Aplicación de árnica en gel para el manejo del dolor y reabsorción del hematoma profundo / Application of arnica gel for pain management and deep hematoma reabsorption

Árnica es una planta medicinal de la especie Arnica montana, endémica en Europa Central y Meridional, perteneciente a la familia Asteracae; rica en flavonoides y compuestos fenólicos, lactonas, helenalina y ácido hexurónico que le dan propiedades cicatrizantes, antiinflamatorias, analgésicas, antimicrobianas y anticoagulantes. Se utiliza en casos de contusiones, dolores musculares, reumáticos y hematomas profundos. El artículo describe ocho casos, que presentaron hematoma profundo por punción infructuosa, en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal con esquema de hemodiálisis, donde se aplicó árnica en gel. Por medio de fotografías se registró cómo los hematomas revirtieron a partir del tercer día, mientras que el dolor disminuyó en un 50% al tercer día. (AU)

Arnica is a medicinal plant of the species Arnica Montana, endemic in Central and Southern Europe, it belongs to the Asteracae family, rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, lactones, helenalin and hexuronic acid that give it healing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and anticoagulant properties. It is used in cases of bruises, muscle pain, rheumatic pain and deep bruises. The article describes eight patients with terminal chronic renal failure under hemodialysis, who presented deep hematoma due to unsuccessful puncture of their dialysis fistula. All patients were treated with local gel arnica. Verbal analogue scale (VAS) and qualitative visual image analysis (photography) on how the hematomas reverted on the third day was analyzed. (AU)

Pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos: ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa e hipodermóclise / Cancer patients in Palliative Care: occurrences related to venipuncture and hypodermoclysis / Pacientes con cáncer en cuidados paliativos: eventos relacionados con la venopunción y la hipodermoclisis

Resumo Objetivo: identificar as ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa periférica e à hipodermóclise entre pacientes internados em um hospital geral e em um hospital exclusivo de assistência a pacientes em cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: estudo observacional, descritivo e multicêntrico. A amostra do tipo consecutiva e não probabilística foi constituída por 160 pacientes oncológicos internados sob cuidados paliativos. A variável desfecho correspondeu às ocorrências e complicações relacionadas a cada tipo de punção. Utilizou-se um questionário contendo as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e um roteiro estruturado para acompanhamento e avaliação diária da punção. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas para a análise dos dados. Resultados: as ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa no hospital geral foram sujidade de sangue na inserção do cateter (17,4 %) e prazo de uso expirado (15,8%), enquanto no serviço específico para atendimento a pacientes sob cuidados paliativos foram prazo de uso expirado (32%) seguido de infiltração (18,9%). Quanto à hipodermóclise, foram duas punções subcutâneas com sinais flogísticos (1,0%) no hospital geral e um hematoma no local de inserção do cateter (0,5%). No serviço específico para atendimento a pacientes sob cuidados paliativos foram três punções subcutâneas com sinais flogísticos (5,7%). Conclusão: as ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa periférica foram superiores às relacionadas à hipodermóclise.

Abstract Objective: to identify the occurrences related to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis among patients hospitalized in a general hospital and in an exclusive hospital institution for the care of patients in palliative cancer care. Method: an observational, descriptive and multicenter study. The consecutive and non-probabilistic sample consisted of 160 cancer patients hospitalized in Palliative Care. The outcome variable corresponded to the occurrences and complications related to each type of puncture. A questionnaire containing the sociodemographic and clinical variables and a structured script for monitoring and daily evaluation of the puncture were used. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. Results: the occurrences related to venipuncture at a general hospital were blood soiling at catheter insertion (17.4%) and expired use period (15.8%), while at a specific service for the care of patients under palliative care they were expired use period (32%) followed by infiltration (18.9%). As for hypodermoclysis, there were two subcutaneous punctures with phlogistic signs (1.0%) at the general hospital and a hematoma at the catheter insertion site (0.5%). At the specific service for the care of patients under palliative care there were three subcutaneous punctures with phlogistic signs (5.7%). Conclusion: the number of occurrences related to peripheral venipuncture was higher than those related to hypodermoclysis.

Resumen Objetivo: identificar los eventos relacionados con la venopunción periférica y la hipodermoclisis en pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital general y en un hospital que atiende exclusivamente a pacientes en cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo y multicéntrico. La muestra consecutiva y no probabilística estuvo compuesta por 160 pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados que reciben cuidados paliativos. La variable resultado correspondió a los eventos y complicaciones relacionados con cada tipo de punción. Se utilizó un cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y una guía estructurada para el seguimiento diario y la evaluación de la punción. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis de datos. Resultados: los eventos relacionados con la venopunción en un hospital general fueron contaminación de sangre en la inserción del catéter (17,4%) y catéter vencido (15,8%), mientras que en un hospital específico que atiende exclusivamente a pacientes en cuidados paliativos oncológicos fueron catéter vencido (32%) seguido de infiltración (18,9%). En cuanto a la hipodermoclisis, hubo dos punciones subcutáneas con signos flogísticos (1,0%) en hospital general y un hematoma en el lugar de inserción del catéter (0,5%). En el hospital en un hospital que atiende exclusivamente a pacientes en cuidados paliativos oncológicos hubo tres punciones subcutáneas con signos flogísticos (5,7%). Conclusión: los eventos relacionados con la venopunción periférica fueron mayores que los relacionados con la hipodermoclisis.

Avaliação de dor do recém-nascido durante punção arterial: estudo observacional analítico / Assessment of newborn pain during arterial puncture: an observational analytical study

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a intensidade de dor durante a punção arterial realizada em recém-nascidos internados em uma unidade de cuidados progressivos neonatais e avaliar a percepção do profissional em relação à dor neonatal. Métodos: Estudo observacional analítico, em que foram observadas 62 punções arteriais realizadas em 35 neonatos. Avaliou-se a dor durante a coleta pela escala Premature Infant Pain Profile. Os profissionais responsáveis pela coleta avaliaram a dor pela escala numérica verbal de zero a dez. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva por meio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Science. Resultados: Entre os recém-nascidos, 30,6% (n = 19) não tiveram dor ou tiveram dor leve (0 - 6), 24,2% (n = 15) apresentaram dor leve a moderada (7 - 11) e 45,2% (28) dor intensa (12 - 21). Constatou-se que os profissionais identificam a dor durante o procedimento. Conclusão: A punção arterial é considerada um procedimento doloroso e pode resultar em dor leve a intensa, sendo necessária a adoção de estratégias sistematizadas de avaliação, possibilitando a intervenção terapêutica adequada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate pain intensity during arterial puncture performed in newborns admitted to a neonatal progressive care unit and to evaluate the perception of health professionals regarding neonatal pain. Methods: This was an observational analytical study in which 62 arterial punctures were performed in 35 neonates. Pain was assessed during collection using the Premature Infant Pain Profile scale. The health professionals responsible for collection evaluated pain using a verbal numerical scale ranging from zero to ten. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Science software. Results: Among the newborns, 30.6% (n = 19) had no pain or mild pain (0 - 6), 24.2% (n = 15) had mild to moderate pain (7 - 11) and 45.2% (28) had severe pain (12 - 21). It was found that health professionals identified pain during the procedure. Conclusion: Arterial puncture is considered a painful procedure that can result in mild to severe pain. The adoption of systematic evaluation strategies is necessary to enable appropriate therapeutic intervention.

Punción percutánea transtorácica con aguja gruesa: complicaciones y factores de riesgo inherentes al paciente / Imaging-guided Chest Biopsies with Thick Needle: Complications and Risk Factors Inherent to the Patient

Objetivo Determinar la incidencia de complicaciones con el uso de una aguja gruesa (semiautomática Trucut 18), para punción pulmonar y realizar un análisis exploratorio de las variables inherentes al paciente que probablemente puedan tener relación con el desarrollo de complicaciones. Materiales y Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos de pacientes sometidos a punción percutánea transtorácica (PPT) con aguja gruesa y guiada por tomografía computada (TC) para el estudio de lesiones pulmonares; se realizó un análisis univariado. Resultados Se realizaron 26 punciones, la tasa de incidencia de complicaciones fue del 38,46% en 1 año; los pacientes presentaron: neumotórax leve (n » 7), neumotórax moderado (n » 3) y hemorragia alveolar difusa (n » 1). El análisis estadístico univariado mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la edad de los pacientes que presentaron complicaciones v/s los pacientes que no presentaron complicaciones (61,18 þ/- 3,6 versus 75,1 þ/- 2,46 años, p » 0,0107). Conclusión La PPT-TC es un procedimiento con una tasa considerable de complicaciones no severas; en nuestra serie de casos, la edad fue la variable que se asoció con mayor fuerza al probable desarrollo de complicaciones.

Objective Establish the incidence of complications with the use of thick needle (Trucut 18) for pulmonary puncture and perform an exploratory analysis of the inherent variables to the patient that may be related to complication development. Materials and Methods Retrospective study of a case series of patients undergoing transthoracic percutaneous puncture (PPT) with thick needle,guided by computed tomography (CT) for the study of pulmonary lesions; a univariate and multivariate analysis was performed. Results 26 punctures were performed, the incidence rate of complications was 38.46% in 1 year: patients presented: mild pneumothorax (n » 7), moderate pneumothorax (n » 3) and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (n » 1). The univariate statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the age of the patients who presented complications v/s patients who did not present complications (61.18 þ/- 3.6 versus 75.1 þ/- 2.46 years, p » 0.0107). Conclusion PPT-CT is a procedure with a considerable rate of non-severe complications; in our case series, age was the variable that was most strongly associated with the probable development of complications.

Posterior argentinean flag-like sign during primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis / Sinal da bandeira argentina- like durante capsulorrexis posterior primária

ABSTRACT We describe a unique complication during primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC) in a patient with megalocornea scheduled for phacoemulsification with toric multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. After nucleus emulsification and cortex removal, the capsular bag was filled with cohesive viscoelastic in preparation for PCCC to achieve reverse optic capture of the IOL, thus ensuring stability. However, as soon as the initial puncture was made using a 27-gauge needle to start the capsulotomy, the posterior capsule opening extended peripherally from 0º-180º. This capsule extension was similar to the Argentinean-flag sign in hypermature cataracts, and both are caused by excessive intracapsular pressure. Careful bimanual manipulation was performed to implant the IOL on the desired axis, which occurred uneventfully. At a postoperative visit, the patient exhibited excellent uncorrected visual acuity with a well-aligned IOL.

RESUMO Os autores demonstram uma complicação durante a realização de uma capsulo tomia circular contínua posterior (CCCP) em um paciente com megalocórnea programado facoemulsificação com implante de lente intraocular (LIO) tórica multifocal. Após a remoção do núcleo e córtex, o saco capsular foi preenchido por viscoelástico coesivo com finalidade de prepará-lo para realização da CCCP e com isso assegurar o correto alinhamento do implante no eixo desejado. Entretanto, assim que a agulha de 27-gauge foi utilizada para confecção puntura inicial da capsulotomia, imediatamente a cápsula posterior se abriu até periferia de 0-180 graus, similar à lesão capsular vista no sinal da Bandeira Argentina em cataratas hipermaduras, ambos causados por pressão excessiva intracapsular. Manipulação cuidadosa foi realizada para implantação da lente no eixo correto, a qual aconteceu sem intercorrências. No pós-operatório, a paciente apresentou uma excelente acuidade visual sem correção com LIO corretamente alinhada no eixo desejado.

Complicações do acesso vascular em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos percutâneos em hemodinâmica: revisão de escopo / Las complicaciones del acceso vascular en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos percutáneos en hemodinamia: revisión de escopo / Vascular access complications in patients undergoing percutaneous procedures in hemodynamics: a scoping review

Resumo OBJETIVO Mapear a produção de conhecimento acerca das complicações do acesso vascular em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos percutâneos em Laboratório de Hemodinâmica. MÉTODOS Estudo do tipo revisão de escopo. Elaborou-se estratégia de busca em três etapas, considerando o período entre julho de 2005 e 2015, nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus e LILACS. Os dados extraídos foram analisados e sintetizados de forma narrativa. RESULTADOS Foram incluídas 128 publicações que permitiram mapear os contextos de estudo das complicações, a ocorrência de acordo com as vias, bem como a compreensão do diagnóstico e manejo clínico. Como síntese da análise identificou-se três categorias temáticas: Complicações; Fatores preditores; e Diagnóstico/tratamento. CONCLUSÃO As complicações no local do acesso vascular são de ocorrência variável conforme a via de acesso utilizada. O conhecimento dos fatores que permeiam a ocorrência destes eventos podem auxiliar no reconhecimento precoce, planejamento e monitorização dos cuidados implementados.

Resumen OBJETIVO Mapear la producción de conocimiento acerca de las complicaciones del acceso vascular en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos percutâneos en el Laboratorio de Hemodinamia. MÉTODOS Estudio de tipo revisión de escopo. Se elaboró la estrategia de búsqueda en tres etapas, considerando el período comprendido entre julio 2005 y 2015, en las bases PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus y LILACS. Los datos extraídos fueron analizados y sintetizados de forma narrativa. RESULTADOS Fueron incluidas 128 publicaciones que permitieron mapear los contextos de estudio de las complicaciones, la ocurrencia de acuerdo con las vías, así como la comprensión del diagnóstico y manejo clínico. Como síntesis del análisis se identificó tres categorías temáticas: Complicaciones, Factores predictores y Diagnóstico/tratamiento. CONCLUSIÓN Las complicaciones en el sitio del acceso vascular son de ocurrencia variable de acuerdo con la vía de acceso utilizada. El conocimiento de los factores que están presentes en la ocurrencia de estos eventos puede auxiliar en el reconocimiento temprano, planeamiento y control de la atención implementados.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To map the production of knowledge on vascular access complications in patients undergoing percutaneous procedures in hemodynamic laboratories. METHODS Scoping review study. The search strategy was developed in three stages, considering the period from July 2005 to July 2015 in the PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and LILACS databases. The collected data were analyzed and summarized in a narrative form. RESULTS One-hundred twenty-eight publications that made it possible to map the contexts of study of complications, occurrence according to access routes, as well as an understanding of diagnosis and clinical management, were included. Three theme categories were identified: complications; predictive factors; and diagnosis/treatment. CONCLUSION Vascular access site complications range according to the access route used. Knowledge of factors that permeate the occurrence of these events may contribute to early detection, planning, and monitoring of the care implemented.

Does a small size needle puncture cause intervertebral disc changes?

PURPOSE:Small size needles have been regularly used for intradiscal injection of innocuous/potential therapeutic compounds in experimental conditions, but also in clinic procedures, such as discography. Our aim was to investigate if a 30-gauge needle could trigger observable changes on intact intervertebral discs. We compared these effects to those induced by a large size needle (21-gauge), a well-known intervertebral disc degenerative model based on needle puncture.METHODS:Coccygeal intervertebral discs (Co8-9) of adult male Wistar rats were punctured with a 21-gauge needle, while the coccygeal levels Co7-8 and Co9-10 remained intact. The 30-gauge needle was used to inject a safe volume of saline (2 µl) on both intact (Co9-10) and punctured (Co8-9) discs. MRI and histological score were performed at 2, 15 and 42 days after procedure.RESULTS: MRI analyses revealed significant reduction on signal intensity of 21-gauge punctured discs. Intact discs which received a saline injection through a 30-gauge needle also revealed significant alterations in the MRI signal when compared with control discs. No histological changes were observed in the intact saline injected discs at any time analyzed.CONCLUSION: Since significant intervertebral image changes were observed with a 30-gauge needle, cautious interpretation of the pharmacological inoculation findings is required.

Embolia gaseosa orbitaria y paraselar: reporte de un caso / Orbitary and parasellar gas embolism: case report

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 39 años, de sexo femenino con antecedentes de rinitis alérgica y depresión en tratamiento, que consulta al servicio de urgencia por un episodio vertiginoso, el cual es tratado con tietilperazina endovenosa en forma exitosa. Posteriormente, como control, se realiza una tomografía computarizada de cerebro que evidencia gas a nivel selar, paraselar, hacia senos cavernosos y canales ópticos, lo cual se interpreta como una complicación atribuible a la punción venosa de urgencia. La paciente es manejada en forma conservadora manteniéndose siempre asintomática en los controles, con una resolución completa a la vez del cuadro vertiginoso. Este caso ejemplifica una complicación de difícil diagnóstico y potencialmente grave en el manejo de un paciente de urgencia mediante medicamentos endovenosos.

We describe the case of a 39 years old female patient, with history of allergic rhinitis and depression who came to the emergency room with a vertiginous episode, which was treated with intravenous thiethylperazine. Computed tomography of the brain showed evidence of sellar, parasellar, cavernous sinus and orbitary gas, with the interpretation of this being a complication from the emergency room intravenous treatment. The patient was managed by conservative means and remained asymptomatic in controls, with a complete resolution of the vertiginous episode as well. This case illustrates a difficult to diagnose and potentially serious complication, in the management of a patient with any intravenous drugs.

Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules: is it Necessary to Use Local Anesthesia for the Application of One Needle Puncture?

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the difference in the degree of patient pain for an ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (USFNAB) of a thyroid nodule with one needle puncture with and without local anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients participated in the study. We examined prospective patients who would undergo US-FNABs of two thyroid nodules (larger than 10 mm maximum diameter), which were located in separate thyroid lobes. For one of these thyroid nodules, US-FNAB was performed following the administration of local anesthesia; for the other nodule, no anesthesia was administered. The application of anesthesia was alternatively administered between patients (either prior to the first US-FNAB procedure or prior to the second procedure). For all patients, the degree of pain during and after each US-guided FNAB was evaluated according to a 4-category verbal rating scale (VRS), an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS) and a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: The mean maximum diameters of thyroid nodules examined by US-FNAB with the use of local anesthesia and with no local anesthesia were 13.6 mm and 13.0 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference in nodule size (p > 0.05) between two groups. For the VRS, there were 27 patients with a higher pain score when local anesthesia was used and four patients with a higher pain score when no local anesthesia was administered. Nineteen patients had equivalent pain score for both treatments. This finding was statistically significant (p < 0.001). For the NRS, there were 33 patients with a higher pain score when local anesthesia was used and 10 patients with a higher pain score when no local anesthesia was administered. Seven patients had an equivalent pain score for each treatment. This finding was statistically significant (p < 0.001). For the VAS, there were 35 patients with a higher pain score when local anesthesia was used and 11 patients with a higher pain score where no local anesthesia was administered. Four patients had an equivalent pain score for both treatments. This finding was also statistically significant (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In our study, patient pain scales were significantly lower when no local anesthesia was used prior to US-FNABs of thyroid nodules as compared to when local anesthesia was administered. Therefore, we believe that when one needle puncture is used, US-FNAB should be performed without administering local anesthesia.

Cefalea post-punción en pacientes sometidas a cesárea bajo anestesia subaracnoidea. Eficacia de la posición sentada versus decúbito lateral / Migraine post-puncture in patients submitted to Caesarean under anesthesia subaracnoidea. Efficiency of the seated position versus lateral decubitus

Determinar si existen diferencias en la incidencia de cefalea post-punción dural (CPPD) en relación con la posición en la cual se realiza la punción: sentada vs. decúbito lateral izquierdo (DLI). Métodos: Se diseñó un ensayo clínico controlado (ECC), doblemente cegado, utilizando dos grupos y 202 pacientes. La CPPD se evaluó siguiendo los criterios clínicos validados para este diagnóstico. El monitoreo, los medicamentos (bupivacaína 0,5 por cien, 10 mg + 25 µg de fentanil) y el tipo de aguja (25G de Q), se estandarizaron para los dos grupos. Resultados: La posición DLI fue eficaz para disminuir la incidencia de CPPD en 45 por cien reduciendo su incidencia de 28,73 por cien en posición sentada a 15,62 por cien en DLI, con un riesgo relativo de 0,54 (IC95 por cien 0,31-0,96 p= 0,0321). El modelo de predicción demostró que no sólo la posición sino la experiencia del anestesiólogo, adicionado al éxito en el primer intento también se comporta como factor protector para CPDD, con RR de 0,45 (IC 95 por cien 0,26 – 0,76), p=0,003. Conclusiones: La población obstétrica sometida a cesárea bajo anestesia subaracnoidea en posición DL presenta menor riesgo de CPPD, cuando se compara con igual técnica de anestesia realizada en posición sentada.

Limited resection of infected puncture site potion of hemodialysis arteriovenous access graft [whether natural or synthetic], with replacement by an ex-situ saphenous vein bridge graft, for access salcage

Infection in a hemodialysis access graft is a serious complication that can lead to loss of the dialysis access. If the whole graft is involved, the only way is to remove it under appropriate antibiotic cover, and reconstruct another fistula. But, f only a localized segment As involved as in puncture site infection, trials have been made to excise this involved segment and replace the lost segment ex-situ by a substitute. Relative resistance of the autogenous saphenous vein to infection may present a more durable segment substitute. Study the efficacy of an ex-situ bridge segment of saphenous vein in replacing an injected localized segment of hemodialysis access; its resistance to infection and access salvage up to 3 months post operatively. Forty patients with ESRD having localized hemodialysis access puncture site infection. Twenty six had a PTFE access. Fourteen had a natural autogenous arm vein access. Follow up of the repaired access for 3 months for re-infection and access salvage and patency. The overall early access salvage rate was 36/40 cases [90%]. For ePTFE, it was 23/26 [88.46%] and for autogenous A-V fistula was 13/14 [92.9%]. The re-infection rate by the end of 3 months was 2.78%, with 4.3% for ePTFE grafts and 0% for auto genous A-Vfistulas. The overall access salvage and patency by the end of 3 months was 87.5%, with an overall access loss of 12.5%. The overall salvage for synthetic grafts was 84.6%, and for the autogenous vein was 92.85%. Each dialysis access should be preserved for use for as long as possible. Using a saphenous bridge ex-situ seems superior in late access salvage than using a bridge of PTFE and we recommend Its use In cases of puncture site localized infections

Pain Relieving Effect of Yakson Therapy for Infants / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Yakson therapy as a pain management tool on the physiologic and behavioral reponses of infants with a painful heelstick procedure. METHOD: Infants were randomly assigned to a group that underwent a series of Yakson therapy and a control that received nothingbefore a heelstick. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, and NIPS were compared between the experimental (n=16) and control (n=16) infants during an undisturbed baseline and after a standard heelstick procedure. Yakson therapy consisted of laying a hand on the back, and caressing the abdomen by hand for 5 minutes. RESULT: The pain scores of the Yakson group were lower than the control group. Foroxygen saturation, there were statistically significant differences between groups. For heart rate, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION: This data suggests that Yakson therapy had a pain relief effect in behavior responses and SaO2. Accordingly, Yakson therapy should be used as a nursing intervention for simple pain management for a heel prick.

The Effect of Oral Glucose on Pain Relief in Newborns / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to provide data for a nursing intervention to alleviate newborn pain clinically by investigating the effect of oral glucose. METHODS: Subjects were newborns hospitalized in the nursery. Informed consent was obtained from parents of 60 newborns. A heel stick was carried out for a test on 3 groups; the experimental, placebo, and control group. The Neonatal infant pain scale(NIPS), respiration rate, heart rate, peripheral oxygen partial pressure(SpO2), and crying duration were measured to assess pain reaction. All neonatal behaviors were recorded on videotape. RESULTS: There were significant differences in pain behavior during stimulus(F=4.195, p=.020), pain behavior immediately after blood-sampling (F=4.114, p=.021), and pain behavior 3 minutes after that (F=3.630, p=.033). However, there were no significant differences in heart rate, respiration rate, peripheral oxygen partial pressure or crying duration after the heel stick among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of glucose before a heel stick caused the reduction of neonatal pain behavior, which means that it has an effect of pain relief.

Uso da hidrocortisona no tratamento e na prevenção da cefaléia pós-punção da dura-máter: relato de casos / Hydrocortisone treatment and prevent post-dural puncture headache: case reports

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A cefaléia pós-punção da dura-máter é a complicação mais freqüente após a raquianestesia ou a sua perfuração acidental durante tentativa de bloqueio peridural. O objetivo deste relato é descrever o uso da hidrocortisona no tratamento e na prevenção da cefaléia pós-punção da dura-máter (CPPD). RELATO DOS CASOS: São relatados três casos em que a hidrocortisona foi utilizada no tratamento e na prevenção da cefaléia pós-punção da dura-máter. O primeiro foi de uma paciente obstétrica submetida à cesariana, que apresentou cefaléia no pós-operatório, não responsiva à medicação convencional e ao tratamento com tampão sangüíneo peridural (TSP), mas que apresentou remissão completa do quadro com hidrocortisona por via venosa. Outras duas pacientes, em quem ocorreu perfuração acidental da dura-máter durante a tentativa de localização do espaço peridural e que tratadas com hidrocortisona, por via venosa, com fins preventivos, não desenvolveram quadro de cefaléia. CONCLUSÕES: Nos casos observados a hidrocortisona mostrou eficácia no tratamento da CPPD após falha das medidas conservadoras e do TSP. A utilização da hidrocortisona em pacientes com perfuração acidental da dura-máter pode ser útil, pois não é técnica invasiva e a incidência e a gravidade das CPPD nesse grupo de pacientes é elevada. São necessários estudos controlados para estabelecer o real papel da hidrocortisona na prevenção e tratamento da CPPD.

Acceso venoso percutáneo braquial: Su utilidad en el cateterismo diagnóstico e intervencionista en cardiopatías complejas / Brachial percutaneous venous access: Its usefulness in the diagnostic and interventionist catheterism of complex cardiopathies

Introducción: El acceso venoso a la vena cava superior es obligatorio en pacientes portadores de anastomosis tipo Glenn. En cardiopatías complejas, es habitual la repetición de cateterismos, encontrando frecuentemente dificultades de acceso femoral. Para evitar la punción venosa yugular interna, potencialmente peligrosa, hemos utilizado la vena mediana basílica como acceso inicial. Objetivo: Valorar la efectividad y seguridad de la vía venosa braquial en pacientes, que precisan cateterismo cardíaco. Material y métodos: Se intentó la punción en 37 pacientes. Edad media 10 años (3.1-33.5). Todos ellos postoperados de cardiopatías complejas y con un promedio de 2.45 cirugías y 3.6 cateterismos por paciente. 40% de los pacientes: trombosis femoroilíaca bilateral. Técnica: Compresión venosa axilar, punción venosa basílica y canalización con introductor 4 a 6F. Resultados: Acceso efectivo: en 34 de los 37 pacientes (91.8%). En todos se realizó cateterismo diagnóstico, en 3, prueba pronóstica de oclusión y en 6 -angioplastía de rama pulmonar. Complicaciones: 2 obstrucciones tardías de la vena mediana basílica derecha (6%). Conclusiones: La punción venosa braquial es una técnica alternativa útil que permite acceso a cava superior y cavidades derechas a partir de los 3 años de edad, asociándose a un bajo porcentaje de complicaciones. Ciertas dilataciones vasculares pueden realizarse por esta vía.

Venous access through the superior caval vein is mandatory to study the pulmonary arteries in patients with a Glenn anastomosis. In complex congenital heart disease, repeat catheterizations may lead to iliac vein thrombosis and superior access is needed. In order to avoid the internal jugular venous puncture, we have used puncture of the antecubital vein as an elective access. Material: Brachial puncture was attempted in 37 patients. Mean age: 10 years (3.1-33.5). 2.45 heart surgeries and 3.6 cardiac catheterizations per patient had been previously performed in this group. 40% of patients had bilateral iliac vein thrombosis. Technique: Axillary vein external compression, venous puncture and introduction of 4-6 F sheath. Results: Venous access through brachial vein was achieved in 34 of 37 pts (91.8%). Diagnostic catheterization was done in all, balloon test occlusion of the pulmonary valve in 3 and pulmonary artery branch dilation in 6 pts. Complications: 2 late thrombosis of the right brachial vein (6%). Conclusions: Antecubital venous puncture is an alternative and useful technique that allows easy catheterization of superior caval vein, pulmonary artery and right heart chambers. It is associated with minor complication rate, avoiding internal jugular vein puncture. Certain therapeutic procedures can be performed through such route.

Exposición laboral a sangre y fluídos corporales: experiencia en un hospital pediátrico / Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids: experience in a children hospital

Se revisa la experiencia del hospital de niños Dr. Exequiel González Cortéz en el período comprendido entre enero 1992 y diciembre de 1999, respecto de las exposiciones laborales a sangre y fluidos corporales en el personal de salud. Estas exposiciones significan para dicho personal un riesgo agregado de adquirir patógenos como virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y virus de la hepatitis B entre otros, que depende de factores como su prevalencia en la población atendida, su transmisibilidad y el estado inmunológico del funcionario. En nuestra experiencia el personal más afectado es el grupo de enfermeras y las exposiciones más frecuentes son las punciones con aguja hueca. El accidente que produce más frecuentemente durante el procedimiento pero, en un número importante de casos, afecta a personal ajeno a éste por mala disposición y eliminación del material cortopunzante. La prevención de las exposiciones se basa en el cumplimiento de las precauciones estándares y la protección contra transmisión de enfermedades por esta vía en la inmunización activa de los funcionarios y/o la profilaxis post exposición según el patógeno involucrado. Este tema debe constituir objeto de capacitación permanente del personal de salud

Complicaciones vasculares en el implante de marcapaso endocárdico definitivo / Vascular complications during the implant of definitive endocardial pacemaker

Se revisa la frecuencia de complicaciones vasculares en la instalación de marcapaso endocárdico definitivo en 621 pacientes, cuya edad promedio fue de 65 años en los que predominó discretamente el sexo masculino. Se presentaron seis punciones arteriales y dos lesiones de vena subclavia. En siete casos el tratamiento fue conservador y en una lesión venosa que ocasionó hemotórax y choque hipovolémico, fue necesario realizar toracotomía para reparar la lesión. Los ocho casos complicados evolucionaron satisfactoriamente y no hubo mortalidad perioperatoria. Se concluye que la instalación de marcapaso endocárdico definitivo por vía venosa tiene poca incidencia de lesiones vasculares graves, y que de presentarse requieren tratamiento inmediato

Complicaciones vasculares en cateterismos cardiacos / The vascular complications following cardiac catheterizations

El trauma vascular y sus complicaciones por cateterismos cardiacos, tienen una incidencia variable, de acuerdo a la experiencia de cada centro hospitalario, que varía del 0.2 al 3 por ciento. El objetivo del trabajo es conocer la incidencia y características de estas complicaciones en el Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre del ISSSTE. Se realizaron en un periodo de 33 meses, 2,308 cateterismos cardiacos, el 81.2 por ciento por enfermedad coronaria, el 11.6 por ciento por enfermedad valvular cardiaca y se realizaron en un periodo de 33 meses, 2,308 cateterismos cardiacos, en 81.2 por ciento por enfermedad coronaria, el 11.6 por ciento por enfermedad valvular cardiaca y el 7.2 por ciento por cardiopatía congénita. Veintiséis lesiones vasculares fueron detectadas con una incidencia de 1.1 por ciento; once pacientes se manejaron conservadoramante y 15 fueron operados; la indicación quirúrgica más frecuente fue le hematoma expansivo en cinco pacientes, que se resolvió con trombectomía y arteriorrafia simple, lesión de arterias coronarias en cinco casos que se trataron con revascularización coronaria, amenaza de pérdida de extremidad en tres enfermos, que se sometieron a trombectomía y fasciotomía, un paciente presentó migración de férula endovascular coronaria a la arteria femoral común derecha y en otro paciente se presentó pseudoaneurisma de arteria humeral derecha que se reparó con interposición de segmento de vena safena autóloga. Los sitios de lesión en ocho pacientes fueron la arteria femoral común, cinco pacientes con lesión de arterias coronarias, otro caso con lesión de arteria femoral superficial y otro enfermo con lesión de arteria humeral derecha. El porcentaje más alto de complicaciones en los procedimientos realizados fue la angioplastia coronaria en 14 pacientes (4.3 por ciento). La morbilidad se presentó en tres pacientes con infección superficial de la herida en la región inguinal. No hubo mortalidad perioperatoria. Conclusión: Los mecanismos de lesión y las complicaciones están en relación directa a la vías de abordaje. El tiempo prolongado del procedimiento y la inadecuada heparinización sistémica, son factores directamante relacionados con complicaciones vasculares tempranas. La detección y el manejo quirúrgico temprano son determinantes para disminuir la morbimortalidad

Riesgo de infección del sistema nervioso central en pacientes con sistemas de derivación de lìquido cefalo raquideo ventriculo peritoneales / Risk of central nervous system infection in patients with ventriculo peritoneal shunts

La colocación de sistemas de derivación de LCR, como tratamiento quirúrgico de la hidrocefalia ha modificado signifficativamente el pronóstico de estos pacientes. La complicación más frecuente de este procedimiento es la infección. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los factores de riesgo de pioventriculitis asociada a sistemas de derivación de LCR ventriculo peritoneales en los pacientes atendidos en el hospital J. P. Garrahan. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de cohorte de los sistemas de derivación de LCR efectuados entre enero de 1994 a julio de 1995 y sus complicaciones infecciosas hasta diciembre de 1995. Se dividio a la población en pacientes con complicación infecciosa y sin ella. Se compararon entre ambos grupos las siguientes variables: edad, enfermedad de base, días previos a la internación, número de retoques previos, número de punciones previas, horario de colocación, baño y antibiótico prequirúrgico y experiencia del cirujano. Se analizaron 201 procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en 152 pacientes. Presentaron complicación infecciosa el 15,9 por ciento de los procedimientos. El tiempo transcurrido entre la colocación del sistema y la infección fue: x: 2 m, r:1-18m. El germen más frecuente fue el esfafilococo epidermidis meticilino resistente (75 por ciento). El análisis estadístico muestra como mayor factor de riesgo al número de punciones previas. Se observó además riesgo aumentado de infección en los menores de 6 meses, en aquellos con hidrocefalia secundaria a hemorragia intraventricular y en la realización del procedimiento por cirujanos de menor experiencia.