Papel do receptor B2 de cininas na terapia da neurodegeneração dopaminérgica em modelo animal / Targeting Kinin-B2 receptors for the treatment of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in an animal mode

A Doença de Parkinson (DP) é um distúrbio neurodegenerativo, caracterizada em parte pela perda de neurônios dopaminérgicos da via nigroestriatal, originada na substância negra com projeções para o estriado, causando vários déficits motores. Atualmente, o tratamento mais utilizado é a administração de L-DOPA, um análogo da dopamina. Porém, essa droga apresenta eficácia limitada e induz diversos efeitos colaterais. A exploração dos efeitos neuroprotetores, proliferativos e neuroregenerativos da bradicinina (BK) em modelo animal de DP pode conduzir à substituição celular do tecido lesionado pela 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA). De fato, a BK e seus receptores possuem um grande espectro de ações fisiológicas, estando classicamente envolvida no controle da homeostase cardiovascular e inflamação, além de exercer efeitos protetores em fisiopatologias do sistema nervoso, como em modelos de acidente vascular cerebral. Vários tipos celulares têm suas vias de sinalização associadas à ativação do receptor B2 de cininas (B2BKR). Trabalhos anteriores de nosso grupo mostraram que a BK está envolvida na diferenciação neural de células progenitoras neurais por um loop autócrino que resulta em ativação do B2BKR. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho mostram a eficácia do tratamento com BK, um agonista de B2BKR, em animais submetidos à lesão da via nigro-estriatal induzida por 6-OHDA. Além disso, há uma recuperação comportamental e histológica desses animais quando tratados com Captopril®, um potencializador dos efeitos farmacológicos da BK, e com [Phe8Ψ(CH-NH)Arg9]-Bradicinina, agonista estável do receptor B2BKR. Assim, concluímos que a ativação de B2BKR pela BK desencadeiaum processo de neuroregeneração dopaminérgica de animais submetidos à lesão por 6-OHDA. Trabalhos recentes mostram que o receptor B2BKR desempenha um importante papel neuroprotetor em modelo animal da Doença de Alzheimer, o que corrobora nossos achados. Juntos, esses resultados contribuem para o estabelecimento da ação neuroprotetora e neurorregenerativa da BK no modelo de animal de neurodegeneração dopaminérgica, tornando-a uma excelente candidata para aplicação em terapias de reparo neuronal

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder partially characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway, originated in the substantia nigra with projections to the striatum, which causes several motor deficits. Currently, the most commonly used drug for PD treatment is levodopa. However, it has limited efficacy and induces several side effects. Elucidation of the neuroprotective, proliferative and neuroregenerative effects of bradykinin (BK) in animal models of PD can culminate in cellular replacement of the tissue damaged by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In fact, BK and its receptor have several physiological effects, being classically involved in the control of cardiovascular homeostasis and inflammation. Besides, BK exerts protective effects on nervous system pathophysiology, as observed in stroke models. Several cell types have their signaling pathways associated with the B2 kinin receptor (B2BKR) activation. Previous work from our group showed that BK is involved in differentiation of neural progenitor cells by an autocrine loop that results in activation of B2BKR. The results presented in this thesis show the efficacy of treatment with BK, through B2BKR activation, in animals submitted to nigrostriatal pathway injury induced by 6-OH dopamine. Furthermore, behavioral and histological recoveries of these animals were observed when treated with Captopril®, a potentiator of BK pharmacological effects, and with [Phe8Ψ (CH-NH) Arg9] -BK, a stable agonist of the B2BKR receptor. Thus, we conclude that BK activation of B2BKR triggers neuroregenerative processes in animals submitted to 6- OHDA injury. Recent studies showed that the B2BKR receptor plays an important neuroprotective role in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease, which corroboratesour findings. Together, these results contribute to the establishment of the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative actions of BK - an excellent candidate for neural repair therapies

Kinin B2-Receptor in human iPSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes / Receptor B2 de cininas na diferenciação de iPSC humanas em cardiomiócitos

Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for almost one third of all global deaths yearly, and therefore are largely studied. Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) have emerged as an exciting technology for cardiac disease modelling and personalised therapy. Nevertheless, issues concerning functional and molecular maturation are still faced. In addition to this, differentiation protocols generally yield a heterogeneous mixed population comprised of nodal, atrial and ventricular-like subtypes, being unsuitable for therapeutic purposes. Bradykinin (BK) is a vasoactive peptide which exerts important physiological roles in the cardiovascular system, having been previously described as important for cellular, keratinocyte and skeletal muscle differentiation. This project performed in cooperation with PluriCell Biotech, a startup specialized in the production and differentiation of hiPSC-CM, has sought (1) characterizing gene and protein expression of molecular markers of maturation and of subtype specification throughout of differentiation; (2) Assessing the electrical functionality of hiPSC-CM through the characterization of subtype-specific action potentials (APs) and (3) Investigating whether the progress of hiPSCCM maturation is regulated by BK through kinin-B2 receptors (B2R). Our results have validated the model that proposes a developmental-dependent switch between skeletal (ssTnI) and cardiac (cTnI) isoforms of troponin I as differentiation progresses, at least to some extent. Furthermore, prolonged time in culture has resulted in higher levels of expression of the ventricular marker MLC2v and in increased rates of ventricular-like action APs. Electrophysiological analysis of hiPSC-CM reveals a mixed population with AP morphologies correspondent to nodal, atrial and ventricular subtypes, all showing pronounced automaticity as well as other features of immature cardiomyocytes, such as low amplitude and depolarization velocity. Such findings are coherent with those from other groups who have attempted to differentiate mature native-like cardiac cells from pluripotent stem cells sources, without fully succeeding. After showing that differentiating hiPSC-CM express a functional and responsive B2R, the receptor was subjected to chronic activation with 10µM BK and 1µM BK or inhibition with 5µM Firazyr+BK. Even though B2R modulation has not interfered negatively with differentiation yields nor cell morphology, analysis of gene andprotein expression of ssTnI or cTnI and of the ventricular marker MLC2v, have revealed no significant results in comparison to untreated controls. This suggests that BK does not interfere on hiPSC-CM maturation nor subtype specification, although we cannot rule out that it could be leading to other unexplored effects. We recommend a closer look into which intracellular signalling pathways become active upon B2R stimulation in hiPSC-CM, in order to narrow down cellular processes for further investigation

Doenças cardiovasculares são responsáveis por quase um terço de todas as mortes globais anualmente, e por isto o sistema cardiovascular é amplamente estudado. Cardiomiócitos derivados a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas humanas (hiPSCCM) emergiram como uma promissora tecnologia para modelagem de doenças cardíacas e terapia personalizada. No entanto, desafios acerca de sua maturação funcional e molecular ainda são enfrentados. Além disso, protocolos de diferenciação geralmente levam à obtenção de populações heterogêneas contendo células com fenótipos similares aos de cardiomiócitos nodais, atriais e ventriculares sendo, portanto, inapropriadas para fins terapêuticos. A bradicinina (BK) é um peptídio vasoativo que exerce importantes papeis fisiológicos no sistema cardiovascular, além de ter sido previamente descrita como importante para a diferenciação neuronal, de queratinócitos e de músculo esquelético. Este projeto foi realizado em colaboração com a empresa PluriCell Biotech, uma startup especializada na produção e diferenciação de hiPSC-CM, e buscou (1) caracterizar a expressão gênica e proteíca de marcadores moleculares de maturação e de especificação de subtipos cardíacos durante a diferenciação; (2) avaliar a funcionalidade elétrica de hiPSC-CM por meio da caracterização de seus potenciais de ação (PAs) e (3) Investigar se o progresso da diferenciação de hiPSCCM é regulado por bradicinina por meio do receptor B2 (B2R). Nossos resultados validaram o modelo que propõe um switch na expressão das isoformas funcionais de troponina I esquelética (ssTnI) e cardíaca (cTnI), durante o desenvolvimento e diferenciação celular, pelo menos parcialmente. Além disso, tempo prolongado em cultura resultou em maiores níveis de expressão do marcador ventricular MLC2v, assim como maiores frequências de PAs com morfologias similares a de cardiomiócitos ventriculares. Análise eletrofisiológica de hiPSCCM revelam a existência de uma população mista contendo PAs correspondentes aos subtipos nodais, atriais e ventriculares, assim como pronunciada automaticidade e outros atributos típicos de cardiomiócitos imaturos, como baixa amplitude e devagar velocidade de despolarização. Estes resultados são coerentes com os de outros grupos que ainda não foram totalmente bem-sucedidos em diferenciar células cardíacas maduras similares acardiomiócitos nativos a partir de células-troncos pluripotentes. Após mostrar que as hiPSCCM expressam receptores B2 funcionais e responsivos, submetemos o receptor a uma ativação crônica com BK 10µM e BK 1µM ou inibição crônica com Firazyr 5µM + BK. Apesar da modulação do B2R não ter interferido de forma negativa no rendimento da diferenciação ou na morfologia celular, análise de expressão gênica e proteica de ssTnI e cTnI e do marcador ventricular MLC2v não revelou resultados significativos em comparação aos controles não-tratados. Isto sugere que a BK não interfere na maturação e especificação de subtipos cardíacos em hiPSC-CM, apesar de não podermos ignorar o fato de que ela poderia estar desencadeando outros efeitos inexplorados. Nós recomendamos um estudo mais aprofundado acerca de quais vias de sinalização se tornam ativas após estimulação do receptor B2 em hiPSC-CM, com o objetivo de afunilar quais processos celulares poderiam ser investigados em uma próxima etapa deste estudo

Expression and distribution of kinin B2 receptor in medulla and spinal cord tissues of Rats treated with capsaicin / Expresión y distribución del receptor B2 de cininas en la médula y tejido medular espinal de ratones tratados con capsaicina

Kinins are vasoactive peptides that promote pain and inflammation, yet centrally believed to participate to cardiovascular defensive reflexes produced by noxious stimuli. These peptides signal through the activation of two transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors named B1 and B2 receptors (B1R and B2R). The B2R is constitutive in healthy tissues and animals. The aim of the study was to measure the gene and protein expression of B2R kinin receptors in central and peripheral tissues isolated from control rats and rats were pre-treated with capsaicin on the second day of life (50 mg/kg, s.c.) or two weeks prior to sacrifice (125 mg/kg over three days, s.c.). The same treatment with saline was made in control animals. Levels of mRNA for B2R were measured by quantitative RT-PCR and Qualitative while receptor binding sites were measured on tissue sections with the radioligands 125I-HPP-Hoe 140 (B2R). B2R was expressed in all studied tissues (hypothalamus, paratrigeminal nucleus, nucleus of solitary tract, spinal cord, aorta and liver) and treatment capsaicin neonates when compared to controls, did not affect its level of expression. Capsaicin had no significant effect on the expression of B2R in some tissues on binding sites. The synthesis of B2R kinin receptor is not associated with sensory C-fibre and tissues showed no significant difference indicating that B2R was regulated by distinct mechanisms.

Las cininas son péptidos vaso activos que participan de mecanismos de dolor e inflamación, con la promoción de reflejos cardiovasculares defensivos producidos por estímulos nocivos. Estos péptidos señalizan por medio de la activación de dos receptores transmembrana acoplados a proteína G llamados receptores B1 y B2 (B1R y B2R). El B2R es constitutivo en tejidos saludables y en animales. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en tomar las medidas de la expresión del gen y la proteína del receptor B2R de cinina en tejidos centrales y periféricos aislados de ratones control y ratones pre tratados con capsaicina en el segundo día de vida (50 mg/kg, s.c.) o con dos semanas antes del sacrificio (125 mg/kg por tres días, s.c.). El mismo tratamiento fue hecho con solución salina en los animales control. Fueron medidos niveles de mRNA para B2R por RT-PCR en forma cuantitativa y cualitativa, en cuanto los sitios de unión del receptor fueron medidos en secciones de tejido con radioligante 125I-HPP-Hoe 140 (B2R). B2R fue expresado en todos los tejidos estudiados (hipotálamo, núcleo paratrigeminal, núcleo del tracto solitario, médula espinal, aorta e hígado). El tratamiento con capsaicina en ratones neonatos comparados con controles no presentaron afectación del nivel de expresión. Por otro lado, la capsaicina no tuvo efecto significante en la expresión de los sitios de unión de B2R en los tejidos. La síntesis del receptor B2R de cininas no está asociado con fibras C sensoriales así como los tejidos no mostraron diferencias significativas indicando que B2R es regulado por mecanismos distintos.

Study on the expression of bradykinin and its receptors B1R and B2R in the kidney immune injury in trichloroethylene-sensitized mouse / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression of bradykinin and its receptors B1R and B2R in the kidney immune injury in trichloroethylene-sensitized mouse and discuss the pathogenesis of Dermatitis Medicamentosa-like of TCE (ODMLT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>On the first days, intradermal injection by 50% TCE and the amount of FCA mixture 100 µl for initial sensitization; on 4, 7, 10 days, painted abdominal skin by 100 µl 50% TCE for three sensitization, on 17, 19 days, painted on the back skin by 100 µl 30% TCE for initial excitation and the last challenge; 24 h before each challenge, PKSI-527+TCE group received intraperitoneal injection by inhibitor PKSI-527 (50 mg/kg); solvent control group treat without TCE and sensitization and excitation reagent the same proportion of olive oil and acetone mixture, blank control group without any treatment. Before killing the mouse, renal weight and body weight were recorded. The renals and plasma were separated at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 d after the last challenge and observed pathological of the renals. Expression of B1R and B2R in renal were examined by immunofluorescence technique. Plasma were examined by ELISA for BK.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The renal pathological examination revealed the apparent damage of TCE sensitized mice which compared to solvent control group showed obvious cellular infiltration, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells. The renal damage of PKSI-527+TCE-sensitized groups which compared to the corresponding point of TCE-sensitized groups showed significantly reduced. The expression of BK in 24 h, 48 h and 72 h TCE-sensitized groups were significant higher than solvent control group and related TCE non-sensitized groups (P < 0.05) and 72 h point compared to the corresponding point of PKSI-527+TCE group was also increased, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expression levels of B1R and B2R in the kidney in 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 d TCE-sensitized groups were obviously higher than solvent control group and related TCE non-sensitized groups. The expression levels of B1R and B2R in the kidney in the four point of PKSI-527+TCE sensitized group were relatively lower than the corresponding point of TCE sensitized group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>KKS activation may involved in the renal immune injury of trichloroethylene-sensitized mouse and the expression change of bradykinin and its receptors B1R and B2R which may play an important role in the process.</p>

Expression of the kallikreins-kinins system in the corpus cavernosum of rats / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression of the kallikreins-kinins system in the corpus cavernosum of rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of tissue kallikrein I and kinin B2 receptor gene in the corpus cavernosum and heart of adult rats was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The tissue kallikrein I and kinin B2 receptor were detected in the corpus cavernosum as well as in the heart of the rats and the contents were similar.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A kallikreins-kinins system exists in the corpus cavernosum of rats, and the content is rich, almost similar to that in the heart.</p>