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1.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 58(2): 153-161, 03/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-709337

ABSTRACT

Environmental agencies have identified a growing number of environmental contaminants that have endocrine disrupting activity, and these can become a major public health problem. It is suggested that endocrine disruptors could account for the higher-than-expected increase in the prevalence of some non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, thyroid diseases, and some cancers. Several endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), such as pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, dioxins, and phytoestrogens, can interact with the female reproductive system and lead to endocrine disruption. Initially, it was assumed that EDCs exert their effects by binding to hormone receptors and transcription factors, but it is currently known that they may also alter the expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis or catabolism of steroids. Biomonitoring studies have identified these compounds in adults, children, pregnant women, and fetuses. Among the diseases of the female reproductive tract associated with EDCs exposure are the following: precocious puberty, polycystic ovary syndrome, and premature ovarian failure. The different populations of the world are exposed to a great number of chemicals through different routes of infection; despite the various available studies, there is still much doubt regarding the additive effect of a mixture of EDCs with similar mechanisms of action.


As diversas agências de controle ambiental têm identificado um crescente número de contaminantes ambientais que apresentam atividade de desregulador endócrino e estes poderão se tornar um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública. Sugere-se que os Desreguladores Endócrinos (EDCs) poderiam justificar o aumento na prevalência de algumas doenças não transmissíveis acima do esperado, como, por exemplo, obesidade, diabetes, doenças tireoidianas e alguns tipos de cânceres. Vários EDCs, como pesticidas, bisfenol A, ftalatos, dioxinas e fitoestrógenos, podem interagir com o sistema reprodutivo feminino e levar à desregulação endócrina. Inicialmente, supunha-se que os EDCs exercessem seus efeitos através da ligação com receptores hormonais e fatores de transcrição, mas, atualmente, sabe-se que também podem alterar a expressão de enzimas envolvidas na síntese ou no catabolismo dos esteroides. Estudos de biomonitoramento têm identificado esses compostos em adultos, crianças, gestantes e em fetos. Entre as patologias do trato reprodutor feminino associadas à exposição aos EDCs, destacam-se: puberdade precoce, síndrome dos ovários policísticos e falência ovariana prematura. As diversas populações estão expostas a um grande número de substâncias químicas, através de diferentes vias de contaminação. Apesar dos diferentes estudos disponíveis, ainda permanece uma grande dúvida sobre o efeito aditivo de uma mistura de EDCs com similar mecanismo de ação.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Pregnancy , Disorders of Sex Development/chemically induced , Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Ovarian Diseases/chemically induced , Dioxins/toxicity , Pesticides/toxicity , Puberty, Precocious/chemically induced
2.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-135473

ABSTRACT

Background & objectives: The US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) reports that mercury (Hg) is a known endocrine disruptor and it adversely affects the steroid synthesis pathway in animals and humans, and may interact to enhance the risk for a child developing premature puberty. An association between premature puberty and exposure to Hg from thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) was evaluated in computerized medical records within the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). Methods: A total of 278,624 subjects were identified in birth cohorts from 1990-1996. The birth cohort prevalence rates of medically diagnosed International Classification of Disease, 9th revision (ICD-9) premature puberty and control outcomes were calculated. Exposures to Hg from TCVs were calculated by birth cohort for specific exposure windows from birth-7 months and birth-13 months of age. Poisson regression analysis was used to model the association between the prevalence of outcomes and Hg doses from TCVs. Results: Significantly increased (P<0.0001) rate ratios were observed for premature puberty for a 100 μg difference in Hg exposure from TCVs in the birth-7 months (rate ratio=5.58) and birth-13 months (rate ratio=6.45) of age exposure windows. By contrast, none of the control outcomes had significantly increased rate ratios with Hg exposure from TCVs. Interpretation & conclusions: Routine childhood vaccination should be continued to help reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases, but efforts should be undertaken to remove Hg from vaccines. Additional studies should be done to evaluate the relationship between Hg exposure and premature puberty.


Subject(s)
Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Poisson Distribution , Puberty, Precocious/chemically induced , Thimerosal/toxicity , Vaccines/adverse effects
4.
Cad. saúde pública ; 23(5): 1005-1014, maio 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-449104

ABSTRACT

A substância exógena que causa efeitos adversos na saúde de um organismo ou sua descendência, como resultado de distúrbios na função hormonal, é denominada interferente endócrino. Nos últimos anos, produtos ambientais com atividades hormonais têm sido documentados como causadores de anormalidades puberais ou reprodutivas em animais. Os poucos casos comprovados em humanos foram aqueles relacionados a exposições acidentais. Apesar disso, pediatras e pais recomendam a suspensão de todos os alimentos potencialmente contaminados, em especial carne (aves, gado) e derivados da soja quando a criança apresenta alguma alteração puberal. Estas recomendações, se não embasadas cientificamente, podem ter conseqüências deletérias, não apenas pela eliminação de fontes protéicas da dieta, como também por retardar a investigação de causas tratáveis. Por outro lado, a não investigação dos efeitos adversos destes produtos é da mesma forma danosa. Esta revisão descreve os principais interferentes endócrinos responsáveis por alterações puberais em humanos e conclui que, excetuando exposições acidentais a altas quantidades destes produtos, mais estudos são necessários para responsabilizar a ação crônica e em baixas doses destas substâncias na alteração do tempo de desenvolvimento puberal em nossa espécie.


Endocrine disruptors are exogenous substances with adverse health effects in intact organisms or their progeny, secondary to changes in endocrine function. Recent years have witnessed constant reports of environmental factors with hormone-like effects causing pubertal or reproductive abnormalities in animals. The few cases proven to be associated with pubertal disorders in humans have been related to accidental exposure. Nevertheless, pediatricians and parents recommend suspending all possible estrogen-contaminated food, especially meat (poultry, beef) and soy products, when the child presents with a pubertal disorder. These recommendations, if not scientifically sound, may have deleterious consequences by eliminating sources of dietary protein and possibly delaying the investigation of other potential and treatable causes. On the other hand, not investigating potential side effects of these products could have similar harmful effects. The current article describes the main endocrine disruptors associated with pubertal disorders in humans and concludes that except for accidental exposure to high doses, more research is needed on the effects of chronic and low-dose exposures in altering human pubertal development.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Endocrine Disruptors/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Puberty, Precocious/chemically induced , Hazardous Substances/toxicity
5.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(3): 500-503, abr. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-452194

ABSTRACT

Telarca precoce, desenvolvimento mamário antes dos 8 anos de idade, apresenta dois picos de incidência, nos dois primeiros anos de vida e após os 6 anos de idade. Uma menina de 4,75 anos apresentou-se com telarca associada à ingestão excessiva de fitoestrógenos. O desenvolvimento puberal M2P1-2, os níveis hormonais e o US pélvico eram compatíveis com puberdade precoce periférica. Durante o seguimento, observou-se ingestão diária de alimentos baseados em soja (> 40 mg fitoestrógenos/dia). Soja contém fitoestrógenos, principalmente genisteína e daidzeína. Embora menos potentes do que o estradiol, sua concentração pode ser 13.000 a 22.000 vezes maior em crianças alimentadas somente com fórmulas baseadas em soja. Os pais foram aconselhados a reduzir para uma vez na semana o seu fornecimento na dieta. O desenvolvimento puberal cessou em M2-3P1 e a paciente, com 8,66 anos, continua a desenvolver-se com idades óssea e cronológica equivalentes. Questões relacionadas à segurança alimentar, principalmente de alimentos baseados em soja, permanecem sem respostas precisas. Embora sejam conhecidas as etiologias da puberdade precoce não progressiva e da telarca prematura, neste caso esteve fortemente relacionada à ingestão excessiva de soja e de outros alimentos ricos em fitoestrógenos que poderiam ter desencadeado a telarca atuando como desreguladores endócrinos.


Precocious thelarche is the breast development before 8 years of age with two peaks of incidence during the first two years of life and after 6 years of age. A 4.75-year-old girl presented with thelarche associated to an excessive intake of phytoestrogens (phye). Tanner development B2P1-2, hormonal levels and pelvic US were compatible with peripheral precocious puberty. During follow-up, a daily intake of soy-based foods was observed (> 40 mg phye/day). Soy is rich in phytoestrogens, mainly genistein and daidzein. Although phye are less strong than estradiol, its concentration could be from 13,000 to 22,000 times stronger in children fed only by soy-based formulas. Parents were advised and soy intake was reduced to once a week. Progression of pubertal development ceased at B2-3P1. The patient, now 8.66 years old, keeps growing with similar bone and chronological ages. Some questions related to industrial food security, mainly the soy-based food, remain without precise answer. Although it is well known the entity of non-progressive precocious puberty and premature thelarche, pubertal development in this case was strongly related to excessive daily intake of soy and other phye-rich food that could trigger puberty as endocrine disruptor.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Breast/growth & development , Phytoestrogens/adverse effects , Puberty, Precocious/chemically induced , Soy Foods/adverse effects , Breast/drug effects , Endocrine Disruptors/adverse effects , Phytoestrogens/administration & dosage , Glycine max
6.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 83(7): 306-9, jul. 1991.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-107897

ABSTRACT

Puerto Rico presenta el mayor número de casos conocidos de anomalias de desarrollo sexual en infantes, niños y adolescentes. Los autores han evaluado sobre 3100 pacientes en un período aproximado de 19 años. Diversos estudios clínicos y de laboratorio sugieren una posible contaminación de carnes, pollo y derivados de éstos con sustancias estrogénicas. Una dieta modificada, libre de estos alimentos, causa una mejoría clínica y/o de laboratorio en un número significativo de pacientes. Un estudio preliminar en alimentos utilizados en el engorde de pollos sugiere la contaminación por Fusarium sp, hongo que puede producir micotoxinas con efecto estrogénico. Al presente, diversos investigadores, privados y de gobierno, llevan a cabo diversos estudios. Sin embargo, se precisa de una acción más vigorosa y fiscalizadora. Consideramos imprescindible un estudio específico de los alimentos de engorde para determinar la presencia de contaminantes con efecto hormonal. La persistencia de estas anomalías debe deterner-se por sus posibles consecuencias a largo plazo


Subject(s)
Fibrocystic Breast Disease/epidemiology , Gynecomastia/epidemiology , Ovarian Cysts/epidemiology , Puberty, Precocious/epidemiology , Fibrocystic Breast Disease/chemically induced , Estrogens/adverse effects , Food Contamination , Gynecomastia/chemically induced , Ovarian Cysts/chemically induced , Puberty, Precocious/chemically induced , Puerto Rico/epidemiology
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