ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical characteristics and genetic etiology of a child with multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS).@*METHODS@#A child with MPS who was treated at the Orthopedics Department of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University on August 19, 2020 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the child was collected. Peripheral blood samples of the child and her parents were also collected. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for the child. Candidate variant was validated by Sanger sequencing of her parents and bioinformatic analysis.@*RESULTS@#The child, an 11-year-old female, had a complain of "scoliosis found 8 years before and aggravated with unequal shoulder height for 1 year". WES results revealed that she has carried a homozygous c.55+1G>C splice variant of the CHRNG gene, for which both of her parents were heterozygous carriers. By bioinformatic analysis, the c.55+1G>C variant has not been recorded by the CNKI, Wanfang data knowledge service platform and HGMG databases. Analysis with Multain online software suggested that the amino acid encoded by this site is highly conserved among various species. As predicted with the CRYP-SKIP online software, the probability of activation and skipping of the potential splice site in exon 1 caused by this variant is 0.30 and 0.70, respectively. The child was diagnosed with MPS.@*CONCLUSION@#The CHRNG gene c.55+1G>C variant probably underlay the MPS in this patient.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Female , Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Malignant Hyperthermia/genetics , Skin Abnormalities/genetics , Heterozygote , Mutation , Receptors, Nicotinic/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: Several studies have reported that variants rs16969968 G>A of the CHRNA5 gene and CYP2A6*12 of the CYP2A6 gene are associated with smoking and smoking refusal, respectively. In addition, some studies report that a higher cigarette consumption is associated with low body mass index (BMI). Aim: To analyze the allele and genotypic frequencies of these variants and their impact on smoking and BMI. Material and Methods: A blood sample was obtained and a survey about smoking habits was answered by 319 university students aged 18 to 35 years (127 women, 171 smokers), living in Northeastern Mexico. Genetic variants were studied by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism and their frequencies were associated with smoking and BMI. Results: No associations were found between the analyzed variants and smoking in the study groups. However, there was an association among non-smoking subjects between the A allele of rs16969968 and high a BMI (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This last variant may be involved in food-addiction disorders.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Body Mass Index , /genetics , Gene Frequency , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics , Smoking/genetics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Genetic Variation/genetics , Genotype , Mexico , Nicotine/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymorphism, Genetic/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acetylcholine (ACh) is known to be a key neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which is also produced in a variety of non-neuronal tissues and cell. The existence of ACh in maxilla in vivo and potential regulation role for osteogenesis need further study. RESULTS: Components of the cholinergic system (ACh, esterase, choline acetyltransferase, high-affinity choline uptake, n- and mAChRs) were determined in maxilla of rat in vivo, by means of Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results showed RNA for CarAT, carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase member 20 (Slc25a20), VAChT, OCTN2, OCT1, OCT3, organic cation transporter member 4 (Slc22a4), AChE, BChE, nAChR subunits α1, α2, α3, α5, α7, α10, ß1, ß2, ß4, γ and mAChR subunits M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 were detected in rat's maxilla. RNA of VAChT, AChE, nAChR subunits α2, ß1, ß4 and mAChR subunits M4 had abundant expression (2(-ΔCt) > 0.03). Immunohistochemical staining was conducted for ACh, VAChT, nAChRα7 and AChE. ACh was expressed in mesenchymal cells, chondroblast, bone and cartilage matrix and bone marrow cells, The VAChT expression was very extensively while ACh receptor α7 was strongly expressed in newly formed bone matrix of endochondral and bone marrow ossification, AchE was found only in mesenchymal stem cells, cartilage and bone marrow cells. CONCLUSIONS: ACh might exert its effect on the endochondral and bone marrow ossification, and bone matrix mineralization in maxilla.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Bone Marrow/physiology , Acetylcholine/metabolism , Cartilage/physiology , Cholinergic Agents/metabolism , Maxilla/metabolism , Osteogenesis/physiology , Bone Matrix/metabolism , Calcification, Physiologic/physiology , Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Carnitine Acyltransferases/genetics , Carnitine Acyltransferases/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Organic Cation Transport Proteins/genetics , Organic Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism , Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins/genetics , Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins/metabolism , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Maxilla/cytologyABSTRACT
Polymorphisms in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit CHRNA5 gene have been associated with lung cancer positive susceptibility in European and American populations. In the present hospital-based, case-control study, we determined whether polymorphism in rs503464 of CHRNA5 is associated with lung cancer risk in Chinese individuals. A single nucleotide polymorphism in CHRNA5 rs503464, c.-166T>A (hereafter T>A), was identified using TaqMan-MGB probes with sequencing via PCR in 600 lung cancer cases and 600 healthy individuals. Genotype frequencies for rs503464 (T>A) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the control population. However, genotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls (P < 0.05), while allele frequencies were not significantly different between groups. Compared to homozygous genotypes (TT or AA), the risk of lung cancer in those with the heterozygous genotype (TA) was significantly lower (OR = 0.611, 95%CI = 0.486-0.768, P = 0.001). Using genotype AA as a reference, the risk of lung cancer for those with genotype TA was increased 1.5 times (OR = 1.496, 95%CI = 1.120-1.997, P = 0.006). However, no difference in risk was observed between T allele carriers and A allele carriers (OR = 0.914, 95%CI = 0.779-1.073, P = 0.270). Stratification analysis showed that the protective effect of TA was more pronounced in those younger than 60 years, nonsmokers, or those without a family history of cancer, as well as in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma in clinical stages III or IV (P < 0.05). Therefore, the heterozygous genotype c.-166T>A at rs503464 of CHRNA5 may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, thus representing a susceptibility allele in Chinese individuals.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics , Case-Control Studies , China , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasm StagingABSTRACT
A genome-wide association study has identified the 15q25 region as being associated with the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Caucasians. This study intended as a confirmatory assessment of this association in a Korean population. The rs6495309C > T polymorphism in the promoter of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit 3 (CHRNA3) gene was investigated in a case-control study that consisted of 406 patients with COPD and 394 healthy control subjects. The rs6495309 CT or TT genotype was associated with a significantly decreased risk of COPD when compared to the rs6495309 CC genotype (adjusted odds ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval = 0.50-0.95, P = 0.023). The effect of the rs6495309C > T on the risk of COPD was more evident in moderate to very severe COPD than in mild COPD under a dominant model for the variant T allele (P = 0.024 for homogeneity). The CHRNA3 rs6495309C > T polymorphism on chromosome 15q25 is associated with the risk of COPD in a Korean population.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alleles , Asian People/genetics , Case-Control Studies , Forced Expiratory Volume , Genotype , Odds Ratio , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics , Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics , Republic of Korea , Risk Factors , SmokingABSTRACT
La patofisiología de la esquizofrenia (EQZ) sólo podrá entenderse en una aproximación integrativa, basada en la neurociencia de sistemas, para tratar de explicar cómo múltiples genes y neurotransmisores pueden actuar de manera sinérgica para producir el trastorno. En este trabajo se analizarán por separado los diversos endofenotipos de esta enfermedad para tratar de explicar, sobre la base de aproximaciones sistémicas, cómo ocurren los cambios en las interneuronas GABAérgicas en la EQZ, comenzando con la hipofunción GABAérgica y sus consecuencias sobre las neuronas piramidales corticales y la disfunción dopaminérgica a punto de origen hipocampal, lo que permite conciliar eventos neurobiológicos con sus consecuencias conductuales (consilience). Los circuitos involucrados por Lisman, Grace, Coyle, Green y otros autores en esta revisión integran las neurotransmisiones glutamatérgica, GABAérgica, dopaminérgica y colinérgica en un marco sistémico en que también se involucran factores de riesgo genético, para intentar demostrar sus acciones sinérgicas dentro del circuito y generar una aproximación desde la neurociencia de sistemas. Se intentará desarrollar estrategias de distinto orden para comprender la EQZ como enfermedad que produce sus consecuencias devastadoras a través de la acción sinérgica de genes y diversos neurotransmisores integrados en circuitos de procesamiento que operan en complejas dinámicas de tipo no-lineal.
Understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ) entails adopting a holistic approach based on systems neuroscience that allows to explain how multiple genes and neurotransmitters can act synergistically to trigger the disorder. In this article, the different endophenotypes of schizophrenia are analysed separaately, with the aim of explaining, by means of systemic approaches, how changes take place in GABAergic interneurons in SZ, starting from the GABAergic hypofunction and ists effects on cortical pyramidal neurons, as well as on the dopaminergic dysfunction at he pont of origin of the hippocampus, which enables to reconcile neurobiological events with their behavioural consequences ("consilience"). The circuits proposed by Lisman, Grace, Coyle, Green and other authors, that make up glutamatergic, GABAerci, dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmissions embedded in a systemic framework in whic genetic risk factors are also involved, are included in this review to demonstrate their synergistic actions within the circuit, as well as to develop an approach based on systems neuroscience. The present article will also provide different types of strategies intended to understand SZ as a disease that causes its devastating effects through the synergistic action of genes and the different neurotransmitters organized in processing circuits that operte in complex non-linear dynamics.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cholinergic Agents , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Interneurons/pathology , N-Methylaspartate/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics , Receptors, Serotonin/genetics , Allosteric Site/genetics , Presynaptic Terminals/pathologyABSTRACT
O etanol e a nicotina são as drogas mais comumente usadas no mundo. Como claramente indicado por estudos epidemiológicos, existe uma forte associação entre o tabagismo e o consumo de etanol principalmente durante o período da adolescência. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos em neurobiologia básica que avaliem o efeito da exposição combinada de nicotina e etanol durante o período da adolescência. Considerando que a nicotina é um agonista do receptor colinérgico nicotínico (nAChR) e que tem sido demonstrado que o etanol interage com os nAChRs, o presente trabalho tem como foco o estudo dos efeitos da exposição à nicotina e/ou ao etanol no sistema colinérgico durante a adolescência. Do 30º ao 45º dia pós-natal (PN) camundongos da cepa C57BL/6 foram expostos à nicotina (NIC) e/ou etanol (ETOH). Quatro grupos foram analisados: 1) exposição concomitante (NIC+ETOH) à solução de nicotina (50ug/ml) e etanol (25%, 2g/kg i.p. em dias alternados), 2) exposição a NIC, 3) exposição ao ETOH, 4) exposição ao veículo. Foram quantificadas a expressão/afinidade do [3H] hemicolinium-3 (HC-3) ao transportador de alta afinidade présinaptico de colina, ao final da exposição (PN45), após curto (PN50) e longo período de retirada (PN75). Ao final da exposição, o grupo NIC+ETOH apresentou upregulation de nAChRs, refletindo simples somação dos efeitos da NIC e ETOH no córtex cerebral e sinergismo no mesencéfalo. A upregulation devido à exposição combinada foi mantida mesmo após alguns dias de retirada das drogas. Um mês após o término da exposição, os valores foram semelhantes aos obtidos para os animais veículo. Em PN45, machos NIC apresentaram aumento da ChAT no córtex cerebral, mas o ETOH foi capaz de reverter este efeito. Ao contrário, fêmeas NIC apresentaram diminuição da ChAT. No mesencéfalo, somente ETOH promoveu aumento da ChAT. Já em PN50, o grupo NIC apresentou aumento na ChAT que foi revertido na retirada combinada de NIC+ETOH. Em PN75, o grupo NIC+ETOH...
Nicotine and ethanol are the most commonly consumed drugs. As clearly indicated by epidemiological studies, there is a close interrelationship between smoking and alcohol consumption manly during adolescence period. However, there are few studies on the basic neurobiology of the effects of the combined nicotine and ethanol exposure in the adolescent brain. Since nicotine is a cholinergic agonist and it has been shown that ethanol interferes with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), the current proposal will focus on the cholinergic effects of nicotine and/or ethanol treatment during adolescence. From the 30th to the 45th postnatal day (PN), C57BL/6 mice were exposed to nicotine free base (NIC) and/or ethanol (ETOH). Four groups were analyzed: 1) concomitant (NIC+ETOH) exposure of nicotine (50 ug/ml) and ethanol (25%, 2 g/kg i.p. every other day); 2) NIC exposure; 3) ETOH exposure; 4) vehicle. We assessed nAChR (alfa4beta2) binding, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and [3H] hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) binding to the high affinity presynaptic choline transporter at the end of exposure period (PN45), at short (PN50) and long term (PN75) withdrawal. At the end of exposure period, NIC+ETOH elicited a pronounced upregulation which reflect simple additivity of the effects of nicotine and ethanol in the cerebral cortex and synergism in the midbrain. On PN45, male NIC mice presented an increase in ChAT in the cerebral cortex. However, ETOH reversed this effect. In contrast, female NIC mice presented decreased ChAT activity. In the midbrain, ETOH increased ChAT. On PN50, NIC mice presented an increase in ChAT activity that was reversed by ETOH withdrawal. In addition, NIC+ETOH long term withdrawal elicited a decrease in ChAT activity. Regarding HC-3, binding was not affected on PN45. ETOH and NIC+ETOH withdrawal promoted a decrease at short and long-term withdrawal. These results provide experimental evidences that nicotine and ethanol during adolescence...