Terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina associada à injeção intravítrea de antifator de crescimento endotelial vascular para tratamento de hemangioma circunscrito de coroide / Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin associated with intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor for the treatment of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma

RESUMO O hemangioma de coroide é um tumor vascular benigno, de coloração vermelho-alaranjada, bem delimitado, caracterizado por uma placa elevada. É um tumor raro, com prevalência de um caso a cada 40 tumores de coroide. O diagnóstico pode ser feito por meio da clínica associada à avaliação biomicroscópica e a exames complementares para diferenciação de outros tumores. O tratamento pode ser expectante nos casos assintomáticos. Para os casos sintomáticos ou com presença de fluido sub-retiniano, existem diversas terapias. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de hemangioma circunscrito de coroide submetido a tratamento combinado de terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina e injeção intravítrea de antiangiogênico (bevacizumabe). A decisão de tratar um hemangioma de coroide deve ser individualizada com base nos sintomas, na perda visual e em qualquer potencial de sua recuperação. O exame oftalmológico completo é necessário, mesmo em casos assintomáticos, para rastreamento precoce de doenças oculares.

ABSTRACT Choroid hemangioma is a benign, well-delimited orange-red, vascular tumor characterized by an elevated plaque. It is a rare tumor with a prevalence of one case in every 40 choroidal tumors. It can be diagnosed by the clinic associated with biomicroscopic evaluation and complementary tests to differentiate from other tumors. Treatment can be expectant in asymptomatic cases. For symptomatic cases or those with the presence of subretinal fluid, there are several therapies. The objective of this study was to report a case of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma submitted to combined treatment of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin and intravitreal injection of an antiangiogenic agent (bevacizumab). The decision to treat choroidal hemangioma must be individualized based on symptoms, visual loss, and any potential for recovery. A complete eye examination is necessary, even in asymptomatic cases, for early screening for eye diseases.

Efficacy of targeted therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ABSTRACT We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the efficacy of the targeted therapies in the treatment of advanced RCC and, via an indirect comparison, to provide an optimal treatment among these agents. A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Clinical Trials unpublished was performed up to Jan 1, 2015 to identify eligible randomized trials. Outcomes of interest assessing a targeted agent included progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR). Thirty eligible randomized controlled studies, total twentyfourth trails (5110 cases and 4626 controls) were identified. Compared with placebo and IFN-α, single vascular epithelial growth factor (receptor) tyrosine kinase inhibitor and mammalian target of rapamycin agent (VEGF(r)-TKI & mTOR inhibitor) were associated with improved PFS, improved OS and higher ORR, respectively. Comparing sorafenib combination vs sorafenib, there was no significant difference with regard to PFS and OS, but with a higher ORR. Comparing single or combination VEGF(r)-TKI & mTOR inhibitor vs BEV + IFN-α, there was no significant difference with regard to PFS, OS, or ORR. Our network ITC meta-analysis also indicated a superior PFS of axitinib and everolimus compared to sorafenib. Our data suggest that targeted therapy with VEGF(r)-TKI & mTOR inhibitor is associated with superior efficacy for treating advanced RCC with improved PFS, OS and higher ORR compared to placebo and IFN-α. In summary, here we give a comprehensive overview of current targeted therapies of advanced RCC that may provide evidence for the adequate targeted therapy selecting.

Informe de evaluación científica basada en la evidencia disponible: cáncer renal metastásico / Scientific evaluation report based on available evidence: metastatic renal cancer

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Cáncer Renal (CR) representa el 2-3% de los cánceres del adulto a nivel mundial, presentando la mayor incidencia en los países occidentales. En 2014, se estimó que habría 63.920 casos nuevos de cáncer de riñón en EEUU, con 13.860 muertes estimadas por esta enfermedad y una tasa de sobrevida global a 5 años de aproximadamente el 70%. En Chile, según el Primer Informe de Registros Poblacionales la tasa de incidencia al 2012 fue de 6,9 x 100.000 hab., y la tasa general de mortalidad el año 2011 de 3,8 x 100.000 hab. Según el Departamento de Estadísticas e Información en Salud (DEIS) del MINSAL, el año 2011 se produjeron 657 fallecidos por esta causa, 401 hombres y 256 mujeres, con una relación Hombre: Mujer de 1,57:1. La tasa de mortalidad general va en ascenso: 2,7 x 100.000 el año 1997 v/s 3,8 en el año 2011. En cuanto a su histología, más de 90% de los cánceres de riñón surgen en el parénquima renal (siendo la mayoría carcinomas de células renales), y el resto en la pelvis renal. Antes de 2005, el tratamiento se limitaba a citoquinas terapia con IL-2 o IFN-a, cuya eficacia era limitada y de alta toxicidad. Este informe evalúa sunitinib, pazopanib y axintinib para pacientes con CR avanzado o metastásico de células claras en pacientes aptos para recibir inmunoterapia. TECNOLOGÍAS SANITARIAS ANALIZADAS: Sunitinib (SUTENT®); Pazopanib (VOTRIENT®, VORIFAS®, KIPANIB®, INOXTAR®); Axitinib (INYTA®). EFICACIA DE LOS TRATAMIENTOS: Se encontraron seis revisiones sistemáticas relevantes que compararon el uso de pazopanib contra placebo, y que muestran el resultado de 2 Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorizados (ECAs). Además, se encontraron 2 revisiones sistemáticas con meta-análisis de redes que inclueron 20 ECAs que comparaban directa o indirectamente axitinib y sunitinib contra placebo. Pazopanib, en comparación a placebo, probablemente no tiene un efecto importante en la mortalidad de pacientes con cáncer renal metastásico, pero reduce la progresión de la enfermedad. Sunitinib, en comparación a placebo podría hacer poca o ninguna diferencia respecto de la mortalidad de pacientes con cáncer renal metastásico, mientras que podría reducir la mortalidad de pacientes con cáncer renal metastásico. Axitinib, en comparación a placebo podría reducir la mortalidad de pacientes con cáncer renal metastásico. ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO: Las agencias de distintos países (Canadá, Inglaterra y Australia) recomiendan el uso de Sunitinib, Pazopanib y Axitinib para el tratamiento del cáncer renal metastásico. Algunas agencias (Canadá e Inglaterra) han realizado esta recomendación siempre y cuando se considere un costo razonable para estos medicamentos. En consideración se tiene también en las distintas líneas que se consideran los tratamientos. El impacto presupuestario calculado para el primer año es de MM$ 2.049 (Sunitinib), MM$2.674 (Pazopanib) y MM$1.303 (Axitinib). CONCLUSIÓN: Para dar cumplimiento al artículo 28° del Reglamento que establece el proceso destinado a determinar los diagnósticos y tratamientos de alto costo con Sistema de Protección Financiera, según lo establecido en los artículos 7°y 8° de la ley N°20.850, aprobado por el decreto N°13 del Ministerio de Salud, se concluye que el presente informe de evaluación se considera favorable para los 3 tratamientos considerados, de acuerdo a lo establecido en el Título III. de las Evaluaciones Favorables de la Norma Técnica N° 0192 de este mismo ministerio.

Sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma

Cancer is among most important causes of death in recent decades. Whoever the renal cell carcinoma incidence is low but it seems it is more complicated than the other cancers in terms of pathophysiology and treatments. The purpose of this work is to provide an overview and also deeper insight to renal cell carcinoma and the steps which have been taken to reach more specific treatment and target therapy, in this type of cancer by developing most effective agents such as Sorafenib. To achieve this goal hundreds of research paper and published work has been overviewed and due to limitation of space in a paper just focus in most important points on renal cell carcinoma, treatment of RCC and clinical development of Sorafenib. The information presented this paper shows the advanced of human knowledge to provide more efficient drug in treatment of some complicated cancer such as RCC in promising much better future to fight killing disease.

Molecular targeting for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma / 대한간학회지

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health problem, which has a grave morbidity and mortality. Over the past few decades, no effective systemic therapeutic modalities have been established for patients with the unresectable HCC in advanced stage. Sorafenib is a small molecule that blocks cancer cell proliferation by targeting the intracellular signaling pathway at the level of Raf-1 and B-Raf serine-threonine kinases, and exerts an anti-angiogenic effect by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, 2 and 3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta tyrosine kinases. Recently, two clinical successful applications, SHARP and Asia-Pacific trial, of multikinase inhibitor sorafenib represent a significant advance in the treatment of advanced HCC patients without a curative chance. However, because the results of clinical trials show diverse responses in a subset of HCC patients, a molecular classification of HCC through the excavation of specific biomarkers related to its biological behavior is necessary for sorting HCC patients to each group with a biological homogeneity, ultimately leading to the most suitable individualization of molecular targeted therapy in HCC.

An antioxidant modulates expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB in asthma

Oxidative stress plays critical roles in airway inflammation that is usually accompanied by increased vascular permeability and plasma exudation. VEGF increases vascular permeability and leads to airway inflammation. In addition, VEGF has been shown to enhance receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) expression in endothelial cells. An aim of the study was to determine the potential role of antioxidant in the regulation of RANK expression in murine model of asthma. We have used a C57BL/6 mouse model of allergic asthma to evaluate the effect of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC), a prodrug of cysteine, which acts as an antioxidant, and VEGF receptor inhibitor on RANK mRNA expression. The mice develop the following pathophysiological features of asthma in the lungs: increased expression of RANK mRNA, increased number of inflammatory cells of the airways, increased vascular permeability, and increased levels of VEGF. Administration of OTC and VEGF receptor inhibitor markedly reduced plasma extravasation and VEGF levels in allergen-induced asthmatic lungs. We also showed that the increased RANK mRNA expression at 72 h after ovalbumin inhalation were reduced by the administration of OTC or VEGF receptor inhibitor. The results indicate that OTC and VEGF receptor inhibitor which inhibit up-regulation of VEGF expression modulate RANK expression that may be in association with the regulation of vascular permeability, and suggest that VEGF may regulate the RANK expression. These findings provide a crucial molecular mechanism for the potential use of antioxidants to prevent and/or treat asthma and other airway inflammatory disorders.