous disease have improved but are not precise enough for us to prospectively predict which patients will do better or worse than others. Much attention has been given to disease stage, rate of progression, and compliance with medications but regular patient follow-up, an area that has received little attention, may be among the most important predictors of patient outcomes.

Parâmetros reprodutivos de cabras Toggenburg inseminadas com sêmen resfriado, após diluição em meio à base de gema de ovo / Reproductive parameters of Toggenburg goats inseminated with cooled semen diluted in egg yolk extender

Avaliaram-se a taxa de concepção, a resposta à prostaglandina, a duração do estro, a categoria reprodutiva e o tipo de muco de cabras inseminadas com sêmen diluído em meio à base de gema de ovo e resfriado a 5ºC, por 12 ou 24 horas. Foram utilizados dois reprodutores e 62 fêmeas da raça Toggenburg, que receberam duas doses de 22,5µg de PGF2α, em intervalos de 10 dias, para a sincronização do estro. A partir da primeira aplicação de PGF2α, o estro foi monitorado três vezes ao dia. Realizou-se uma única inseminação, 12 horas após o início do estro. As porcentagens de fêmeas em estro, após a primeira e segunda aplicações de PGF2α, foram de 85,5 por cento e 88,7 por cento, respectivamente. O intervalo de aplicação da primeira e segunda doses de PGF2α ao início do estro foi de 41,04±20,32 e 45,67±9,28 horas, e a duração do estro de 40,02±15,96 e 32,24±12,09 horas, respectivamente. A taxa de concepção total foi de 49,1 por cento. O período de armazenamento do sêmen e a categoria reprodutiva não influenciaram (P>0,05) a taxa de concepção. O tipo de muco observado no momento da inseminação influenciou (P<0,05) a fertilidade das fêmeas, sendo o de aspecto estriado associado aos maiores índices de concepção.

The conception rate, the prostaglandin response, the estrus duration, the reproductive class, and the mucous of goats inseminated with semen diluted in egg yolk extender and cooled at 5ºC, for 12 or 24 hours were evaluated. Sixty-two female goats and two sexually mature Toggenburg bucks were used. The females received two doses of 22.5µg of prostaglandine F2α, at 10-day intervals. After the first injection, the estrus was monitored three times a day (6:00, 12:00, and 18:00h), with a buck teaser. Only one insemination was used. The percentages of animals that showed estrus after the first and the second injection of PGF2α were 85.5 percent and 88.7 percent, respectively. The average intervals from first and second PGF2α injection to estrus were 41.04±20.32 and 45.67±9.28h, and the estrus durations for both injections were 40.02±15.96 and 32.24±12.09h, in this order. The interval from the PGF2α injection to the beginning of the estrus was longer (P<0.05), whereas the estrus duration was shorter (P<0.05) in the estrus induced after the second PGF2α injection. The total conception rate was 49.1 percent. Neither the semen storage length (12 or 24 hours) nor the reproductive class did not affect (P>0.05) the conception rate. The mucous observed at the insemination time influenced (P<0.05) the fertility of inseminated goats, with the striated aspect associated to higher fertility.

Quantificação do interferon-tau durante o reconhecimento materno da gestação em fêmeas bovinas Bos taurus indicus / Quantification of interferon-tau during the maternal recognition of pregnancy in Bos taurus indicus cows

Durante o período crítico do reconhecimento materno, compreendido entre o 15º e 19º dias da gestação, o concepto deve sintetizar competentemente moléculas capazes de bloquear a síntese de prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) e a luteólise. Em bovinos, a principal macromolécula protéica envolvida em tal bloqueio é o interferon-tau(IFN-τ). Durante o período crítico, falhas neste reconhecimento determinam à mortalidade embrionária em até 40% das fêmeas inseminadas. Informações sobre o IFN-τ em animais Bos taurus indicus,ainda são restritas. Este estudo objetivou uma avaliação quantitativado IFN-τ durante o período crítico do reconhecimento materno, em lavados uterinos obtidos por sonda de Foley (dias 14, 16 e 18 pós estro)ou post-mortem (dia 18 pós-estro). Para tanto, foram utilizadas fêmeas multíparas azebuadas (Bos taurus indicus), cíclicas ou prenhes, nos dias 14, 16 e 18 pós-estro. Para a obtenção dos lavados, os úteros foram infundidos com solução de Ringer Simples. Os lavados foram concentrados por ultra-filtração e liofilizados. As macromoléculas protéicas foram separadas por Eletroforese Unidimensional SDSPAGE, em gel com 15% de poliacrilamida. A quantificação doIFN-τ nos...

During the critical period of the maternal recognition, which occurs between days 15 and 19 of pregnancy, the conceptus must competently synthesize molecules capable of blocking the synthesis of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and luteolysis. In cattle, the major macromolecule involved in suck blockage is the protein interferontau(IFN-τ). During the critical period, failures in the recognition of pregnancy determine embryonic mortality on up to 40% of inseminated cows. Data about IFN-τ in Bos taurus indicus are stills carce. Objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the presenceof IFN-τ during the critical period for maternal recognition of pregnancy in uterine flushings obtained in vivo by Foley catheter (Days14, 16 and 18 post estrus) or post-mortem (Day 18 post estrus). Multiparous, cyclic or pregnant zebu cows (Bos taurus indicus) on days 14, 16 and 18 post estrus were used for in vivo or post mortem uterine flushing collection. In both cases, a Ringer solution was used to wash the uterus of cows...

Anatomia microvascular do estômago canino e lesão gástrica provocada por antiinflamatórios não esteróides / Microvascular anatomy of canines stomach and gastric injury caused by nonsteroidalnti-inflammatory drugs

Os Antiinflamatórios Não Esteróides (AINEs) inibem a síntese de prostaglandinas, com subseqüente diminuição da secreção de muco e bicarbonato pelo epitélio gástrico, redução da hidrofobicida de dacamada epitelial, comprometimento da reposição celular, redução dofluxo sanguíneo e aumento da aderência de neutrófilos. Ao longo dos anos, notou-se que as lesões gástricas provocadas pelo uso de AINEs se localizam com maior freqüência nas regiões do antro pilórico e curvatura menor do estômago. A maior susceptibilidade destas regiões pode ser explicada por sua anatomia microvascular, a qual apresenta capilares estreitos, tortuosos e com menor diâmetro que em outras regiões do estômago; estes são mais separados entre si e hámenos anastomoses entre os capilares ascendentes, tornando-os mais predispostos à trombose e conseqüente lesão gástrica.

The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIs) inhibit thesynthesis of prostaglandins, with subsequent reduction of mucusand bicarbonate secretion by the gastric epithelium, reduction of thehydrophobicity of the epithelial layer, impairment of cellularrestitution, reduction of the blood flow and increase of neutrophilsadhesive properties. It has been known that the gastric lesionssecondary to NSAIDs use are more often located in the antral piloricand lesser curvature regions of the stomach. The higher susceptibilityof these regions can be explained by their microvascular anatomy,which presents capillaries that are narrower and more contorted thanthose observed in other regions of the stomach; they also are moreseparated one from the other and they have fewer anastomosisbetween the ascending capillaries, becoming more predisposed tothrombosis, and consequently to gastric injury.

Antiinflamatórios de última geração / Last generation antiinflammatories drugs

Os antiinflamatórios não-esteróides surgem atualmente como os melhores coadjuvantes da terapêutica odontológica em geral. Numa abrangente revisão da literatura, os autores reuniram os chamados grupos da última geração, apresentando suas indicações, interações e destacando sua farmacocinética em particular

RU-486=Preguntas y respuestas / RU-486 Question and answer

Los fármacos con antiprogestina constituyen un nuevo método prometedor para el control de la natalidad. El RU-486, también conocido con el nombre de mifepristone, es el primer fármaco con antiprogestina disponible en el mercado. Hasta ahora se ha aprobado en Francia y China como alternativa no quirúrgica para terminar los embarazos en su etapa inicial. Siguen investigándose las distintas aplicaciones anticonceptivas del RU-486, que también parece tener varios otros usos terapéuticos. El RU-486 y otros fármacos parecidos pueden contribuir a eliminar las complicaciones relacionadas con las actuales técnicas quirúrgicas del aborto. Estos fármacos son potencialmente menos costosos y más aceptables para muchas mujeres que el aborto quirúrgico. Hoy en día, los expertos en medicina recomiendan usar el RU-486 dentro de un período de tres semanas después de producido el atraso menstrual y administrarlo junto con otro fármaco, la prostaglandina, la cual aumenta mucho su efectividad. En vista de que a veces se presentan problemas de hemorragias y abortos incompletos, el RU-486 debe tomarse bajo supervisión médica. El RU-486 podría reducir enormemente las defunciones por abortos practicados en condiciones deficientes en los países en desarrollo. Pero como este fármaco se ha convertido en objeto de considerables controversias, es probable que en muchos países su disponibilidad dependa de factores políticos

Tratamiento de la enfermedad acidopeptica / Treatment of the acidpeptic disease

Se hace una revision del tratamiento de la enfermedad acidopeptica, definiendo para el efecto, las drogas existentes y su utilidad. Se clasifican en aquellas que modfician el factor acido (antiacidos, anticolinergicos, antogonistas de los receptores H2 y los Benzimidazoles sustitiudos), las que aumentan la resistencia (sucralfate, bismutos y carbenoxolona), y otras (tranquilizantes y neurolepticos y las prostaglandinas). Se discuten los esquemas terapeuticos utilizados. Finalmente se hacen algunas anotaciones sobre la importancia que tiene la cirugia en el tratamiento de la enfermedad acidopeptica