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1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 107(4): 543-545, June 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-626450

ABSTRACT

Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. When female sandflies feed on blood, a peritrophic matrix (PM) is formed around the blood bolus. The PM is secreted by midgut cells and composed of proteins, glycoproteins and chitin microfibrils. The PM functions as both a physical barrier against pathogens present in the food bolus and blood meal digestion regulator. Previous studies of mosquitoes and sandflies have shown that the absence of a PM, resulting from adding an exogenous chitinase to the blood meal, accelerates digestion. In the present study, we analysed biological factors associated with the presence of a PM in L. longipalpis females. Insects fed blood containing chitinase (BCC) accelerated egg-laying relative to a control group fed blood without chitinase. However, in the BCC-fed insects, the number of females that died without laying eggs was higher and the number of eggs laid per female was lower. The eggs in both groups were viable and generated adults. Based on these data, we suggest that the absence of a PM accelerates nutrient acquisition, which results in premature egg production and oviposition; however, the absence of a PM reduces the total number of eggs laid per female. Reduced fecundity in the absence of a PM may be due to inefficient nutrient conversion or the loss of the protective role of the PM.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Chitinases/pharmacology , Digestive System/enzymology , Oviposition/physiology , Psychodidae/enzymology , Fertility/drug effects , Fertility/physiology , Oviposition/drug effects , Psychodidae/physiology , Time Factors
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 56(4): 1717-1739, Dec. 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637773

ABSTRACT

Genetic structure in five Phlebotominae (Lutzomyia spp.), townsendi series, verrucarum group, in Colombia (Diptera: Prychodidae). Sixteen isoenzyme patterns were analyzed for five Colombian Lutzomyia species. The average unbiased expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.098 (Lu. youngi) to 0.215 (Lu. torvida). The five species samples, taken all the isoenzymes employed, were significantly deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by homozygous excess with classical as well as Markov chain exact tests. Possible causes: (1) Wahlund effect within populations due to subdivision and/or sampling. Endogamy could be discarded because these loci were affected by highly different levels of homozygous excess. (2) Null alleles could be not discarded, at least for some isoenzymes. The hierarchical Wright´s F analysis showed high and significant values for each parameter. The average F IT value was 0.655 with a conspicous homozygous excess at a global level (all species taken together); the average F IS value was significantly positive (0.515) as well, with homozygous excess within each species. The genetic heterogeneity between the fives species was noteworthy (F ST = 0.288), indicating clear genetic differentiation. The more related species pairs were Lu. longiflocosa-Lu. torvida (0.959) and Lu torvida-Lu. spinicrassa (0.960); while Lu. torvida-Lu. youngi (0.805) and Lu. quasitownsendi-Lu. youngi (0.796) were the most divergent (Nei´s genetic identity matrix). UPGMA and Wagner algorithms showed that the most divergent species was Lu. youngi, whereas the most related were Lu. longiflocosa-Lu. torvida and Lu torvida-Lu. spinicrassa. A spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran´s I index) revealed a very weak, or inexistent spatial structure, which means that the speciation events between these species were independent from the geographic distances from where they currently live. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1717-1739. Epub 2008 December 12.


Se analizaron 16 sistemas isoenzimáticos para cinco especies colombianas del género Lutzomyia. Los niveles de heterocigosis media esperada insesgada oscilaron entre 0.098 (Lu. youngi) y 0.215 (Lu. torvida). Las cinco muestras estudiadas de forma global, para todos los marcadores analizados, presentaron desviación respecto al equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg por un exceso de homocigotos, tanto al utilizar algunas pruebas clásicas como tests exactos con cadenas de Markov. Este hecho puede estar favorecido por diversas causas: (1) la más probable es la existencia de efecto Wahlund en el seno de cada población debido a subdivisión y/o a la técnica de muestreo empleada. La endogamia puede descartarse ya que no todos los loci están afectados por el mismo tipo de exceso de homocigotos. (2) Sin embargo, no se puede descartar la existencia de alelos nulos, al menos, para algunos de los marcadores isoenzimáticos utilizados. El análisis jerarquizado con las F de Wright mostró valores elevados y significativos para cada uno de los estadísticos. El estadístico promedio F IT mostró un valor de 0.655 existiendo un conspicuo exceso de homocigotos a nivel total de todas las especies, el estadístico promedio F IS fue altamente positivo (0.515) mostrando exceso de homocigotos a nivel individual en cada una de las especies estudiadas. La heterogeneidad genética entre las cinco especies fue notable (F ST = 0.288). Esto muestra que esas especies están bien diferenciadas a nivel isoenzimático y que en el interior de cada especie también hay una subdivisión genética. La matriz de identidades genéticas de Nei muestra que las especies más relacionadas fueron Lu. longiflocosa-Lu. torvida (0.959) y Lu torvida-Lu. spinicrassa (0.960) mientras que las genéticamente más distantes fueron Lu. torvida-Lu. youngi (0.805) y Lu. quasitownsendi-Lu. youngi (0.796). Con los algoritmos UPGMA y Wagner, se observó que la especie más divergente fue Lu. youngi, mientras que las relaciones más conspicuas se observaron entre Lu. longiflocosa-Lu. torvida y Lu torvida-Lu. spinicrassa. Adicionalmente, con un análisis de autocorrelación espacial (índice de Moran) la mayoría de los alelos utilizados presentaron una estructura espacial muy débil o inexistente, lo que significa que los eventos de especiación entre las especies estudiadas se dieron en forma independiente de las distancias geográficas existentes actualmente entre ellas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Gene Frequency/genetics , Genes, Insect/genetics , Genetic Variation/genetics , Isoenzymes/genetics , Psychodidae/genetics , Colombia , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Genetics, Population , Psychodidae/enzymology
3.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 102(4): 509-515, June 2007. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-454806

ABSTRACT

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious tropical disease that affects approximately 500 thousand people worldwide every year. In the Americas, VL is caused by the parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi mainly transmitted by the bite of the sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. Despite recent advances in the study of interaction between Leishmania and sand flies, very little is known about sand fly protein expression profiles. Understanding how the expression of proteins may be affected by blood feeding and/or presence of parasite in the vector's midgut might allow us to devise new strategies for controlling the spread of leishmaniasis. In this work, we report the characterization of a vacuolar ATPase subunit C from L. longipalpis by screening of a midgut cDNA library with a 220 bp fragment identified by means of differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of the gene varies along insect development and is upregulated in males and bloodfed L. longipalpis, compared to unfed flies.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cricetinae , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Insect Vectors/genetics , Psychodidae/genetics , Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/genetics , Base Sequence , Blotting, Southern , Cloning, Molecular , Digestive System/enzymology , Digestive System/parasitology , Insect Vectors/embryology , Insect Vectors/enzymology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Subunits , Psychodidae/embryology , Psychodidae/enzymology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/metabolism
4.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 96(2): 189-96, Feb. 2001. ilus, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-281567

ABSTRACT

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to elucidate genetic variation at 13 isozyme loci among forest populations of Lutzomyia shannoni from three widely separated locations in Colombia: Palambí (Nariño Department), Cimitarra (Santander Department) and Chinácota (Norte de Santander Department). These samples were compared with a laboratory colony originating from the Magdalena Valley in Central Colombia. The mean heterozygosity ranged from 16 to 22 percent, with 2.1 to 2.6 alleles detected per locus. Nei's genetic distances among populations were low, ranging from 0.011 to 0.049. The estimated number of migrants (Nm=3.8) based on Wright's F-Statistic, F ST, indicated low levels of gene flow among Lu. shannoni forest populations. This low level of migration indicates that the spread of stomatitis virus occurs via infected host, not by infected insect. In the colony sample of 79 individuals, the Gpi locus was homozygotic (0.62/0.62) in all females and heterozygotic (0.62/0.72) in all males. Although this phenomenon is probably a consequence of colonization, it indicates that Gpi is linked to a sex determining locus


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Genetic Variation , Psychodidae/genetics , Colombia , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel/methods , Gene Frequency , Psychodidae/enzymology
5.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 20(4): 300-7, dic. 2000. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-278204

ABSTRACT

Se analizaron por sexo poblaciones silvestres de Lutzomyia Shannoni de tres localidades distantes entre sí: Palambí (Nariño), Cimitarra (Santander) y Chinácota (Norte de Santander), con el fin de establecer la variación en 11 isoenzimas. Estas muestras se compararon con ejemplares de una colonia mantenida en el Laboratorio de Entomología del INS desde 1992. Se utilizó el sistema de electroforesis vertical en geles de poliacrilamida al 6 por ciento. Se encontró una heterocigosidad promedio entre 18,5 y 24,7 por ciento en la hembras silvestres y entre 13,5 y 19,4 por ciento entre los machos silvestres: La heterocigosidad promedio en las hemras de la colonia fue de 14,8 por ciento mientras que en los machos fue de 20,1 por ciento. Se detectaron entre 2,0 y 2,5 alelos por locus. La distancia genética de Nei entre las poblaciones fue baja y osciló entre 0,005 y 0,073. En la muestra de la colonia de 79 individuos, el locus Gpi fue homocigoto en todas las hembras y heterocigoto en todos los machos. Aunque esta pbservación e probablemente una consecuencia de la colonización, indica que el locus Gpi está fuertemente unido a los cromosomas que determinan el sexo, con el alelo Gpi superindice 0,62 unido al locus que determina hembras y el alelo Gpi superíndice 0,72 asociado con el locus que determina machos


Subject(s)
Animals , Genetic Variation , Psychodidae/enzymology , Psychodidae/genetics , Isoenzymes
6.
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 1999; 29 (3): 669-686
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-51177

ABSTRACT

Changes associated with blood and sugar meals digestion in the sandfly, Phlebotomus langeroni were characterized. Different types of sugars [sucrose, glucose, melibiose, cellobiose, lactose, starch, fig fruits, honey dew and a mixture of sources and sugar sources] were used for the sandfly feeding. Activities of glycosidases and proteases in the sandfly guts after blood and sugar meals were determined using the endpoint method. The results showed that glycosidases [alpha- glycosidase, beta-glycosidase, alpha-galactosidase and beta galactosidase] are present in the sandfly midguts. No activities of the glycosidases [alpha-mannosidase and alpha-amylase] were detected in the sandfly gut. Proteases [trypsin and aminopeptidase] showed activities in the sandfly midguts. It was concluded that the midgut glycosidase may play an important role in the vector-parasite interaction. Trypsin and aminopeptidase induction after a blood meal is controlled by a secretogogues mechanism which indirectly influences the outcome of the Leishmania parasite infection


Subject(s)
Insecta , Psychodidae/parasitology , Enzyme Induction , Psychodidae/enzymology , Dietary Sucrose , Blood/parasitology , Digestive System/enzymology , Phlebotomus/enzymology
7.
s.l; s.n; 1989. 82 p. tab.
Thesis in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-73625

ABSTRACT

Dos especies simpátricas procedentes de Manaus, Brasil, Lutzomyia olmeca nociva y Lu. flaviscutellata fueron examinadas por el método de electroforesis de enzimas en láminas de acetato de celulosa. Once sistemas enzimáticos fueron examinados, de los cuales fosfoglucomutasa (PGM), glucosafosfato isomerasa (PGI) y glicerofosfato deshidrogenosa (GPD) suministraron información útil para el análisis genético. Alanina amino transaminasa (ALAT), Aspartato amino trnsaminasa (ASAT) y fructoquinasa (FK) no mostraron actividad. El análisis de la frecuencia alélica y los valores de identidad (I) y distancia genética (D) calculados por el método de Nei nos indican que estas especies están genéticamente muy relacionadas, no existiendo evidencias de aislamiento reproductivo entre las especies simpátricas de Brasil. En ninguno de los sistemas enzimáticos analizados hubo evidencias de loci diagnósticos, por lo tanto con la información obtenida no se puede hacer una diferenciación de especies suguriendose la utilización de mayor número de loci en trabajos posteriores


Subject(s)
Disease Vectors , Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate , Genetics, Population , Psychodidae/enzymology , Panama
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