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1.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 68(6): 571-576, Nov.-Dec. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-977408

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objective: Emergence agitation is a postoperative negative behavior that affects mainly children. We studied the effect of two different doses of dexmedetomidine on the incidence and degree of EA in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Methods: 90 patients were allocated into three equal groups; patients received 0.5 µg.kg−1 of dexmedetomidine in high Dex group, 0.25 µg.kg−1 of dexmedetomidine in low Dex group, or normal saline in the placebo group. All drugs were received with the closure of the conjunctiva before the end of the surgery. Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale was used to evaluate the agitation, and Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale was used for pain assessment. Adverse effects of dexmedetomidine and recovery times were recorded. Results: The incidence of agitation was significantly lower in high Dex group compared to other groups and it was significantly lower in low Dex group compared to placebo group. The median (range) of FLACC score was significantly lower in both Dex groups compared to placebo group. Recovery times; time from removal of laryngeal mask to eye opening and time stay in post anesthesia care unit was significantly longer in high Dex group compared to other groups. No significant bradycardia or hypotension was recorded. Recovery time was significantly longer in high Dex group compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg.kg−1) before emergence from general anesthesia resulted in a reduction in the incidence of emergence agitation compared to a dexmedetomidine (0.25 µg.kg−1) but on the expense of recovery times without adverse effects.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: A agitação ao despertar é um comportamento pós-operatório negativo que afeta principalmente as crianças. Avaliamos o efeito de duas doses diferentes de dexmedetomidina na incidência e no grau de agitação ao despertar em crianças submetidas à correção de estrabismo. Métodos: Noventa pacientes foram alocados em três grupos iguais: receberam 0,5 µg.kg−1 de dexmedetomidina (grupo Dex-alta), 0,25 µg.kg−1 de dexmedetomidina (grupo Dex-baixa) ou solução salina normal (grupo placebo). Todos os medicamentos foram administrados com o fechamento da conjuntiva antes do fim da cirurgia. A escala pediátrica de delírio ao despertar da anestesia (PAED - Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium) foi usada para avaliar a agitação e a escala dos padrões de face, pernas, atividade, choro e consolabilidade (FLACC - Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) para avaliar a dor. Os efeitos adversos de dexmedetomidina e os tempos de recuperação foram registrados. Resultados: A incidência de agitação foi significativamente menor no grupo Dex-alta em comparação com os outros grupos, foi significativamente menor no grupo Dex-baixa em comparação com o grupo placebo. A mediana (variação) do escore FLACC foi significativamente menor em ambos os grupos Dex em comparação com o grupo placebo. O tempo de recuperação, o tempo transcorrido desde a remoção da máscara laríngea até a abertura dos olhos e o tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestesia foram significativamente maiores no grupo Dex-alta em comparação com os outros grupos. Não houve registro de bradicardia ou hipotensão significativa. O tempo de recuperação foi significativamente maior no grupo Dex-alta em comparação com os outros dois grupos. Conclusão: Dexmedetomidina (0,5 µg.kg−1) antes do despertar da anestesia geral resultou em uma redução da incidência de agitação ao despertar em comparação com dexmedetomidina (0,25 µg.kg−1), mas em detrimento dos tempos de recuperação sem efeitos adversos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Psychomotor Agitation/prevention & control , Psychomotor Agitation/epidemiology , Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Strabismus/surgery , Double-Blind Method , Incidence
2.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 67(2): 193-198, Mar.-Apr. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-843384

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: Sevoflurane is often used in pediatric anesthesia and is associated with high incidence of psychomotor agitation. In such cases, dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been used, but its benefit and implications remain uncertain. We assessed the effects of DEX on agitation in children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane. Method: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical and double-blind studies, with children undergoing elective procedures under general anesthesia with sevoflurane, using DEX or placebo. We sought articles in English in PubMed database using the following terms: Dexmedetomidine, sevoflurane (Methyl Ethers/sevoflurante), and agitation (Psychomotor Agitation). Duplicate articles with children who received premedication and used active control were excluded. It was adopted random effects model with DerSimonian-Laird testing and odds ratio (OR) calculation for dichotomous variables, and standardized mean difference for continuous variables, with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Of 146 studies identified, 10 were selected totaling 558 patients (282 in DEX group and 276 controls). The use of DEX was considered a protective factor for psychomotor agitation (OR = 0.17; 95% CI 0.13-0.23; p < 0.0001) and nausea and vomiting in PACU (OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.35-0.68; p < 0.0001). Wake-up time and PACU discharge time were higher in the dexmedetomidine group. There was no difference between groups for extubation time and duration of anesthesia. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine reduces psychomotor agitation during wake-up time of children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Sevoflurano é frequentemente usado em anestesia pediátrica e está associado à alta incidência de agitação psicomotora ao despertar. Nesses casos a dexmedetomidina (dex) tem sido usada, porém permanecem incertos seus benefícios e suas implicações. Foram avaliados os efeitos da dex sobre a agitação no despertar de crianças submetidas à anestesia geral com sevoflurano. Método: Metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados e duplamente encobertos, com crianças submetidas a procedimentos eletivos sob anestesia geral com sevoflurano, que usaram dex ou placebo. Buscaram-se artigos em língua inglesa na base de dados Pubmed com termos como Dexmedetomidine, sevoflurane (Methyl Ethers/sevoflurane) e agitation (Psychomotor Agitation). Artigos duplicados, com crianças que receberam medicação pré-anestésica e que usaram controle ativo foram excluídos. Adotou-se modelo de efeitos aleatórios com testes de DerSimonian-Laird e cálculo de odds ratio (OR) para variáveis dicotômicas e diferença de média padronizada para variáveis contínuas, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC). Resultados: Dos 146 estudos identificados, 10 foram selecionados, com 558 pacientes (282 no grupo dex e 276 controles). O uso da dex foi considerado fator de proteção para agitação psicomotora (OR = 0,17; 95% IC 0,13-0,23; p < 0,0001) e para náuseas e vômitos na SRPA (OR = 0,49; 95% IC 0,35-0,68; p < 0,0001). Tempo para despertar e para alta da SRPA foram maiores no grupo dexmedetomidina. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para tempo de extubação e duração da anestesia. Conclusão: A dexmedetomidina reduz a agitação psicomotora no despertar de crianças submetidas à anestesia geral com sevoflurano.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Psychomotor Agitation/prevention & control , Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage , Methyl Ethers/adverse effects , Psychomotor Agitation/etiology , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Inhalation/adverse effects , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/prevention & control , Dexmedetomidine/pharmacology , Sevoflurane , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology , Anesthesia, General/adverse effects , Anesthesia, General/methods , Methyl Ethers/administration & dosage
3.
Ann Card Anaesth ; 2012 Jul; 15(3): 185-189
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-139672

ABSTRACT

Combinations of hypnotics with or without opiates are commonly used in agitated patients. We hypothesized that combination of haloperidol-propofol in comparison with midazolam-propofol would lower consumption of propofol and lead to better hemodynamic and respiratory profile during sedation of agitated patients. Among 108 patients admitted in our ICU, 60 patients were agitated according to Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS) and randomly divided into two groups. Morphine sulfate (0.05 mg/kg) was administered to all patients for relief of postoperative pain. In one group, sedative infusion was started with 1 mg/h of haloperidol plus 25 μg/kg/min of propofol after bolus injection of 2 mg haloperidol. In the other group, midazolam1 mg/h and propofol 25 μg/kg/min were infused after a bolus injection of 2 mg midazolam. Propofol infusion was adjusted to keep bi-spectral index between 61-80 and the RSS between 3-5. Hourly propofol consumption was recorded during 24 h of sedation and compared statistically. We also compared SpO 2 , arterial blood gas variables, hemodynamic parameters and episodes of respiratory depression (SpO 2 ≤85%) requiring respiratory support between the groups. Haloperidol, when added to propofol infusion, decreased its consumption at all the measured times (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in hemodynamic variables between two groups, but the episodes of respiratory depression was significantly higher in propofol-midazolam group (P = 0.02). We conclude that haloperidol-propofol infusion decreases propofol requirements in the agitated patients. Besides, this combination showed a better profile in terms of occurrence of respiratory depression.


Subject(s)
Aged , Coronary Artery Bypass , Double-Blind Method , Female , Haloperidol/administration & dosage , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Intensive Care Units , Male , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Propofol/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Psychomotor Agitation/prevention & control
4.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 84(2): 107-113, Mar.-Apr. 2008.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-480594

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: A agitação pós-operatória é um fenômeno clínico bem documentado em crianças, com incidência variando de 10 a 67 por cento. Não existe explicação definitiva para a agitação no despertar. Várias causas têm sido discutidas na literatura, como rápido retorno à consciência em ambiente não familiar, presença de dor (ferida, dor de garganta, distensão vesical, etc.), estresse na indução, hipoxemia, obstrução da via aérea, ambiente barulhento, duração da anestesia, temperamento da criança, uso de medicação pré-anestésica e técnica anestésica empregada. O objetivo deste estudo é discutir as possíveis causas da agitação pós-operatória em crianças, subsidiando ações referentes à identificação e prevenção mais adequada. FONTES DOS DADOS: Artigos originais e revisões, publicados no período de 1991 a 2007 e indexados no MEDLINE e PubMed, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: agitação no despertar, incidência, etiologia, diagnóstico, tratamento, criança, anestesia pediátrica. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: É apresentada neste artigo uma revisão de possíveis desencadeadores de agitação, assim como uma proposta de escala para uniformização adequada do diagnóstico e medidas que implementam a prevenção e o tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Nenhum fator pode, de maneira isolada, ser implicado como causador de agitação pós-operatória, devendo ser considerada como uma síndrome com componentes biológicos, farmacológicos, psicológicos e sociais, os quais o anestesiologista e o pediatra intensivista devem estar preparados para identificar, prevenir e intervir adequadamente quando necessário.


OBJECTIVE: Postoperative agitation in children is a well-documented clinical phenomenon with incidence ranging from 10 percent to 67 percent. There is no definitive explanation for this agitation. Possible causes include rapid awakening in unfamiliar settings, pain (wounds, sore throat, bladder distension, etc.), stress during induction, hypoxemia, airway obstruction, noisy environment, anesthesia duration, child's personality, premedication and type of anesthesia. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possible causes of postoperative agitation in children, providing a foundation for better methods of identifying and preventing this problem. SOURCES: MEDLINE and PubMed were searched using the following words: emergence, agitation, incidence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, children, pediatric, anesthesia. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: This study includes a review of potential agitation trigger factors and a proposal for a standardized diagnostic score system, in addition to measures to improve prevention and treatment. CONCLUSION: No single factor can identified as the cause of postoperative agitation, which should therefore be considered a syndrome made up of biological, pharmacological, psychological and social components, and which anesthesiologists and pediatric intensive care specialists should be prepared to identify, prevent and intervene appropriately as necessary.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Anesthesia, General/adverse effects , Psychomotor Agitation/etiology , Anesthesia, General/methods , Psychomotor Agitation/prevention & control , Psychomotor Agitation/psychology , Risk Factors
5.
Rev. chil. med. intensiv ; 22(2): 97-104, 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-518982

ABSTRACT

La sedación y la analgesia son parte integral en el manejo de los pacientes críticos en las unidades intensivas, estos pacientes tienen mayor riesgo de presentar ansiedad, agitación, combatividad, delirio y síndromes de abstinencia. Con el fin de proporcionar una guía simple y práctica para la toma de decisiones en sedación y analgesia en el año 2005 la Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Sociedades de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva (FEPIMCTI) propuso la realización de un consenso con un enfoque regional, basado en la mejor evidencia disponible en la literatura médica. En este contexto nosotros realizamos la presente guía de sedación vigil y agitación. Se tratan temas importantes relacionados con el uso cauto de la sedación y optimización de la sincronía ventilador paciente, como también el control de la agitación y de los procedimientos invasivos mínimos en UCI. Cada recomendación está hecha en base a dos criterios: su aceptabilidad como recomendación fuerte o débil (considerada de acuerdo al consenso de los asistentes expertos) y su sostén en la literatura médica obtenida mediante revisión sistemática y calificada por, al menos, dos grupos de expertos en epidemiología clínica.


Sedation and analgesia play a major role in critical patients management in ICUs. These patients face a higher risk of developing anxiety, agitation, combativity, delirium, and deprivation syndromes. In order to offer a simple and practical guideline for decision making in sedation and analgesia, the Pan-American and Iberian Federation of Critical Medicine and Intensive Therapy Societies (FEPIMCTI) proposed a regional-focused consensus based on best available evidence in medical literature. It is in this context that the current Guideline on Conscious Sedation and Agitation has been developed. Important issues related to the appropriate use of sedation and improvement of ventilator-patient synchrony, as well as control of agitation and minimally invasive procedures in ICU are dealt with. Each proposed recommendation is based on two main criteria: its acceptability as a strong or weak recommendation (according to consensus of participating experts) and its support in medical literature, which has been systematically reviewed and assessed by, al least, two groups of clinical epidemiology experts.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Psychomotor Agitation/prevention & control , Analgesia/standards , Critical Care/standards , Conscious Sedation/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation/standards , Analgesia/adverse effects
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