Proteínas quinase eucarióticas (ePKs) de Schistosoma: identificação, anotação funcional e seleção de potenciais alvos terapêuticos / Eukaryotic protein kinase (ePKs) Schistosoma: identification, functional annotation and selection of potential therapeutic targets

Apesar do praziquantel ser uma droga eficiente para o tratamento da esquistossomose, a prevalência da doença não mostrou redução significativa nos últimos anos e, até o momento, não existe uma alternativa eficaz para o tratamento dessa doença. Dessa forma, optamos por utilizar as poderosas ferramentas genômicas para identificar potenciais alvos para o desenvolvimento de um medicamento alternativo. Já que proteínas quinase eucarióticas (ePKs) são consideradas alvos para o desenvolvimento de drogas do ponto de vista médico e químico, e um número crescente de inibidores ePKs foram desenvolvidos e aprovados para o tratamento de diferentes doenças humanas, estas se tornaram o foco de estudo desse trabalho. As ePKs de S. mansoni, S. japonicum e S. haematobium foram identificadas nos proteomas preditos e classificadas em seus devidos grupos, famílias e subfamílias a partir de abordagens filogenéticas. Utilizando as informações dos ortólogos identificados, foi possível selecionar um grupo de ePKs com função predita essencial nesse parasito. A anotação funcional mostrou ainda que grande parte das ePKs selecionadas são ativadoras/efetoras da via de sinalização MAPK. Dessa forma, proteínas chave da via MAPK (SmRas, SmERK1, SmERK2, SmJNK e SmCaMK2), foram as escolhidas para validação experimental. Após redução significativa no nível de transcrito dos genes selecionados, nenhuma alteração fenotípica visível foi relatada em cultura de esquistossomulos.

Contudo, o efeito da diminuição transcricional dos genes no desenvolvimento dos vermes diante do sistema imune do hospedeiro foi avaliado. Evidenciamos que proteínas MAPK JNK quando silenciada causa efeitos devastadores no tegumento de vermes adultos de S. mansoni que leva a morte dos mesmos. E, ePKs da subfamília ERK1 estão relacionadas com a produção de ovos, já que fêmeas com baixos níveis de transcritos SmERK1 e SmERK2 apresentam ovários pouco desenvolvidos e produção de ovos significativamente baixa. Além disso, foi comprovado que o fator de transcrição c-fos está diferencialmente expresso em parasitos silenciados para as proteínas MAPK SmJNK, SmCaMK2 e SmERK1/2. Dessa forma concluímos que o dado genômico, acoplado a ferramentas computacionais preditoras e abordagem experimental, compõem uma metodologia poderosa para o estudo dessa espécie. As proteínas MAPK, SmERK e SmJNK, são alvos de interesse para o desenvolvimento de drogas para tratamento da esquistossomose já que um inibidor contra essas proteínas provavelmente irá interromper o ciclo de vida de Schistosoma e impedir o progresso da doença

Proteínas quinase eucarióticas (ePKs) de Schistosoma: identificação, anotação funcional e seleção de potenciais alvos terapêuticos

Apesar do praziquantel ser uma droga eficiente para o tratamento da esquistossomose, a prevalência da doença não mostrou redução significativa nos últimos anos e, até o momento, não existe uma alternativa eficaz para o tratamento dessa doença. Dessa forma, optamos por utilizar as poderosas ferramentas genômicas para identificar potenciais alvos para o desenvolvimento de um medicamento alternativo. Já que proteínas quinase eucarióticas (ePKs) são consideradas alvos para o desenvolvimento de drogas do ponto de vista médico e químico, e um número crescente de inibidores ePKs foram desenvolvidos e aprovados para o tratamento de diferentes doenças humanas, estas se tornaram o foco de estudo desse trabalho. As ePKs de S. mansoni, S. japonicum e S. haematobium foram identificadas nos proteomas preditos e classificadas em seus devidos grupos, famílias e subfamílias a partir de abordagens filogenéticas. Utilizando as informações dos ortólogos identificados, foi possível selecionar um grupo de ePKs com função predita essencial nesse parasito. A anotação funcional mostrou ainda que grande parte das ePKs selecionadas são ativadoras/efetoras da via de sinalização MAPK. Dessa forma, proteínas chave da via MAPK (SmRas, SmERK1, SmERK2, SmJNK e SmCaMK2), foram as escolhidas para validação experimental. Após redução significativa no nível de transcrito dos genes selecionados, nenhuma alteração fenotípica visível foi relatada em cultura de esquistossomulos.

Contudo, o efeito da diminuição transcricional dos genes no desenvolvimento dos vermes diante do sistema imune do hospedeiro foi avaliado. Evidenciamos que proteínas MAPK JNK quando silenciada causa efeitos devastadores no tegumento de vermes adultos de S. mansoni que leva a morte dos mesmos. E, ePKs da subfamília ERK1 estão relacionadas com a produção de ovos, já que fêmeas com baixos níveis de transcritos SmERK1 e SmERK2 apresentam ovários pouco desenvolvidos e produção de ovos significativamente baixa. Além disso, foi comprovado que o fator de transcrição c-fos está diferencialmente expresso em parasitos silenciados para as proteínas MAPK SmJNK, SmCaMK2 e SmERK1/2. Dessa forma concluímos que o dado genômico, acoplado a ferramentas computacionais preditoras e abordagem experimental, compõem uma metodologia poderosa para o estudo dessa espécie. As proteínas MAPK, SmERK e SmJNK, são alvos de interesse para o desenvolvimento de drogas para tratamento da esquistossomose já que um inibidor contra essas proteínas provavelmente irá interromper o ciclo de vida de Schistosoma e impedir o progresso da doença

Schistosome vaccines: a critical appraisal

An effective schistosome vaccine is a desirable control tool but progress towards that goal has been slow. Protective immunity has been difficult to demonstrate in humans, particularly children, so no routes to a vaccine have emerged from that source. The concept of concomitant immunity appeared to offer a paradigm for a vaccine operating against incoming larvae in the skin but did not yield the expected dividends. The mining of crude parasite extracts, the use of monoclonal antibodies and protein selection based on immunogenicity produced a panel of vaccine candidates, mostly of cytoplasmic origin. However, none of these performed well in independent rodent trials, but glutathione-S-transferease from Schistosoma haematobium is currently undergoing clinical trials as an anti-fecundity vaccine. The sequencing of the S. mansoni transcriptome and genome and the development of proteomic and microarray technologies has dramatically improved the possibilities for identifying novel vaccine candidates, particularly proteins secreted from or exposed at the surface of schistosomula and adult worms. These discoveries are leading to a new round of protein expression and protection experiments that will enable us to evaluate systematically all the major targets available for immune intervention. Only then will we know if schistosomes have an Achilles' heel.

Identification of the Boudicca and Sinbad retrotransposons in the genome of the human blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium

Schistosomes have a comparatively large genome, estimated for Schistosoma mansoni to be about 270 megabase pairs (haploid genome). Recent findings have shown that mobile genetic elements constitute significant proportions of the genomes of S. mansoni and S. japonicum. Much less information is available on the genome of the third major human schistosome, S. haematobium. In order to investigate the possible evolutionary origins of the S. mansoni long terminal repeat retrotransposons Boudicca and Sinbad, several genomes were searched by Southern blot for the presence of these retrotransposons. These included three species of schistosomes, S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium, and three related platyhelminth genomes, the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna and the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala. In addition, Homo sapiens and three snail host genomes, Biomphalaria glabrata, Oncomelania hupensis, and Bulinus truncatus, were examined for possible indications of a horizontal origin for these retrotransposons. Southern hybridization analysis indicated that both Boudicca and Sinbad were present in the genome of S. haematobium. Furthermore, low stringency Southern hybridization analyses suggested that a Boudicca-like retrotransposon was present in the genome of B. truncatus, the snail host of S. haematobium.

Recent studies on Schistosoma intercalatum: taxonomic status, puzzling distribution and transmission foci revisited

Schistosoma intercalatum, which causes human rectal schistosomiasis in Africa, still presents a great interest for its imprecise taxonomic status and its puzzling distribution in Africa. Two geographically isolated strains of S. intercalatum are recognized, the Lower Guinea strain and the Congo strain, which differ from each other in a number of morphological, biological and biochemical characteristics. Recent molecular data using RAPD markers indicate high divergence between the two strains, with values of Nei and Li's similarity indice allowing recognition of two genetically distinct taxa: experiments on pre- and post-isolating mechanisms are in progress in order to re-evaluate the taxonomic status of this polytypic species. With regard to its geographical distribution, S. intercalatum is characterized by the existence of two stable endemic areas (localized in Lower Guinea and North East of Democratic Republic of Congo) which correspond to the historical areas of species discovery, and the emergence during the last 15 years of new foci of the Lower Guinea strain outside previously known endemic areas. The absence of local adaptation of the Lower Guinea strain to its intermediate host, supported by experimental studies, may help to facilitate the spread of this strain. Nevertheless, the present restricted distribution of this species remains puzzling, because its potential snail hosts (bulinids) are widely distributed throughout much of Africa. Recent experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that interspecific sexual interactions between human schistosomes could have a role in limiting the distribution of S. intercalatum: the competitive sexual processes acting among human schistosomes show that S. haematobium and S. mansoni are always competitively dominant over S. intercalatum. These epidemiological observations lead the authors to distinguish three kinds of transmission foci for S. intercalatum

Proceedings of the schistosome genome project

"The host-parasite relationship" is a vast and diverse research field which, despite huge human and financial input over many years, remains largely shrouded in mystery. Clearly, the adaptation of parasites to their different host species, and to the different environomental stresses that they represent, depends on interactions with, and responses to, various molecules of host and/or parasite origin. The schistosome genome project is a primary strategy to reach the goal; this systematic research project has successfully developed novel technologies for qualitative and quantitative characterization of schistosome genes and genome organization by extensive international collaboration between top quality laboratories. Schistosomes are a family of parasitic blood flukes (Phylum Platyhelminthes), which have seven pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (ZZ for a male worm an ZW for a female), of a haploid genome size of 2.7X10 8 base pairs (Simpson et al. 1982). Schistosomes are ideal model organisms for the development of genome mapping strategies since they have a small genome size comparable to that of well-characterized model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans (100 Mb) and Drosophila (165Mb), and contain functional genes with a high level of homology to the host mammalian genes. Here we summarize the current progress in the schistosome genome project, the information of 3.047 transcribed genes (Expresses Sequence Tags; EST), complete sets of cDNA and genomic DNA libraries (including YAC and cosmid libraries) with a mapping technique to the well defined schistosome chromosomes. The schistosome genome project will further identify and charaterize the key molecules that are responsable for host-parasite adaptation, i.e., successful growth developement, maturation and reproduction of the parasite within its host in the near future.

Infección por Schistosoma intercalatum y probable hibridización con Schistosoma haematobium en el este de Africa. Reporte de un caso / Infection caused by Schistosoma intercalatum and probable hybridization with Schistosoma haematobium in the eastern region of Africa. A case report

Se reporta la infección por Schistosoma intercalatum y probable hibridización con Schistosoma haematobium en un paciente procedente del este de Africa, área donde hasta la fecha no había sido demostrada. Las manifestaciones clínicas fundamentales consistieron en dolores abdominales y diarreas con sangre. El diagnóstico se realizó por el hallazgo en el examen microscópico de los huevos característicos de Schistosoma intercalatum en heces y orina, mediante la técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada

The p53 gene expression and its developmental regulation in schistosomes

We have studied the gene expression, especially of the oncoproteins, and its regulation in schistosomes. Schistosomes have a complex life cycle with defined dimorphic lifestyle. The parasite are so far unique in biology in expressing oncogene products in their adult stage. In order to characterize the expression and developmental regulation, a lambda gt 11 cDNA library and lambda EMBL4 genomic DNA library of each growth stage of Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum was constructed, and was screened with various monoclonal antibodies against ongogene products. One positive plaque reacted to anti-p53 antibody (Ab-2, Oncogene Science, Inc.) was further analyzed. This fusion protein was about 120 KDa in molecular weights, and expressed as 1.4 Kb RNA in the adult stage. P53 gene is well-known as the negative regulator of the cell cicle, and the mutations in the gene are turning out to be the most common genetic alterations in human cancers. The comparison of the gene structure among species and stages were being conducted. Chromosome structures, C-band formation, and the results of in situ hybridization using the phage probe would be discussed

Scanning electron microscopic study of the tegumental surface of the hybrid schistosome between Schistosoma mekongi and S. japonicum-like (Malaysian).

Hybridization experiments between the two non-sibling species of schistosomes, Schistosoma mekongi in man and S. japonicum-like (Malaysian) in rodents, were carried out. Two laboratory-bred snail species, Tricula aperta (beta race), the snail host of S. mekongi and Robertsiella kaporensis, the snail host of S. japonicum-like (Malaysian), were used for the production of cercariae. Cross mating between S. mekongi and S. japonicum-like (Malaysian) were achieved in the laboratory by the usual procedure of exposing snails to single miracidia of each species, then exposing mice to cercariae emanating from two snails only, each infected with a different species. Hybrid eggs and miracidia were used to infect snails of both species. The resultant F1 cercariae were used to infect mice. It was shown in this study that the attempt to cross these two species of schistosomes could be achieved in the laboratory, but the results provided very low yield of hybrid worms and eggs. F1 hybrid adult worms from S. mekongi male and S. japonicum-like (Malaysian) female were obtained and examined for the microtopography of the tegument by scanning electron microscopy. The tegumental surface of the hybrid male schistosome resembled the male parent, S. mekongi, with a few characters which resembled the male, S. japonicum-like (Malaysian). The surface tegument of the hybrid male worm was characterized by the presence of highly-branched and perforated ridges interspersed with a large number of papillae all over the body surface with the heaviest concentration on the middle portion of the body. There were four types of papillae present; the pleomorphic papillae; the cratered papillae, with or without cilia; the hemispherical sensory papillae with cilia; and the fungiform papillae. Spines were absent on the body surface except in the oral and ventral suckers and in the gynecophoral canal. The tegument lining the gynecophoral canal was characterized by the presence of low ridges with scattered papillae with small number of short spines in the posterior portion of the canal. In contrast to the male, the female hybrid worm had numerous spines all over the body surface with the most concentration in the posterior region. Among the spines were low perforated ridges. Two types of papillae were present in the female hybrid; the cratered papillae, with or without cilia, and the hemispherical papillae.