ABSTRACT
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), a member of the gammaherpesvirus family, replicates robustly in permissive cell lines and is able to infect laboratory mice. MHV-68 has emerged as a model for studying the basic aspects of viral replication and host-virus interactions of its human counterparts. Herpesvirus genome replication is mediated through a cis-element in the viral genome called the origin of lytic replication (oriLyt). A family of transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs), assists in oriLyt-mediated DNA replication during gammaherpesvirus reactivation. In this study, we examined the role of C/EBPs in gammaherpesvirus DNA replication during de novo infection, using MHV-68 as a model. We found that C/EBP α and β bind to the CCAAT boxes in the MHV-68 oriLyt core region both in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. A dominant negative form of C/EBPs significantly impaired the lytic replication efficiency of MHV-68 on both the plasmid and genome levels in a replication assay, indicating that functional C/EBPs are required for maximal MHV-68 genome DNA replication. Collectively, our data demonstrate that C/EBPs interact with the oriLyt core region and play an important role in MHV-68 lytic DNA replication during de novo infection.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Humans , Mice , Base Sequence , CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Cell Line , Chromatin Immunoprecipitation , DNA Replication , DNA, Viral , Chemistry , Genetics , Metabolism , Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay , Genome, Viral , Herpesviridae Infections , Genetics , Metabolism , Virology , Molecular Sequence Data , Plasmids , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Protein Isoforms , Genetics , Metabolism , Replication Origin , Rhadinovirus , Genetics , Metabolism , Viral Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Virus Latency , GeneticsABSTRACT
É relatada a ocorrência de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos no estado da Paraíba. Descrevem-se seis casos esporádicos da doença, diagnosticados no período de 2000 a 2005, e um surto ocorrido em 1986-1987 no município de Taperoá. Em um caso foi feito o diagnóstico clínico e nos demais casos o diagnóstico foi realizado pela presença de vasculite difusa com degeneração fibrinóide e infiltrado mononuclear perivascular em diversos órgãos. Em 5 casos adoeceu apenas um bovino por rebanho, e em outro adoeceram 2 animais de um rebanho de 6 bovinos. Em 5 dos 6 casos a doença ocorreu no período de maio-agosto coincidindo com o fim da estação chuvosa e época de parição das ovelhas. Os sinais clínicos e achados de necropsia foram característicos da doença. Quatro dos seis animais morreram após um curso clínico de 5-8 dias e um foi eutanasiado após um curso de 40 dias. O surto descrito no município de Taperoá ocorreu de agosto de 1986 a dezembro de 1987, com morbidade de 8,22 por cento e letalidade de 100 por cento. A doença ocorreu após a introdução de um carneiro no rebanho ovino que convivia com os bovinos. O surto foi controlado somente após a eliminação de todos os ovinos da propriedade. Esses resultados demonstram que a febre catarral maligna é endêmica em bovinos na Paraíba, podendo também ocorrer surtos com alta morbidade e letalidade. Além disso, sugerem que, como descrito no Rio Grande do Sul e em outros países, alguns animais podem se recuperar. Os diagnósticos de FCM corresponderam a 3,1 por cento dos 190 casos diagnosticados no Hospital Veterinário no período de 2000-2005, estimando-se que a doença afeta, anualmente, 0,125 por cento dos bovinos no Estado.
Six cases of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) observed from 2000 to 2005, and one outbreak occurred from 1986 to 1987 are reported in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. In one case the disease was diagnosed clinically and in 5 cases also by histopathology consisting of diffuse vasculitis with fibrinoid degeneration and perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells in many organs. In 5 cases only one cattle was affected, and in one, 2 out of 6 cattle were affected. Five cases occurred from May to August, at the end of the raining season during the lambing season. Clinical signs and pathology were characteristics of the disease. Four cattle died after a clinical manifestation period of 5-8 days, another was euthanized after 40 days, and another recovered. The outbreak reported in the municipality of Taperoá occurred from August 1986 to December 1987, with a morbidity rate of 8.22 percent and a fatality rate of 100 percent. The disease occurred after the introduction of a ram in the farm. The outbreak was controlled after the slaughter of all sheep in the farm. These results demonstrated that MCF is endemic in Paraíba, and outbreaks with high morbidity and fatality rates can also occur. As it was previously reported in the state of Rio Grande do Sul few affected cattle can recovered. Because the 6 cases of MCF represent 3.1 percent of the 190 cases of different diseases diagnosed by the Veterinary Hospital from 2000 to 2005, it can be estimated that the disease affects 0.125 percent of cattle population in the state of Paraíba.
Subject(s)
Cattle , Malignant Catarrh/epidemiology , Malignant Catarrh/mortality , Rhadinovirus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Maize mosaic virus (MMV), a rhabdovirus, was identified associated to maize field plants, showing stunting and continuous chlorotic stripes uniformly distributed over the leaf blade. The virus was detected in field samples by agar-gel immunodifussion. Enveloped, bacilliform virus particles were observed by electron microscopy in thin sections of naturally infected leaf tissue