Origen alto de la arteria radial (Arteria braquirradial superficial): Presentación de 3 casos / High origin of the radial artery (superficial brachialarterial artery): Presentation of 3 cases

Se presentan tres casos de nacimiento alto de la arteria radial, todos en el miembro derecho, uno a nivel del tercio superior de la arteria braquial, el segundo caso a nivel del tercio medio de la misma y en el tercer caso el nacimiento de la arteria radial se produce a nivel de la arteria axilar. En todos los casos tienen un trayecto superficial en el brazo y antebrazo. En la mano forman el arco palmar arterial profundo de manera habitual. Estos casos representan el 7,5% de los 40 miembros disecados. El origen alto de la arteria radial es la variante más frecuente dentro de las anomalías del árbol arterial del miembro superior. Su importancia radica en el aumento de los procedimientos percutáneos sobre la arteria radial en cateterismos coronarios y en el cada vez más utilizado colgajo radial en las cirugías reconstructivas. Su trayecto superficial favorece los traumatismos y la confusión con venas, situación que puede ocasionar inyecciones medicamentosas accidentales en estas arterias con sus graves consecuencias.

We present three cases of high birth of the radial artery, all on the right limbone at the upper third of the brachial artery, the second at the middle third of the artery, and in the third case the radial artery arises at the level of the axillary artery. In all cases they have a superficial path in the arm and forearm. In the hand they form the deep arterial arch of the palmar in the usual way. These cases represent 7.5% of the 40 dissected members. The high birth of the radial artery is the most frequent variant within the arterial tree anomalies of the upper limb. Its importance lies in the increase of the percutaneous procedures on the radial artery in coronary catheterisms and in the increasingly used radial flap in the reconstructive surgeries. Its superficial pathway favors trauma and confusion with veins, a situation that can cause accidental drug injections in these arteries with their serious consequences.

Anomalies of radial and ulnar arteries / Anomalias nas artérias radial e ulnar

Abstract During dissection conducted in an anatomy department of the right upper limb of the cadaver of a 70-year-old male, both origin and course of the radial and ulnar arteries were found to be anomalous. After descending 5.5 cm from the lower border of the teres major, the brachial artery anomalously bifurcated into a radial artery medially and an ulnar artery laterally. In the arm, the ulnar artery lay lateral to the median nerve. It followed a normal course in the forearm. The radial artery was medial to the median nerve in the arm and then, at the level of the medial epicondyle, it crossed from the medial to the lateral side of the forearm, superficial to the flexor muscles. The course of the radial artery was superficial and tortuous throughout the arm and forearm. The variations of radial and ulnar arteries described above were associated with anomalous formation and course of the median nerve in the arm. Knowledge of neurovascular anomalies are important for vascular surgeons and radiologists.

Resumo Durante dissecção de membro superior direito de um cadáver de 70 anos, do sexo masculino, conduzida em um departamento de anatomia, foram observadas anomalias tanto na origem quanto no curso das artérias radial e ulnar. Após descer 5,5 cm desde a borda inferior do músculo redondo maior, a artéria braquial anomalamente se bifurcava em uma artéria radial medialmente, e em uma artéria ulnar lateralmente. No braço, a artéria ulnar se encontrava ao lado do nervo mediano, e seguia um curso normal no antebraço. A artéria radial se encontrava medialmente ao nervo mediano no braço e, então, no nível do epicôndilo medial, ela cruzava do lado medial para o lado lateral do antebraço, na superfície dos músculos flexores. O curso da artéria radial era superficial e tortuoso em todo o braço e antebraço. As variações das artérias radial e ulnar aqui descritas foram associadas a formação e curso anômalos do nervo mediano no braço. Conhecimento sobre anomalias neurovasculares são importantes para cirurgiões vasculares e radiologistas.

Implicancias clínico-quirúrgicas del origen alto de la arteria radial / Clinical and surgical implications of the radial artery high origin

Las variaciones arteriales del miembro superior tienen su justificación en el origen embriológico. El nacimiento de la arteria radial por proximal a la interlínea articular del codo es una de las variaciones anatómicas más frecuentes y su importancia radica en el aumento de los procedimientos percutáneos sobre la arteria radial en cateterismos coronarios y en el cada vez más utilizado colgajo radial en las cirugías reconstructivas. Su trayecto superficial favorece los traumatismos y la posibilidad de confusión con las venas puede ocasionar la realización de inyecciones medicamentosas accidentales en estas arterias con sus graves consecuencias. El conocimiento de las variaciones arteriales del miembro superior, y en especial de la arteria radial presentada en esta investigación, es fundamental al momento de planear abordajes clínicos y quirúrgicos que los involucre.

The upper limb arterial variations are justified by the embryological origin of all the limb. The birth of the radial artery above the joint line of the elbow is one of the most frequent anomalies and its importance is increasing in percutaneous procedures on the radial artery, in coronary catheterizations and the increasingly used of the ra- dial flap in reconstructive surgery. Its superficial way favors injuries and the possibility of confusion with veins that can cause accidental drug performing injections in these arteries with serious consequences. Knowledge of arterial variations of the upper limb, especially the radial artery presented in this research, is essential when planning clinical and surgical approaches that involves them.

Analysis and clinical importance of superficial arterial palmar irrigation and its variants over 86 cases / Análisis e importancia clínica de la irrigación arterial palmar superficial y sus variaciones sobre 86 casos

The classic description of the hand's superficial palmar arch is based on the anastomosis among the ulnar and radiopalmar arteries, a branch of the radial artery. However, the arch formation is highly variable regarding the size of the arteries that make it up and due to the existence of branches coming from other arteries and adding up as tributary to it. The objective of this paper is to classify these possible varieties, to define the formation of the arch, the reasons for its variable arrangement and the importance of its clinical and surgical applications. 86 formalized hands were dissected at 40 percent. There is prevalence concerning the size of the ulnar artery, with or without an arch. The anatomic knowledge of the variability in the arch formation becomes important in the application of surgical techniques that can help treating pathologies of the hand.

La descripción clásica del arco palmar superficial de la mano se basa en la anastomosis entre las arterias ulnar y radiopalmar, rama de la arteria radial. Igualmente, la formacion del arco es altamente variable desde el punto de vista del tamaño de las arterias que lo conforman y a la existencia de ramas provenientes de otras arterias y que se suman a las anteriores como tributarias del arco. El objetivo de este trabajo fue clasificar estas posibles variaciones, para definir la formacion del arco, las razones de su composicion variable y la importancia de sus aplicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas. Fueron disecadas 86 manos, formolizadas al 40 por ciento. Existía prevalencia de la arteria ulnar respecto a su tamaño, con o sin la formación de arco. El conocimiento anatómico de la variabilidad de la formación del arco palmar superficial es de fundamental importancia en la aplicación de técnicas quirúrgicas que pueden ayudar en el tratamiento de diversas patologías de la mano.

Case report of high origin of radial, ulnar, and profunda brachii arteries, its clinical implications and review of the literature / Relato de caso de origem alta das artérias radial, ulnar e braquial profunda, suas implicações clínicas e revisão de literatura

Arterial variations in the arm are of potential clinical implications as it is a frequent site of injury and also involved in many surgical and invasive procedures. During a dissection of the right upper extremity, an abnormal high origin of the radial and ulnar arteries was found. The brachial artery had a very short segment without any branches, divided into the radial and ulnar arteries at the upper third of the arm. The course and branching pattern of these radial and ulnar arteries in the arm are discussed. It was also observed that the profunda brachii artery was represented by two separate branches arising from the posterior circumflex humeral artery. Accurate knowledge of these variation patterns is of considerable clinical importance in the conduct of reparative surgeries around the shoulder and fracture management of the humerus. These additional data of arterial anomalies to contemporary anatomical literature are of interest to clinicians, in particular vascular and plastic surgeons and radiologists.

As variações arteriais no braço têm potenciais implicações clínicas já que o braço é um sítio de lesões frequentes, além de estar envolvido em muitos procedimentos cirúrgicos e invasivos. Durante a dissecção da extremidade superior direita, uma origem alta anormal das artérias radial e ulnar foi encontrada. A artéria braquial apresentava um segmento muito curto sem quaisquer ramos, dividindo-se nas artérias radial e ulnar no terço superior do braço. O curso e o padrão de ramificação das artérias radial e ulnar no braço são discutidos. Também se observou que a artéria braquial profunda estava representada por dois ramos separados, surgindo da artéria umeral circunflexa posterior. O conhecimento preciso sobre esses padrões de variação é de considerável importância na realização de cirurgias reparadoras na região do ombro e no manejo de fraturas de úmero. Estes dados adicionais sobre as anomalias arteriais para a literatura anatômica contemporânea são de grande interesse para os médicos, especialmente para cirurgiões plásticos e vasculares e radiologistas.

utilização da artéria radial como segundo enxerto arterial em pacientes acima de 70 anos / The use of the radial artery as the second choice for arterial graft in patients over 70 years of age

Objetivo: Estudo retrospectivo para avaliar a morbimortalidade e a evolução hospitalar em pacientes com idade superior a 70 anos, submetidos à operação de revascularização do miocárdio com utilização da artéria radial como segundo enxerto arterial.Método: No período de agosto de 1994 a dezembro de 2002, foram realizadas 2487 cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio no Instituto do Coração de Juiz de Fora. Dentre os pacientes operados, 476 tinham idade superior a 70 anos, sendo que em 36(GrupoII) foi utilizada a artéria radial como 2ºenxerto arterial. O mesmo tipo de cirurgia foi realizado em 142 pacientes com idade inferior a 70 anos(GrupoI). Não foram incluídas neste estudo reoperações, cirurgias sem CEC ou com procedimentos associados.Resultados: A média de idade do GrupoII foi 72,5 anos, a mortalidade hospitalar neste grupo de pacientes foi baixa, comparável à observada no mesmo tipo de operação realizada em pacientes com idades inferior a 70 anos.Conclusão: Diante destes resultados, os autores acreditam que a artéria radial possa ser usada com segurança como 2ºenxerto arterial em pacientes acime de 70 anos, criteriosamente selecionaodos, apesar do maior risco de comorbidades associadas nesta faixa etári

Surgical Treatment of Digital Ischemia Occurred after Radial Artery Catheterization

Permanent ischemic injury of the hand after radial artery cannulation is rare, but several cases of thromboembolism after the cannulation leading to amputation of affected limb or digits have been reported. A 48-yr-old man undergoing spine surgery showed normal modified Allen's test and had no preoperative vascular disease. We inserted 20-G radial artery catheter for the continuous monitoring of the blood flow and serial blood sampling. There was no specific event during the operation and the catheter was removed immediately after the operation. The signs and symptoms of the circulatory impairment of the radial artery developed four days after the operation and aggravated thereafter. Through the angiographic study, we found the total occlusion of the radial artery and some of its branches. After an emergent surgical exploration of the radial artery for removal of the thrombus and vein graft for the defect of the artery on the 8th postoperative day, the ischemic signs and symptoms disappeared and the radial pulse was restored.

Bilateral high radial nerve compressions: a case report.

A 40-year-old woman with bilateral high radial nerve compressions by non-traumatic cause was reported. It occurred first at the right radial nerve which was explored after a period of investigation and conservative treatment. Two constricted sites 2.0 cm apart of the right radial nerve crossed by branches of the radial collateral artery beneath the lateral head of the triceps were found. The constricted sites including tissue in between was resected and replaced with a sural nerve graft. One year later the patient had the same episode on the left side. The operative finding was the same as the previous one. Sural nerve graft was performed after neurolysis had failed. The patient's normal radial nerve function returned in one year. This is the first reported case in the literature of bilateral high radial nerve compressions by branches of the radial collateral artery.