Blood flow velocity in monocular retinoblastoma assessed by color doppler

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the flow of retrobulbar vessels in retinoblastoma by color Doppler imaging. METHODS: A prospective study of monocular retinoblastoma treated by enucleation between 2010 and 2014. The examination comprised fundoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and color Doppler imaging. The peak blood velocities in the central retinal artery and central retinal vein of tumor-containing eyes (tuCRAv and tuCRVv, respectively) were assessed. The velocities were compared with those for normal eyes (nlCRAv and nlCRVv) and correlated with clinical and pathological findings. Tumor dimensions in the pathological sections were compared with those in magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography and were correlated with tuCRAv and tuCRVv. In tumor-containing eyes, the resistivity index in the central retinal artery and the pulse index in the central retinal vein were studied in relation to all variables. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were included. Comparisons between tuCRAv and nlCRAv and between tuCRVv and nlCRVv revealed higher velocities in tumor-containing eyes (p <0.001 for both), with a greater effect in the central retinal artery than in the central retinal vein (p =0.024). Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography measurements were as reliable as pathology assessments (p =0.675 and p =0.375, respectively). A positive relationship was found between tuCRAv and the tumor volume (p =0.027). The pulse index in the central retinal vein was lower in male patients (p =0.017) and in eyes with optic nerve invasion (p =0.0088). CONCLUSIONS: TuCRAv and tuCRVv are higher in tumor-containing eyes than in normal eyes. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography measurements are reliable. The tumor volume is correlated with a higher tuCRAv and a reduced pulse in the central retinal vein is correlated with male sex and optic nerve invasion.

Simplified Correction of Ischemic Index in Diabetic Retinopathy Evaluated by Ultra-widefield Fluorescein Angiography

PURPOSE: To develop a novel, simplified method for correcting the ischemic index of nonperfused areas in diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 103 eyes with naive DR that underwent ultra-widefield angiography (UWFA) over a year. UWFAs were graded according to the quantity of retinal non-perfusion, and uncorrected ischemic index (UII) and corrected ischemic index (CII) were calculated using a simplified, novel method. RESULTS: The average differences between UII and CII in the non-proliferative DR group and the proliferative DR group were 0.7 +/- 0.9% in the 50% CII group, respectively. A CII >25% was critical for determining DR progression (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Distortion created by UWFA needs to be corrected because the difference between UII and CII in DR increases with the ischemic index.

Simplified Correction of Ischemic Index in Diabetic Retinopathy Evaluated by Ultra-widefield Fluorescein Angiography

PURPOSE: To develop a novel, simplified method for correcting the ischemic index of nonperfused areas in diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 103 eyes with naive DR that underwent ultra-widefield angiography (UWFA) over a year. UWFAs were graded according to the quantity of retinal non-perfusion, and uncorrected ischemic index (UII) and corrected ischemic index (CII) were calculated using a simplified, novel method. RESULTS: The average differences between UII and CII in the non-proliferative DR group and the proliferative DR group were 0.7 +/- 0.9% in the 50% CII group, respectively. A CII >25% was critical for determining DR progression (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Distortion created by UWFA needs to be corrected because the difference between UII and CII in DR increases with the ischemic index.

Pattern of inner retinal layers involvement in pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy as determined by SD-OCT: case report / Padrão de envolvimento das camadas retinianas internas na atrofia retinocoroidiana pigmentada paravenosa determinado pelo SD-OCT: relato de caso

Pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy is an ocular disease characterized by outer retina and choroidal atrophy often with overlying intraretinal bone spicule pigment deposition along the retinal veins. As a rare condition, there is scant information in the literature regarding the pattern of inner retinal layers involvement. We present a case of a 41-year-old white man initially referred for a glaucoma evaluation. Fundoscopy revealed patches of retinochoroidal atrophy and light pigmentation extending from the optic nerve head along the inferior-temporal retinal veins in both eyes. Using different spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) protocols we identified a significant thinning of the inner retinal layers along the inferior-temporal veins, but with a lucid interval surrounding the optic nerve head. Standard automated perimetry revealed a superior absolute arcuate scotoma sparing the central fixation (good structure-functional correlation). This pattern of inner retinal layers involvement was not previously described. We believe SD-OCT added significantly to the anatomical description of this case. Physicians should consider these new anatomical findings and correlate them with functional status while assessing these patients.

Atrofia retinocoroidiana pigmentada paravenosa é uma doença ocular caracterizada por atrofia localizada da coroide e da retina externa associada a áreas de pigmentação em espícula óssea depositada ao longo das veias retinianas. Como é uma condição rara, há pouca informação na literatura sobre o padrão de envolvimento das camadas mais internas da retina. Relatamos o caso de um homem branco, de 41 anos, encaminhado incialmente para avaliação de glaucoma. Apresentava à fundoscopia áreas de atrofia retinocoroidiana com pigmentação leve sobrejacente, estendendo-se desde o disco óptico e seguindo ao longo da veia temporal inferior da retina em ambos os olhos. Por meio de diferentes protocolos da tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (SD-OCT) identificamos um afinamento significante das camadas internas da retina ao longo da veia temporal inferior, mas com uma área de intervalo lúcido ao redor do disco óptico. A perimetria automatizada acromática revelou um escotoma arqueado superior absoluto, poupando a fixação central em ambos os olhos e correspondendo às áreas de atrofia ao longo das veias retinianas (boa correlação anátomo-funcional). Este padrão de envolvimento das camadas retinianas internas não havia sido descrito anteriormente. Acreditamos que o SD-OCT contribuiu significativamente para a descrição anatômica desse caso e que estes novos achados devam ser considerados e correlacionados com o estado funcional ao avaliar esses pacientes.

Association of systemic diseases with retinal vein occlusive disease.

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second commonest vascular disease of the eye, second only to Diabetic Retinopathy. The association of the retinal vein occlusion with other systemic disease likes hypertension, diabetes mellitus and others has been well documented. With the increase in persons being affected from these disorders, patients with retinal vein obstruction are also increasing. Hence, a study was designed to evaluate all cases of RVO to find out its association with systemic disorders. A total of 100 patients (106 eyes) were enrolled in the study. Out of which, 66 cases reported to have Brach Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) and rest 34 cases with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO). Among the associated systemic diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus accounted for 84% cases. Isolated hypertension (54%) was most commonly seen followed by diabetes mellitus (8%). The prevalence of BRVO was almost twice as compared to CRVO. The high association of various systemic disorder especially Hypertension and diabetes further supports the need of early and periodic eye examination for those suffering from these disorders.

Bilateral simultaneous retinal vein occlusion.

Central retinal vein occlusion (CVO) is a common retinal vascular disorder with potentially blinding complications. However, a simultaneous bilateral affection is not a common entity. One such patient is described here.

Relative afferent pupillary defect and edge light pupil cycle time in the early differentiation of central retinal vein occlusion.

A total of 37 patients of unilateral fresh central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) of less than one month duration were examined and re-evaluated after 8 weeks. All eyes with relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) < or = 0.6 log units with edge light pupil cycle time (ELPCT) of 925 +/- 94 ms, visual acuity > or = 6/60 with minimal field defects proved to be of nonischemic CRVO, while eyes with RAPD > or = 0.9 log units with ELPCT of 4005 +/- 712 ms, visual acuity 3/60 with marked field defects proved to be of ischemic CRVO with evidence of retinal ischemia on fluorescein angiography. RAPD and ELPCT were found to be extremely reliable indicators for early differentiation of ischemic from nonischemic CRVO and the values remained stable over a period of time. The electroretinography (ERG) correlated well with these parameters.

Unique combination of rare venous anomalies of the retinal veins

A 32-year-old woman had a unique combination of rare retinal anomalies of veno-venous crossing, venous bifurcation, triconfluence of veins, and venous ring in the same eye. These interesting retinal vascular anomalies in the left eye did not effect its visual function

Anomalous retinal veno-venous crossing

A 58-year-old woman had an anomalous veno-venous crossing of her left retina in which the inferior temporal vein coursed over the inferior nasal vein near the optic disc. Visual functions and fluorescein angiography were normal. Veno-venous crossing in the retina is regarded as a very rare anomaly, but in my opinion it is not that uncommon