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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 40(3): 755-759, jun. 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385665

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: En Terminologia Anatomica el término sacro es identificado con el número 1071. En el humano, es el hueso vertebral de mayor tamaño formado por la fusión de cinco vértebras. El origen del término sacro sigue en discusión y no está del todo claro, además, la pertinencia de esta denominación ha sido poco abordada en la literatura. Así, el objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el término sacro y luego proponer un término para la denominación de esta estructura anatómica siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). A este hueso se le llamó sacro, por considerarse sagrado, ya que tiene un profundo significado religioso, aunque también se le ha atribuido otras tradiciones como las místicas y los rituales. El término sacro no favorece el entendimiento, ya que no es descriptivo ni informativo, por lo que sugerimos su cambio a vértebra magna (vertebrae magna), ya que esta propuesta sigue las recomendaciones de la FIPAT, es decir, no solo ser unívoco, sino también preciso.


SUMMARY: In International Anatomical Terminology, the term sacrum is identified with the number 1071. In humans, it is the largest vertebral bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. The origin of the term sacrum is still under discussion and is not entirely clear, in addition, the relevance of this denomination has been little addressed in the literature. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the term sacrum and then propose a term for the denomination of this anatomical structure following the recommendations of the Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). This bone was called sacrum, because it is considered sacred, since it has a deep religious meaning, although other traditions such as mysticism and rituals have also been attributed to it. The term sacrum does not favor understanding, since it is neither descriptive nor informative, so we suggest changing it to vertebrae magna (vertebrae magna), since this proposal follows the FIPAT recommendations, that is, not only be unequivocal, but also accurate.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Terminology as Topic
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(1): 125-130, Mar. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-708734

ABSTRACT

A sacrum with five pairs of foramina is an anatomical variant resulting from sacralisation of lumbar vertebra at cranial end or sacralisation of coccyx vertebra at caudal end. An unusual gross variation nurtures interest of anatomists and causes concern for clinicians when it mimics pathology. A sacrum with fifth anomalous pair of sacral foramina has been observed which prompted the author to examine the available sacra in the osteology lab of Department of Anatomy KG Medical University Lucknow, UP, India. Of the total sixty six observed sacra, those with five pairs of sacral foramina due to sacralisation of lumbar vertebra were found in eleven cases (16.6%) while those due to sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra were observed in nine cases (13.6%). These sacralisations were classified in five categories to systematise the anatomical study, causes and clinical complications. Sacralisation of lumbar vertebra may compress the fifth sacral nerve causing sciatica and back pain. It may also cause herniation of disc above sacralisation. Sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra may influence the caudal block anaesthesia in surgical procedures and also results in prolonged second stage of labor and perineal tears.


Un sacro con cinco pares de forámenes es una variante anatómica que resulta de la sacralización de la vértebra lumbar al extremo craneal o sacralización de la vértebra coxis al extremo caudal. Esta variación inusual es de interés para los anatomistas como también motivo de preocupación para los médicos al asemejar una patología. Un sacro con un quinto par anómalo de forámenes fue observado, por lo que se examinaron otros sacros del laboratorio de osteología del Departamento de Anatomía Médica de la Universidad de Lucknow, India. De un total de 66 sacros estudiados, en 11 casos (16,6%) se observaron cinco pares de forámenes sacros, debido a la sacralización de la vértebra lumbar; mientras que en 9 casos (13,6%), se observó la sacralización de la vértebra caudal. Estos fueron clasificados en cinco categorías para sistematizar el estudio anatómico, sus causas y complicaciones clínicas. La sacralización de la vértebra lumbar puede comprimir el quinto nervio, causando ciática sacra y dolor de espalda. También puede causar una hernia discal superior a la sacralización. La sacralización de la vértebra caudal, puede influir en la anestesia de bloqueo caudal en procedimientos quirúrgicos y también dar lugar a una prolongada etapa del trabajo de parto y desgarros perineales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Sacrum/abnormalities , Coccyx/anatomy & histology , Coccyx/abnormalities , Anatomic Variation , India
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(1): 202-207, Mar. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-708747

ABSTRACT

This study aims to measure the anatomic parameters of the sacral 1 (S1) vestibule in Chinese adults and to discuss their clinical application during iliosacral screw fixation for pelvic posterior ring injury. Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) reconstructions were performed on 36 individuals, and the parameters of their S1 vestibules were measured. Vestibular width (VW) was 25.15±2.91 mm, vestibular height (VH) was 20.94±3.03 mm, and mean vestibular size (VS) was 400.23±85.11 mm2. The mean angle of superior inclination was 30.85°±9.22°, and the mean anterior inclination (AI) was 13.91°±6.25°. VW and VS were significantly smaller in females than in males (p<0.05), but no statistical differences were found between the left and right sides. The S1 vestibules of Chinese patients are smaller than those reported for Caucasians. Therefore, the placement of iliosacral screws should be considered carefully based on the size, gender, and ethnicity of the patient. The anatomic parameters of females were much smaller than those of males and close to the minimum requirement for fracture fixation. Therefore, female Chinese patients who need iliosacral screws should undergo preoperative CT scans to measure S1 vestibule parameters to make individual operational plans.


El estudio tuvo como objetivo medir los parámetros anatómicos del vestíbulo sacral 1 (S1) en individuos adultos chinos y discutir su aplicación clínica durante la fijación de tornillo iliosacral por lesiones del anillo pélvico posterior. Se realizaron reconstrucciones de tomografía computarizada tridimensional (TC) en 36 individuos y se midieron los parámetros de sus vestíbulos S1. El ancho vestibular (AV) fue 25,15±2,91 mm, la altura vestibular fue 20,94±3,03 mm y el tamaño medio vestibular (TV) fue 400,23±85,11 mm2. El ángulo medio de inclinación superior fue 30,85°±9,22° e inclinación anterior media fue 13,91°±6,25°. AV y TV fueron significativamente menores en las mujeres que en los hombres (p<0,05), sin embargo no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los lados izquierdo y derecho. Los vestíbulos S1 de pacientes chinos son más pequeños que los reportados para los caucásicos. Por lo tanto, la colocación de tornillos iliosacros debe ser considerada cuidadosamente basada en el tamaño, el sexo y origen étnico del paciente. Los parámetros anatómicos de las mujeres eran significativamente más pequeños que los de los hombres y cercanos al requerimiento mínimo para la fijación de fracturas. Por lo tanto, pacientes de sexo femenino chino que requieren tornillos iliosacros deben ser sometidos a tomografías computarizadas preoperatorias para medir los parámetros del vestíbulo S1 a con el objetivo de programar un plan operativo individual.


Subject(s)
Sacroiliac Joint , Sacroiliac Joint/anatomy & histology , Sacrum , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Bone Screws , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Asian People
4.
Korean Journal of Radiology ; : 258-266, 2014.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-187063

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of spinal and paraspinal anatomic markers in both the diagnosis of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTVs) and identification of vertebral levels on lumbar MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lumbar MRI from 1049 adult patients were studied. By comparing with the whole-spine localizer, the diagnostic errors in numbering vertebral segments on lumbar MRI were evaluated. The morphology of S1-2 disc, L5 and S1 body, and lumbar spinous processes (SPs) were evaluated by using sagittal MRI. The positions of right renal artery (RRA), superior mesenteric artery, aortic bifurcation (AB) and conus medullaris (CM) were described. RESULTS: The diagnostic error for evaluation of vertebral segmentation on lumbar MRI alone was 14.1%. In lumbarization, all patients revealed a well-formed S1-2 disc with squared S1 body. A rhombus-shaped L5 body in sacralization and a rectangular-shaped S1 body in lumbarization were found. The L3 had the longest SP. The most common sites of spinal and paraspinal structures were: RRA at L1 body (53.6%) and L1-2 disc (34.1%), superior mesenteric artery at L1 body (55.1%) and T12-L1 disc (31.6%), and AB at L4 body (71.1%). CM had variable locations, changing from the T12-L1 disc to L2 body. They were located at higher sacralization and lower lumbarization. CONCLUSION: The spinal morphologic features and locations of the spinal and paraspinal structures on lumbar MRI are not completely reliable for the diagnosis of LSTVs and identification on the vertebral levels.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anatomic Landmarks/anatomy & histology , Aorta, Abdominal/anatomy & histology , Diagnostic Errors , Intervertebral Disc/anatomy & histology , Lumbar Vertebrae/anatomy & histology , Lumbosacral Region , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/anatomy & histology , Renal Artery/anatomy & histology , Reproducibility of Results , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Spinal Cord/anatomy & histology , Spine
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 31(1): 110-114, mar. 2013. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-676142

ABSTRACT

Sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae and forms the lower part of vertebral column. The opening present at the lower end of sacral canal is known as sacral hiatus. Anatomical variations in morphology and morphometry of sacral hiatus are important clinically as well as surgically. 159 dry clean human Sacra were taken from Department of Anatomy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Vallah (Amritsar). Various shapes of sacral hiatus were observed which included inverted U (42.95%), inverted V (27.51%), irregular (16.10%), dumbbell (11.40%) and bifid (2.01%). The apex of sacral hiatus was commonly found at the level of 4th sacral vertebra in 56.36%. The mean length of sacral hiatus was 22.69 mm. The mean anteroposterior diameter of sacral canal at the apex of sacral hiatus was 6.49 mm. Narrowing of sacral canal at the apex of sacral hiatus (diameter less than 3 mm) was observed to be high (5.36%). The knowledge of anatomical variations of dimensions of sacral hiatus is important while doing caudal epidural block and it may help to improve its success rate.


El sacro está conformado por la fusión de las cinco vértebras sacras, y forma la parte inferior de la columna vertebral. La abertura presente en el extremo inferior del canal sacro se conoce como hiato sacro. Las variaciones anatómicas en la morfología y la morfometría del hiato sacro son importantes clínica y quirúrgicamente. Fueron utilizados 159 sacros humanos, limpios y secos, del Departamento de Anatomía, Sri Guru Ram Das Instituto de Ciencias Médicas e Investigación Vallah (Amritsar). Fueron observadas varias formas de hiato sacro: U invertida (42,95%), V invertida (27,51%), irregular (16,10%), de pesa (11,40%) y bífida (2,01%). El ápice del hiato sacro se encuentra comúnmente a nivel de la cuarta vértebra sacra en el 56,36%. La longitud media de hiato sacro fue 22,69 mm. El diámetro medio anteroposterior del canal sacro en el ápice del hiato sacro fue 6,49 mm. El estrechamiento del canal sacro en el ápice del hiato sacro (diámetro inferior a 3 mm) fue alto (5,36%). El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas de las dimensiones del hiato sacro es importante para el bloqueo epidural caudal y puede ayudar a mejorar su tasa de éxito.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Anatomic Variation , Spine , India
6.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-138705

ABSTRACT

The sacrum has always attracted the attention of the medico-legal experts for establishing the sex, because of its contribution to pelvic girdle and associated functional sex differences. The present study was performed to evaluate the reliability of the various parameters of sacrum in this regard. The material for the study comprised of 50 adult sacra (M: F= 40:10), obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. Different parameters viz. Midventral straight length, Midventral curved length, Ventral straight breadth, Transverse diameter of base, Transverse diameter of body of S1, Antero-posterior diameter of body of S1, Breadth of alae were measured and indices viz. Sacral index, Longitudinal curvature index and Corporobasal index were calculated and statistically analyzed . Out of these Midventral straight length, Midventral curved length, Transverse diameter of base, Antero-posterior diameter of body of S1 and Breadth of alae were found to be significantly more in males while Sacral index was significantly more in females. Corporobasal index was found to be more in females though statistically insignificant.


Subject(s)
Female , Forensic Anthropology , Humans , India , Male , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Sex Characteristics
7.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-134573

ABSTRACT

In the identification of sex in human skeletal remains, Sacrum is an important bone for identification of sex in human skeletal system. Since it is a component of axial skeleton and because of its contribution to the pelvic girdle and in turn to the functional differences in the region between the sexes, it has an applied importance in determining sex with the help of measurements carried upon it. Over the years different authors had carried various types of measurements on human sacra of different races and regions. A study for sexing of sacra was carried on 40 sacra (20 male & 20 female sacra) in Punjab. The method used was sacral index. The measuring instrument used was sliding vernier calliper. All the sacra taken were normal. The sacral index of sacra its mean and standard deviations were calculated. Then calculated range (mean ± 3S.D.) and demarking points (DP) of both the parameters and the percentage of bones in which sex could be identified by them was also calculated. The results were compared with the available literature. It was found that D.P of sacral index was very reliable in sexing of sacra.


Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Cadaver , Female , Humans , India , Male , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Sex Determination by Skeleton/instrumentation , Sex Determination by Skeleton/methods
8.
Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Medical Sciences) ; (6): 362-6, 2002.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-634114

ABSTRACT

A non-invasive acoustical system was developed for the measurement of transmission properties of acoustic waves in the hip joints. The instrumentation consisted of three sub-systems. An excitation system employed a vibratory force at the sacrum of the test subjects. A transduction system included a pair of identical microphones installed in the tubes of two stethoscopes, which were placed at the greater trochanters on both sides for picking up the acoustical signals transmitted across the hip joints. The data acquisition and analysis system was a portable signal analyzer with a program of dual channel digital filter for measuring the power of acoustical signal in 1/3-octave frequency bands. 27 normal adults, 20 normal pre-school children and 40 normal neonates were randomly selected for testing. Coherence function (CF) and discrepancy (D) was measured during the testing. Results from the three groups showed that there was a high coherence of the signals (CF > 0.9) and a small discrepancy (D 0.93) and a smaller discrepancy (D < 2 dB) was observed. This study showed that the development of the acoustical technique provided a practical method with objective parameters. The results obtained in this study can offer a baseline for further investigation of hip disorders particularly those related to structural abnormalities of the hip.


Subject(s)
Acoustic Stimulation/instrumentation , Age Factors , Hip Joint/anatomy & histology , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation , Sound
9.
Rev. mex. ortop. traumatol ; 11(3): 193-6, mayo-jun. 1997. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-227144

ABSTRACT

La sacroplastía es el tratamiento que produce menor daño neurológico postoperatorio. Aquí se presenta el caso de una paciente de 35 años con diagnóstico de síndrome de cola de caballo, secundario a espondilosis con espondilolistesis grado III tratada con cirugía descompresiva mediante laminectomía, sacroplastía y corset lumbosacro. Los resultados mostraron la remisión del dolor, mejoría de la micción sin retención urinaria por lo que se recomienda este tratamiento


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Sacrum/surgery , Spondylolisthesis/surgery , Spondylolisthesis/complications
10.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 66(4): 192-5, jul.-ago. 1995. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-164966

ABSTRACT

El segmento lumbosacro del raquis puede ser afectado por varias afecciones que afectan su movilidad, la que puede ser medida indirectamente, registrando la elongación que experimenta la piel que cubre los segmentos lumbar y sacro durante el movimiento. En este informe se describen las mediciones de elongación de la piel en 300 niños (150 mujeres) de 6 a 15 años mediante métodos (prueba de Schober modificada por Macrae-Wright) y una modificación adicional, para niños, de la precedente (prueba Burgos-Vargas III). Se analizaron por separado las mediciones obtenidas en los segmentos lumbar y sacro, y su comportamiento con respecto a sexo, edad, talla y peso. El coeficiente de varaiación interobservador mostró mejor reproductibilidad con el método 1 para medir el segmento lumbar (prueba de Schober). El estiramiento del segmento lumbar resultó significativamente mayor en las niñas (5,24 ñ 0,88 cm) vs (4,73 ñ 0,89 cm) en varones (p< 0,01), por el contrario, en el segmento sacro, los resultados fueron significativamente mayores en los varones (2,66 ñ 0,67 vs 2,22 ñ 0,61). La edad, el peso y la talla tienden a influir sobre la elongación de la piel sólo en las mujeres. En los niños parece recomendable hacer estas mediciones sólo en el segmento lumbar, considerando normales para mujeres estiramientos entre 4,36 y 6,12 cm y para normales de 3,84 a 5,62 cm


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Movement/physiology , Lumbosacral Region/physiology , Sacroiliac Joint/physiology , Reproducibility of Results , Sacrum/anatomy & histology , Skin , Spinal Diseases , Spine/growth & development , Spine/physiology
12.
An. anat. norm ; 2(2): 32-3, 1984. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-98266

ABSTRACT

Para estudiar la morfología de las superficies articulares del sacro, se examinaron 100 sacros adultos obtenidos de las 4 unidades de Anatomía Normal de la Facultad de Medicina de la U. de Chile; encontrándose un alto grado de dismorfismo de sus superficies articulares, lo que podría explicar la predisposición de algunas personas a sufrir patología lumbosacra y la alta prevalencia de la misma


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sacroiliac Joint/anatomy & histology , Sacrum/anatomy & histology
13.
An. anat. norm ; 2(2): 93-4, 1984. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-98284

ABSTRACT

Para obtener los valores promedios normales de los diámetros del canal sacro y canal para la raíz L5 se estudiaron 100 sacros de adultos normales constituídos por 56 femeninos y 44 masculinos. Los resultados se expresan por sexo no encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sacrococcygeal Region/anatomy & histology , Sacrum/anatomy & histology
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