Ventilación controlada por volumen y por presión en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas intervenidos quirúrgicamente / Volume- and pressure-controlled ventilation in surgically intervened patients with chronic respiratory diseases

Fundamento: Existe una alta frecuencia en nuestro medio de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y asma bronquial que requieren intervenciones quirúrgicas electivas y precisan de anestesia general con ventilación mecánica controlada por volumen y por presión. Objetivo: Comparar ambos métodos de ventilación controlada en los pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas intervenidos quirúrgicamente de forma electiva en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de Camagüey. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico. El universo comprendió 83 pacientes y la muestra por 40 pacientes. Se conformaron dos grupos de estudio: grupo I, en el cual se utilizó la ventilación controlada por volumen y se prefijó el volumen tidal a 7 mL/kg, con frecuencia respiratoria de 10-12 respiraciones por minuto, índice de inspiración-espiración 1:2 y FiO2 de 20,5 por ciento, y grupo II, en el cual se empleó la ventilación controlada por presión y se prefijó la presión inspiratoria pico ideal para garantizar el volumen minuto adecuado en el paciente, con frecuencia respiratoria de 10-12 respiraciones por minuto, índice de inspiración-espiración 1:2 y FiO2 0,5 por ciento. En ambos grupos se calculó la compliance dinámica y se determinó la relación presión arterial de oxígeno y fracción inspirada de oxígeno. Resultados: Se encontraron cifras mayores de la relación PO2/FiO 2, cifras de PIP más bajas y una mejor compliance dinámica en el grupo II. Conclusiones: La ventilación controlada por presión es una modalidad ventilatoria que ofrece al paciente adecuada oxigenación con mejor compliance y control de la presión inspiratoria pico(AU)

Background: Our scenario presents high frequency of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma and who require elective surgery and general anesthesia with volume- and pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation. Objective: To compare both methods of controlled ventilation in patients with chronic respiratory diseases electively operated at Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital in Camagüey. Methods: Analytical, observational study. The universe comprised 83 patients and the sample comprised 40 patients. Study group I, in which volume-controlled ventilation was used, and volume was adjusted to 7 mL/kg, with respiratory rate of 10-12 breaths per minute, inspiratory-expiration ratio 1:2, and FiO 2 at 20.5 percent; and group II, in which pressure-controlled ventilation was used and the ideal peak inspiratory pressure was set to ensure the patient's adequate volume per minute, respiratory rate of 10-12 breaths per minute, inspiratory-expiration index 1:2, and FiO2 at 0.5 percent. Dynamic compliance was calculated in both groups and the relationship between oxygen arterial pressure and inspired oxygen fraction was determined. Results: We found higher numbers of the PO2/FiO2 ratio, lower PIP numbers and better dynamic compliance in group II. Conclusions : Pressure-controlled ventilation is a ventilation modality that offers the patient adequate oxygenation with better compliance and control of peak inspiratory pressure(AU)

Avances en videobroncoscopia / Advances in videobronchoscopy

La Broncoscopia es sin duda el ámbito de medicina respiratoria que más ha sufrido cambios en los últimos 30 años. Principalmente dado por los avances tecnológicos que han permitido llegar, ver y hacer mucho más de lo que se pensó que era factible por vía endoscópica.

The most evolved area in the respiratory medicine in the last 30 years, is without any doubt the Bronchoscopy. This are the results of the tecnological advances, that let us go, see and do, further than we thougth by endoscopy.

Effects of Normal Saline for Maintenance of Arterial Lines of Surgical Patients

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of saline solution vs. heparinized-saline for maintenance of arterial lines and to detect changes in platelet and aPTT as physiological indexes. METHODS: In this nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized, double-blind study the effects of heparinized and saline solution on the maintenance of arterial lines were compared. Fifty five patients received the heparinized solution and fifty nine patients received the saline solution. All patients who had surgery in K-university hospital between September and December 2011 were eligible for participation in the study. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the saline and the heparin group in the maintenance time of the arterial lines or the number of irrigations. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in changes in the number of platelets and aPTT for interaction between the groups and time intervals. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that saline solution can be used as an irrigation solution for the maintenance of arterial lines of adult surgical patients, rather than heparinized-saline, in view of potential risk factors in the use of heparin.

Avaliação da enurese noturna em crianças com distúrbios respiratórios obstrutivos (DRO) durante o sono, antes e após adenotonsilectomia / Nocturnal enuresis in children with obstructive breathing disorders during sleep, before and after adenotonsilectomy

Introdução: Distúrbios respiratórios obstrutivos (DRO) são frequentes em crianças e têm como sua principal causa a hipertrofia das tonsilas. A enurese noturna tem sido associada aos DRO, causando assim importante impacto psicossocial. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre enurese e DRO em crianças e sua possível melhora após adenoidectomia e/ou tonsilectomia. Métodos: Foram estudadas 138 crianças do Ambulatório de Distúrbios do Sono, com idade entre 5 e 12 anos, com indicação de adeno e/ou tonsilectomia por DRO. Foram analisadas variáveis como: sexo, idade e presença de enurese. As crianças foram reavaliadas três a seis meses após o tratamento cirúrgico. Resultado: Dentre as 138 crianças, 31 (22,5%) apresentavam enurese noturna. Houve predomínio na faixa etária de cinco a sete anos, com distribuição igual entre os gêneros. Houve melhora da enurese em 21 (67,7%) dos pacientes após o procedimento cirúrgico, em sete (70%) das dez crianças nas quais persistiu a enurese, também houve persistência dos roncos. Conclusão: A enurese noturna é frequente em crianças com DRO e pode ter melhora após tratamento da causa da obstrução respiratória, sugerindo interação entre SAOS e enurese noturna.

Traqueostomía en el paciente crítico / Tracheostomy in the critical patient

Tracheostomy has evolved from a complex surgical intervention traditionally performed in the operating room, to a bedside procedure that can be done in the Intensive Care Unit, through a percutaneous approach. Percutaneous tracheostomy has proven to be as safe as open surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation; therefore it seems to be a more suitable approach for these patients because it avoids the need of mobilizing patients outside their units and is performed in less time. Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique is the most widespread method of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, and exhibits an adequate safety profile. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance and preliminary cervical ultrasound examination in selected patients improve the safeness of the procedure. Currently, the available evidencestrongly suggests that achieving an early tracheostomy may shorten mechanical ventilation days and stay in the Intensive Care Unit, but a decline in ventilator-associated pneumonia incidence and overall mortality reduction remains to be proven. In hands of an experienced intensivist, relative contraindications should not be an impediment to perform a percutaneous tracheostomy, since it can be performed safely even in high risk critically ill patients. Recently completed studies and those close to be finished, will provide interesting data on this significant topic.

Local experience in paediatric flexible bronchoscopy

All children who underwent flexible bronchoscopy in the respiratory unit at Paediatric Institute, Hospital Kuala Lumpur from June 1997 to June 2002 were reviewed. A hundred and ten children underwent the procedure under sedation or general anaesthesia. The median age of these children was eight months. (Q1 3, Q3 30) The commonest indication for performing flexible bronchoscopy was for chronic stridor (50 cases) followed by persistent or recurrent changes such as lung infiltrates, atelectasis and consolidation on the chest radiographs (22). Laryngomalacia was found to be the commonest cause of stridor in 29 children. Two patients were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. With regard to safety, three procedures were abandoned due to recurrent desaturation below 85%. One of these patients had severe laryngospasm that required ventilation for 48 hours but recovered fully. Two neonates developed pneumonia requiring antibiotics following bronchoscopy. No patients developed pneumothorax or bleeding following the procedure. Bronchoscopy is a safe procedure when performed by well-trained personnel. Since it is an invasive procedure the benefits must outweigh the risks before it is performed.

O uso do sistema prognosticador apache II (classificaçäo da severidade da doença) no pós-trauma de pacientes submetidos à nutriçäo enteral / The use of apache II (a severity of disease classification system) in trauma care patients under enteral nutrition

O sistema de classificaçäo da severidade da doença APACHE II foi testado a fim de identificar os pacientes graves suscetíveis de apresentar intolerância digestiva, a partir da administraçäo de dieta enteral polimérica. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em 40 pacientes na fase de recuperaçäo de traumas diversos que receberam suporte nutricional enteral. Quando o score do APACHE II da admissäo foi utilizado isoladamente, näo foi possível prever quais pacientes poderiam desenvolver intolerância digestiva. Contudo, quando um score deAPACHE II ò 10 foi associado a uma administraçäo de dieta ò 1.500Kcal com piora e/ou estagnaçäo do quadro clínico, observou-se, para esses critérios, uma sensibilidade de 83,3 por cento e uma especificidade de 78,5//com um Odds ratio (O.R.) de 3,87. Esses achados sugerem que o sistema APACHE II, nessa casuística, associado a outros fatores pode constituir-se num guia eficaz de prediçäo dos pacientes suscetíveis de apresentar intolerância digestiva

Paciente respiratorio crónico: evaluación pre y post operatoria / Pre and post operative evaluation of the chronic respiratory patient

Las complicaciones pulmonares postquirúrgicas son de frecuencia relativa habitual en la cirugía de abdomen y tórax, y esto, se exacerba en el paciente respiratorio crónico. Se revisan los factores importantes a considerar en el intra y postoperatorio de estos pacientes con énfasis en las medidas de prevención orientadas a disminuir estos riesgos