Reduction of aflatoxin B1 during tortilla production and identification of degradation by-products by direct-injection electrospray mass spectrometry (DIESI-MS) / Reducción de la aflatoxina B1 durante la producción de tortilla y la identificación de los productos de degradación por espectrometría de masas con ionización por electrospray de inyección-directa (DIESI-MS)

Objective. To determine the effect of pH, and exposure time over the inactivation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) during the tortilla making process as well as the degradative molecules generated. Materials and methods. Inactivation of AFB1 in maize-dough with alkaline pH and in alkaline methanolic solutions was determined by HPLC. Kinetics of time exposure of AFB1 in methanolic solution and the degradative products were analyzed by direct injection electrospray mass spectometry (DIESI-MS). Results. The alkaline pH of the maize-dough after nixtamalización between 10.2, and 30-40 minutes of resting at room temperature allows the 100% reduction of AFB1. DIESI-MS analysis of the extracts indicated the presence of two degradation molecules from AFB1. Conclusion. The alkaline pH of maize-dough and resting time are the principal factors involved in diminishing AFB1 levels in tortillas. A procedure to the tortilla making process is proposed, which allows the reduction of remnant AFB1, avoiding the accumulative effect over consumers.

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto del pH alcalino de la masa de maíz y el tiempo de exposición sobre la aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) durante la producción de tortillas e identificar los posibles productos de degradación mediante DIESI-MS. Material y métodos. La inactivación de la AFB1 a pH alcalino y diferentes tiempos de exposición en masa nixtamalizada y en soluciones metanólicas fueron determinadas por HPLC. La cinética de degradación de AFB1, y los productos de degradación en soluciones metanólicas se determinaron por DIESI-MS. Resultados. El pH alcalino de la masa y 30 a 40 minutos de reposo redujeron en 100% la AFB1 adicionada. Se identificaron dos moléculas de degradación. Conclusión. Los principales factores involucrados en la disminución de la AFB1 durante la producción de tortillas son la hidrólisis alcalina y el tiempo de reposo. Se propone un procedimiento para la producción de tortilla que reducirá la AFB1 residual evitando el efecto acumulativo en los consumidores.

Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of sevoflurane in two human cell lines in vitro with ionizing radiation / Genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad del sevoflurane en dos lineas celulares humanas in vitro con radiacion ionizante

Objective: To determine the in vitro toxicity of different concentrations of sevoflurane in cells exposed to X-ray. Methods: The genotoxic effects of sevofluorane were studied by means of the micronucleus test in cytokinesis-blocked cells of irradiated human lymphocytes. Subsequently, its cytotoxic effects on PNT2 (normal prostate) cells was determined using the cell viability test (MTT) and compared with those induced by different doses of X-rays. Results: A dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of sevofluorane on PNT2 cells was determined (p >0.001) and a dose-dependent genotoxic effect of sevofluorane was established (p >0.001). Hovewer, at volumes lower than 30 μL of sevofluorane at 100%, a non-toxic effect on PNT2 cells was shown. Conclusion: sevofluorane demonstrates a genotoxic capacity as determined in vitro by micronucleus test in cytokinesis-blocked cells of irradiated human lymphocytes.

Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad genotóxica del anestésico sevofluorano en en células expuestas a radiación ionizante. Métodos: La genotoxicidad del sevofluorane se determinó mediante el test del bloqueo citocinético de linfocitos humanos irradiados bloqueados con citochalasina. La capacidad citotóxica se determinó mediante el test de viabilidad celular e inhibición del crecimiento celular (MTT) en células PNT2 (epiteliales de próstata), comparando sus resultados con los inducidos por diferentes dosis de rayos X. Resultados: Se ha determinado un efecto citotóxico del sevofluorane sobre las células PNT2 que presenta correlación con la dosis administrada y el tiempo de estudio utilizado (p >0.001), así como un efecto genotóxico con características dosis-dependientes (p >0.001). Sin embargo, con volúmenes de sevofluorane puro inferiores a 30 μL no encontramos efecto citotóxico sobre las células PNT2. Conclusión: Sevofluorane muestra una significativa capacidad genotóxica in vitro determinada mediante el test de micronúcleos en linfocitos humanos irradiados con bloqueados citocinético mediante citochalsina.

Antioxidant supplementation decreases the cell death rate in the prostatic stromal tissue of long-term castrated rats

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of castration on cell death rate of the adult rat prostates and to evaluate the benefic action of alpha tocopherol supplementation to avoid apoptosis post-orchiectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 250-300g were divided into three groups: group I - they were subjected to bilateral orchiectomy and sacrificed eight weeks after the procedure; group II - subjected to bilateral orchiectomy and alpha-tocopherol supplementation for four weeks preceding the procedure; and group III - subjected to bilateral orchiectomy and alpha-tocopherol supplementation for four weeks preceding the procedure and for eight weeks afterwards. At the end of the experiment, the prostatectomy was performed in all rats. The presence of oxidative stress was determined by assaying the blood level of 8-isoprostane and the occurrence of apoptosis was evaluated by identification of active caspase-3 through immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: The statistic analysis of active caspase-3 showed that in the long-term castrated group the detection was higher than in groups were the alpha-tocopherol was supplemented (p=0.007). Analysis of 8-isoprostane levels showed higher concentrations of reactive oxygen species in group I compared to other groups (p<0.05). Groups II and III presented active caspase-3 lower than in group I (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our exploratory analyses demonstrate a method to study the aging process and its influence on oxidative stress of prostatic tissue and cells death rate. Based on our results we can suggest that alpha tocopherol supplementation can decrease the apoptotic process as well as the oxidative stress levels induced by androgen deprivation of the prostate gland.

O impacto na expressão agnors e apoptose na próstata do hamster-mesocricetus auratus (HMA) submetido à aplicação de finasterida / The impact in the agnors expression and apoptosis in the prostate of hamster-mesocricetus auratus (HMA) submitted to finasteride application

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto na expressão AgNORs e apoptose na próstata do hamster-Mesocricetus auratus (hMa) submetido à aplicação de finasterida. MÉTODOS: Vinte roedores da espécie hMa (n=20), machos foram separados aleatoriamente em grupos de dez animais: grupo-Finasterida (n=10) e grupo-Controle (n=10). No grupo-finasterida foi administrado 7,14 ng/mL de finasterida, subcutâneo (SC), no dorso, três vezes por semana, por 90 dias. Foi avaliada a expressão AgNORs como marcador de proliferação celular e a apoptose como marcador de morte celular. RESULTADOS: A expressão de AgNORs foi menor no grupo-finasterida, 2,846±0,877 versus 3,68 ±1,07 grumos argilófilos por micrômetro ao quadrado (µm²) no grupo-controle, p= < 0,0001. A apoptose foi mais frequente no grupo-finasterida, 53,62±1,389 versus 14,76 ± 2,137 µm² no grupo-controle, p= 0,0408. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se diminuição da expressão de AgNORs e promoção da apoptose na próstata dos roedores em estudo, que foram submetidos à aplicação de finasterida.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact on the AgNORs expression and apoptosis in the prostate of the hamster-Mesocricetus auratus (HMA) submitted to the application of finasteride. METHODS: Twenty male rodents of the species HMA (n = 20) were randomly assigned to groups of ten animals: Finasteride group (n = 10) and the Control group (n = 10). In the finasteride group 7.14 ng / mL finasteride was subcutaneously (SC) administered on the back of the animals three times a week for 90 days. AgNOR expression was evaluated as a marker of cell proliferation and apoptosis as a marker of cell death. RESULTS: The expression of AgNORs was lower in the finasteride group, 2.846 ± 0.877 vs. 3.68 ± 1.07 argyrophilic regions per square micrometer (µm2) in the control group, p = <0.0001. Apoptosis was more frequent in the finasteride group, 53.62 ± 1.389 versus 14.76 ± 2.13 per µm2 in the control group, p = 0.0408. CONCLUSION: We observed decreased expression of AgNORs and promotion of apoptosis in the prostate of rodents treated with finasteride.

Anestesia caudal en biopsias de próstata / Caudal anesthesia in prostate biopsies

Dentro de la población masculina el cáncer de próstata es el tumor maligno más común en algunos países, desafortunadamente con alta tasa de letalidad. En los últimos años su incidencia ha ido aumentando en proporción directa al aumento de la expectativa de vida y a la evolución de las ayudas diagnósticas como es el empleo de la biopsia prostática guiada por ecografía. Este trabajo describe el procedimiento anestésico empleado por parte del personal profesional del Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico e Imagen del Hospital General de las FF. AA., dedicado entre otras actividades a tomar muestras de tejido prostático sospechoso de neoplasia. También se propone determinar la aparición de complicaciones inmediatas, como: hemorragia, punción subcutánea, inyección intratecal, retención urinaria, reacción de toxicidad sistémica como convulsiones, bloqueo inadecuado, disección del subperiostio, inyección intrapélvica, etc.; que se hayan presentado durante el procedimiento. Este es un estudio descriptivo con dos componentes: 1. Descripción del procedimiento de anestesia caudal empleado para biopsiar la próstata. 2. Estudio documental, en el que se revisaron los informes de los pacientes que se habían sometido a la biopsia en el período comprendido entre enero a diciembre del 2007. Se encontró que ningún paciente presentó las complicaciones inmediatas asociadas al procedimiento. Con esta base concluimos que la anestesia caudal es una alternativa fácil y segura para tomar biopsias de próstata por vía transrectal bajo guía ecográfica.

Changes in the normal cellular architecture in the prostatic tissue with the increasing age

The frequency of the prostate disorders has been on the increase and disorders such as prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer have been on the rise. This study involved 60 cases which were further subdivided into various age groups. Study was based on the microscopic examination of prostatic tissue with individual of different age groups. The microscopic examination of prostatic tissue of different age groups showed that the prostate tissue in contrast to other organs shows hyperplasia instead of atrophy and that as the age increases there is more proliferation of fibro-musculo glandular tissue producing increase in the size of prostate which manifests itself in the form of Benign Hyperplasia of Prostate. In certain Unfortunate conditions there is profound increase in the glandular element progressing to latent carcinoma of prostate and then to full fledged Carcinoma. A need for urgent readressal to the patient's complaints as well as the examination can aid the physician/Surgeon to give the exact details about the possibility of cure, effective therapy, and staging and most importantly the prognosis of the patients' condition. In conclusion, there is change in the normal cellular architecture with the increasing age in the prostatic tissue

Role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of prostatic lesions with histologic correlation.

This study was carried-out to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and the role of FNAC in the diagnosis of prostatic lesions. FNAC was performed on 64 patients presented with enlarged prostate. Cytological diagnosis by fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the prostate was compared with histological diagnosis in 60 patients. Of these, 42 cases were cytologically diagnosed as benign lesions, 18 cases as malignant. In remaining 4 cases, materials were inadequate for diagnosis in one case and biopsy materials were not available in 3 cases. On histological examination, 42 cases which were cytologically diagnosed as benign, 40 cases were found to be benign and 2 cases were malignant histologically leading to 2 false negative diagnoses. Of the 18 cases diagnosed cytologically as malignant (considering atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma as malignant), 15 cases were proved to be so by histological examination. So there were false positive diagnoses in 3 cases. No patient suffered from any complication following the aspiration biopsy. The sensitivity of this study for detection of prostatic carcinoma was 88 percent; specificity was 93 percent and diagnostic accuracy 91.7 percent. In this prospective study, FNAC of prostate was found to be associated with high diagnostic yields. These data support the value of transrectal FNAC as sensitive, easy to perform method for sampling of an enlarged prostate. The procedure may be used as an efficient primary screening tool in the diagnosis of prostatic lesions. Frequent use of this technique in our country should be encouraged.

Early effects of estrogen on the rat ventral prostate

Complex interactions between androgen and estrogen (E2) regulate prostatic development and physiology. We analyzed the early effects of a high single dose of E2 (25 mg/kg body weight) and castration (separately or combined) on the adult 90-day-old male Wistar rat ventral prostate. Androgen levels, prostate weight, and the variation in the relative and absolute volume of tissue compartments and apoptotic indices were determined for 7 days. Castration and exogenous E2 markedly reduced ventral prostate weight (about 50 percent of the control), with a significant reduction in the epithelial compartment and increased stroma. The final volume of the epithelium was identical at day 7 for all treatments (58.5 percent of the control). However, E2 had an immediate effect, causing a reduction in epithelial volume as early as day 1. An increase in smooth muscle cell volume resulted from the concentration of these cells around the regressing epithelium. The treatments resulted in differential kinetics in epithelial cell apoptosis. Castration led to a peak in apoptosis at day 3, with 5 percent of the epithelial cells presenting signs of apoptosis, whereas E2 caused an immediate increase (observed on day 1) and a sustained (up to day 7) effect. E2 administration to castrated rats significantly increased the level of apoptosis by day 3, reaching 9 percent of the epithelial cells. The divergent kinetics between treatments resulted in the same levels of epithelial regression after 7 days (about 30 percent of control). These results show that E2 has an immediate and possibly direct effect on the prostate, and anticipates epithelial cell death before reducing testosterone to levels as low as those of castrated rats. In addition, E2 and androgen deprivation apparently cause epithelial cell death by distinct and independent pathways.

Association of castration-dependent early induction of c-myc expression with a cell proliferation of the ventral prostate gland in rat

The protooncogene c-myc is known to be associated with both cell proliferation and apoptosis. The possible cellular affects of castration on the ventral prostate gland of rat as well as the relationship to a castration induced c-myc expression were examined. Levels of c-myc mRNA in the ventral prostate gland peaked at 6 h (early induction) and 48 h (late induction) after castration, respectively. Castration-induced DNA fragmentation was not observed at an early induction of c-myc mRNA. DNA fragmentation appeared to be testosterone-dependent. On the other hand, cellular DNA synthesis measured by [3H]thymidine uptake in the ventral prostate gland was increased to maximum at 6 h after castration. These results suggest that an early induction of c-myc mRNA in ventral prostate gland after castration is closely associated with cell proliferation of the gland.

Effects of Azadirachta indica leaves on the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate in albino rats.

Oral administration of 20, 40, 60, mg of dry Azadirachta indica leaf powder for 24 days resulted in decrease in the weights of seminal vesicles and ventral prostate, reduction in epithelial height, nuclear diameter and the secretory material in the lumen. Biochemically, there was a decrease in total protein, acid phosphatase activities. Seminal vesicles and ventral prostate being androgen dependent, the regressive changes histologically as well as biochemically, suggests the antiandrogenic property of the neem leaves.

Histology revisited: technical improvement promoted by the use of hydrophilic resin embedding

The use of isotonic 4 per cent paraformaldeyde fixation and glycolmethacrylate embedding permits to obtain undistorted light microscope images with an increased resolution to some extent similar to low power images of electron microscopy. This allows an improved analysis of cell and tissue biology with light microscopy.

Dual regulatory action of prostatic inhibin (10.7 kDa) on DNA synthesis.

Present studies deal with the role of inhibin in proliferation and growth. The effect of inhibin on incorporation of 3H-thymidine in prostatic DNA in vivo as well as by NRK-49F and Balb/c3T3 cell lines in vitro, was investigated. Also studied the immunocytochemical localization of inhibin in normally proliferating and differentiated tissues of human prostate and endometrium. The in vivo studies revealed a suppression of 3H-thymidine uptake both in ventral (33%) and dorsolateral (26%) lobes of rat prostate. Interestingly, the histology of inhibin treated rat prostate manifested amidst the epithelial lining, an appearance of apoptotic bodies which are considered to be indicative of cell death. Further, the immunocytochemical studies for localization of inhibin showed intense staining in the differentiated human prostate and endometrium as compared to the respective proliferative tissues. Is inhibin kept suppressed in these proliferating tissues, because it is antiproliferative? The present in vitro experiments demonstrated that, at low inhibin concentrations, the incorporation of 3H-thymidine is stimulated while at higher doses it is suppressed. Thus, it is clear that prostatic inhibin seems to have a concentration-dependent dual role in the regulation of DNA synthesis.

Utilidad diagnóstica de la citología prostatica en carcinoma de prostata / Diagnostic utility of the prostatic cytology of prostate carcinoma

Para evaluar la eficiencia de la Citología Prostática como método de diagnóstico o descarte de los tumores prostáticos fueron evaluados 38 pacientes con patología-prostatica sugestiva de carcinoma en edades comprendidas entre 45 y 89 años en el lapso octubre 1989 diciembre 1990 que acudieron a la consulta de Urología del Hospital Universitario "Antonio María Pineda". La toma de muestra se realizó por vía transrectal observandose que de los 38 pacientes estudiados la citología fué concluyente en 28 pacientes (73,6 por ciento ) con respecto a la biopsia la cual concluyó en 27 pacientes (71,0 por ciento ). Al comparar los resultados en pacientes con Carcinoma Prostático evidenciamos que la citología falló en 4 de los casos lo que representa un 80 por ciento de efectividad con respecto al 100 por ciento de la biopsia. Concluimos que la Citología Prostática es un procedimiento de diagnóstico sencillo; de bajo costo para el paciente el cual puede usarse repetidamente con bajo índice de complicaciones y alta efectividad

Biopsia por aspiracion con aguja fina de la prostata / Prostatic carcinoma diagnosis of the fine needle aspiracion biopsy

De acuerdo con la literatura urológica utilizando la Biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de la próstata (BACAF), la sensibilidad en el diagnóstico del Ca de próstata es igual o mayor a la tradicional con aguja Tru-cut, sin tener complicaciones ni molestias importantes para el paciente. Se estudiaron 42 pacientes en quienes al tacto rectal se encontró sospecha de malignidad, practicándoles la BACAF y la biopsia con Tru cut en el mismo acto. Se llevó a cabo un muestreo secuencial, comparando de modo doble ciego los resultados de la citología con los de la histología. Se practicaron en total 84 aspiraciones con aguja fina e igual número de BACAF diagnosticando Ca en el 30.9 de los pacientes. En la biopsia con Tru-cut se diagnosticó Ca prostático en el 22.6 por ciento de pacientes siendo negativo en 71.6 por ciento. Con BACAF, se diagnosticó Ca de próstata en el 27.3 por ciento y fue negativo en 38 por ciento. El nivel de correlación en cuanto a positividad fue del 100 por ciento. En la BACAF influye mucho para su éxito la experiencia del Urólogo y del Patólogo, habiendo encontrado material inadecuado en buen número de casos durante la curva de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, la BACAF es una técnica fácil de bajo costo y con pocas molestias

Morfologia e histoquímica de glicogênio e mucossubstâncias na próstata e glândulas bulbo-uretrais de Marmosa cinerea Temminck, 1824 (Marsupialia - Didelphidae) / Morphology, glycogen and mucosubstances histochemistry of the prostate and bulbo-urethral glands of the Marmosa cinerea Temminck, 1824 (Marsupialia - Didelphidae)

Sao descritos os aspectos histológicos e a distribuiçao de glicogênio e mucossubstâncias na próstata e nos três pares de glândulas bulbo-uretrais (Cowper) de Marmosa cinerea, marsupial Didelphidae com ampla distribuiçao geográfica no Brasil. Os três segmentos prostáticos, cranial, médio e caudal, apresentam túbulos secretores disseminados na mucosa uretral e sao divididos em zonas externa, média e interna, de acordo com as características morfológicas e tintoriais do epitélio secretor. No segmento cranial, o epitélio secreta glicogênio e mucossubstâncias neutras. No segmento médio sao produzidas mucossubstâncias neutras e sialomucinas, sendo sugerido um mecanismo apócrino de secreçao neste segmento. O epitélio do segmento caudal produz glicogênio, mucossubstâncias neutras e proteínas. O par lateral de bulbo-uretrais é formado por túbulos secretores longos e ramificados, que produzem mucossubstâncias neutras. O par intermédio constitui-se de túbulo-ácinos revestidos por células com porçao apical expandida e que secretam mucossubstâncias neutras, sialomucinas e sulfomucinas. Os túbulo-ácinos do par medial sao tortuosos e suas células produzem mucossubstâncias neutras.