Cross-cultural adaptation of the Clear Communication Index to Brazilian Portuguese

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Clear Communication Index instrument from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC-CCI) from English to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS This study comprised initial discussion about the conceptual equivalence of the instrument by a committee formed by experts on health education. We performed translations, synthesis of translations, back-translations, revision by the committee, and linguistic revision. Semantic equivalence was obtained by analyzing the referential and general meaning of each item by the committee, resulting in a pre-final version of the instrument. Subsequently, thirty professionals with health sciences degrees performed a pre-test. These professionals used the pre-final version of the instrument to assess a health education material. A questionnaire was applied to evaluate the acceptability of the instrument, the understanding of each of the 20 items, as well as the individual and professional variables. We analyzed the scores attributed to the health education material, the variables related to healthcare professionals, the proportions of the acceptability of the instrument, and the comprehension of each item. RESULTS After we obtained the conceptual equivalence of the instrument, the committee of experts, the instrument's main author, and the linguist produced the pre-final version using two translations, a synthesis of the translations, and two back-translations. A general equivalence was maintained in 15 of the 20 items (75%), four of the items were slightly altered (20%), and one item was very altered (5%). Nineteen items presented referential equivalence or near equivalence (95%). We then carried out with the pre-test, in which the professionals used the pre-final version. Two items in the domains of "risks" and "main message" were unclear and needed to be revised. CONCLUSION The process of cross-cultural adaptation of the Clear Communication Index provided an adapted version to the Brazilian Portuguese language.

Effects of Touching Sculptures on the Artistic Appreciation of Collative Emotional/Perceptual Properties / Efeitos do Toque em Esculturas sobre a Apreciação Artística de Propriedades Colativas Emocionais/Perceptivas / Efectos del Toque en Esculturas en relación a la Apreciación Artística de las Propiedades Colativas Emocionales/Perceptivas

Abstract The relationship between physical stimulus and perception is fundamental to understand aesthetic appreciation. This study aimed to examine how the properties of sculptures influence their artistic appreciation. Thirteen participants touched altered sculptures from the series Bichos de Lygia Clark. Participants indicated their perceptions for each stimulus using Semantic Differential Scales (7-point Likert scale): Complexity, Irregularity, Amount of pieces, Interest and Pleasingness. The duration of manipulation was recorded. The results showed that sculptures perceived as having more pieces were the ones judged to have a high level of Complexity and Irregularity. Sculptures evaluated as demonstrating a high level of Complexity and Irregularity were considered more interesting, although less pleasant. Participants tended to spend more time exploring the more complex sculptures. The results indicate that the amount of informational content, represented by the amount of pieces present in the sculpture, can influence the way it is perceived and affect its hedonic value.

Resumo A relação entre estímulo físico e percepção é fundamental para entender a apreciação estética. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar como propriedades de esculturas influenciam suas apreciações artísticas. Treze participantes tocaram esculturas alteradas da série Bichos de Lygia Clark. Os participantes indicaram suas percepções para cada estímulo usando Escalas de Diferencial Semântico (tipo Likert - 7 pontos): Complexidade, Irregularidade, Quantidade de peças, Interesse e Agradabilidade. A duração da manipulação foi registrada. Os resultados mostraram que esculturas julgadas como tendo maior quantidade de peças foram julgadas como tendo alto nível de Complexidade e Irregularidade. Esculturas avaliadas como demonstrando um alto nível de Complexidade e Irregularidade foram consideradas mais interessantes, embora menos agradáveis. Os participantes tenderam a gastar mais tempo explorando as esculturas mais complexas. Os resultados indicam que a quantidade de conteúdo informacional, representado pela quantidade de peças presente na escultura, pode influenciar o modo como ela é percebida e afetar seu valor hedônico.

Resumen La relación entre el estímulo físico y la percepción es esencial para comprender la apreciación estética. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar cómo las propiedades de las esculturas influyen en su apreciación artística. Trece participantes tocaron esculturas alteradas de la serie Bichos de Lygia Clark. Los participantes manifestaron sus percepciones para cada estímulo utilizando Escalas de Diferencial Semántico (de tipo Likert - 7 puntos): Complejidad, Irregularidad, Cantidad de piezas, Interés y Satisfacción. Se registró la duración de la manipulación. Los resultados apuntaron que las esculturas consideradas con más cantidad de piezas tenían un alto grado de Complejidad e Irregularidad. Las esculturas evaluadas con un alto grado de Complejidad e Irregularidad se consideraron más interesantes, aunque menos agradables. Los participantes tendían a pasar más tiempo explorando las esculturas más complejas. Los resultados indican que la cantidad de contenido informativo, representado por la cantidad de piezas presentes en la escultura, puede influir en la forma de percibirla y afectar su valor hedónico.

Effects of a Maternal Role Adjustment Program on First-time Mothers

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of a maternal role adjustment program on first-time mothers. METHODS: The research was quasi-experimental with a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Participants were first-time mothers admitted to two postpartum clinics at women's hospitals. The experimental group had 38 mothers and the control group had 35 mothers. A maternal role adjustment program was applied individually to the experimental group between the 1st and 2nd weeks after childbirth. Assessing Adaptation to Motherhood, Semantic Differential Scale-Myself as Mother, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to measure effects of the program. A pre-test was conducted in the 1st week after childbirth while post-tests were conducted in the 4th and 6th weeks. Data were analyzed with χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS 24.0. RESULTS: Maternal role adjustment (F=6.17, p=.015) and maternal identity (F=6.63, p=.012) were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to those in the control group. However, the difference in postpartum depression (F=1.11, p=.335) was not statistically significant between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The maternal role adjustment program can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention program to enhance maternal role adjustment and maternal identity for first-time mothers.

Experiencia interdisciplinaria para el diseño de productos para la salud / Interdisciplinary experience for the design of health care products

Background: Training of innovative health professionals is necessary for the development of an effective health system in a limited resources context. However, the professionals underestimate their innovative role and receive sparse training in this issue. Meanwhile, industrial designers are trained to innovate but have a weak knowledge about health issues. Aim: To describe the outcomes of a study based on Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) where health and industrial design students learned about product development aimed to solve health problems. Material and Methods: Twenty industrial design students, seven health care students and nine teachers of both disciplines participated in a User Centered Design workshop. Using the CBL method, they were challenged to develop products to tackle a health problem. At the end of the challenge, teachers and students evaluated the products using a semantic differential method and answered a questionnaire assessing the activity. Results: In the semantic differential method, all participants evaluated usefulness, functionality and organization of the product rather than its originality. The greatest discrepancies in evaluation were found between design and health teachers. Students positively evaluated the challenge, although the weakest point was its coordination. Conclusions: CBL and interdisciplinary work are adequate tools for the development of innovative competences, as well as understanding the central elements of innovation.

The Influence of Cognitive Function, Pain, and Body Image on the Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Brain Injury / 재활간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study is a descriptive study to analyze the relationship between the cognitive function, body image and pain, and the influencing factors on the daily life performance of brain injured patients. METHODS: The study subjects were 119 inpatients with brain injury who gave informed consent. The activities of daily living (ADLs), cognitive function, pain and body image were measured by Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), K-MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Semantic Differential Method (SDM), respectively. RESULTS: ADLs was significantly associated with body image, cognitive function, and pain. Multiple regression analysis showed that paralysis, consciousness, cognitive function, and pain were significant factors influencing ADLs. Overall, approximately 48% of total variability in the ADLs could be explained by the 4 variables (R²=.477, p<.001). CONCLUSION: To improve ADLs of brain injury patients, a deeper understanding of paralysis, consciousness, cognitive function, and pain of patients is required and active nursing invention should be conducted.

Percepción de los padres acerca de la higiene bucal de sus hijos / Parents´perception about their children´s oral hygiene

Establecer la percepción de los padres acerca de la importancia otorgada a la higiene bucal para la prevención de caries de sus hijos entre 6 y 12 años, atendidos en la clínica UDD, Concepción, Chile, durante el año 2014. Material y método: investigación cualitativa, con enfoque fenomenológico, donde se emplea una muestra homogénea, de caso consecutivo. La información se recolecó mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a los padres representantes legales de los niños que conviven en la misma casa. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó el análisis de discurso semántico estructural. Resultados: la percepción respecto de la importancia de la higiene bucal para la prevención de caries de sus hijos de los 12 padres entrevistados, fue clara. Sin embargo, a pesar de tener los conocimiento básicos sobre higiene bucal, explicados por un profesional, no los inducen a llevarla a la práctica de manera correcta. La mayoría de los entrevistados creen que la enseñanza es responsabilidad de otras personas y no del odontólogo y no tienen claro cuál es la técnica de cepillado adecuada para cada edad. Conclusiones: los padres entrevistados no percibieron la importancia de la higiene bucal ni del uso de elementos complementarios del cepillado, los que son beneficiosos para optimiar la salud bucal. El conocimiento debe ser llevado a la práctica para lograr los resultados y beneficios esperados...

Particularidades de los pensamientos intrusos y su supresión en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Particularities of intrusive thoughts and their suppression of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Introducción: Poco se conoce sobre los pensamientos intrusos asociados a las diversas repercusiones psicológicas de la diabetes mellitus, y aún menos sobre los factores asociados al uso de la supresión de pensamientos como estrategia cognitiva de regulación. Objetivos: explorar la repercusión psicológica de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, la presencia de pensamientos instrusos y su supresión, en pacientes atendidos en el Centro de Atención y Educación al Diabético de la ciudad de Santa Clara; así como, describir la asociación entre pensamientos intrusos y la supresión de pensamientos con un grupo de variables sociodemográficas y psicológicas en estos pacientes.Métodos: fueron evaluados 121 pacientes que acuden a dicho centro, a los cuales se les aplicó una entrevista estructurada, un diferencial semántico y el Inventario de Supresión del Oso Blanco. Resultados: los pensamientos intrusos en pacientes con diabetes suelen ser difíciles de controlar, implican un mayor uso de la supresión de pensamientos, y su reporte se encuentra asociado al nivel de escolaridad, el sexo y al malestar emocional del paciente. Suelen reportarlos individuos que se perciben a sí mismos como tensos y emotivos. El mejor predictor de la supresión de pensamientos lo constituyó poseer una autoimagen de individuo tenso.Conclusiones: el análisis de los pensamientos intrusos y su supresión reveló particularidades asociadas a determinantes sociodemográficos -sexo y nivel de escolaridad- y psicológicos -sujetos que se perciben a sí mismos como tensos y emotivos(AU)

Introduction: Little is known about intrusive thoughts associated to different psychological effects of diabetes mellitus and even less is known about the factors related to the use of thought suppression as a regulatory cognitive strategy.Objectives: to explore the psychological impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the presence of intrusive thoughts and their suppression in patients seen at the Center for Care and Education of Diabetics in Santa Clara city and to describe the linking of intrusive thoughts and suppression of thoughts with a group of sociodemographic and psychological variables in these patients.Methods: one hundred and twenty one patients attended to in this center were evaluated by means of a structured interview, a semantic differential and the White Bear suppression inventory. Results: the intrusive thoughts in patients with diabetes mellitus may be difficult to be controlled, imply a greater use of suppression of thoughts and their notification is related to schooling, gender and emotional status of the patient. They are generally notified by individuals who feel tense and emotional. The best predictor of suppression of thoughts is a self-image of tense individual. Conclusions: the analysis of intrusive thoughts and their suppression show particularities related to sociodemographic determinants in terms of sex and schooling and to psychological determinants in terms of individuals who perceive themselves as tense and emotional(AU)

Construção de uma escala reduzida de Cinco Grandes Fatores de personalidade / Construction of an abbreviated Five Factor personality scale / Construcción de una escala reducida de Cinco Grandes Factores de personalidad

O presente estudo visou a verificar as evidências de validade e fidedignidade dos escores derivados de um novo instrumento reduzido para avaliação dos cinco grandes fatores de personalidade utilizando o diferencial semântico. Elaborou-se um conjunto de 47 itens que foi aplicado a uma amostra de 365 estudantes universitários do Distrito Federal, com idade média de 29,1 anos (DP=8,6), sendo 53,7% mulheres. O modelo de cinco fatores de personalidade foi testado usando análise fatorial confirmatória. Uma vez que o modelo inicial com todos os 47 itens não mostrou um bom ajuste, foram excluídos 27 itens com base nas cargas fatoriais e nos índices de modificação. O modelo final com 20 itens apresentou um bom ajuste aos dados. Foram encontrados coeficientes de fidedignidade dos cinco fatores com valores entre 0,71 e 0,85. Os resultados desse estudo mostram evidências satisfatórias de validade e fidedignidade do novo instrumento na amostra pesquisada...

The purpose of this study was to verify evidence of the score validity and score reliability of a new reduced instrument assessing the big five personality factors using a semantic differential scale. A set of 47 items was elaborated and administered to a sample of 365 university students of the Federal District in Brazil, with a mean age of 29.1 years (SD=8.6), 53.7% being women. The five factor model of personality was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. Since the initial model with all 47 items did not exhibit an adequate fit to the data, 20 items were excluded on basis of factor loadings and modification indices. The final model consisting of 20 items showed a good fit to the data. The five factors showed reliability coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.85. The results of this study show satisfactory validity and reliability evidence of the new instrument in the investigated sample...

El presente estudio buscó verificar evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de puntajes derivados de un instrumento nuevo y reducido que evalúa los cinco grandes factores de personalidad a través de una escala de diferencial semántico. Se elaboraron 47 ítems que fueron aplicados a una muestra de 365 universitarios del Distrito Federal, de un promedio de 29,1 años (DS=8,6), de los cuales 53,7% eran mujeres. El modelo de cinco factores de personalidad fue evaluado usando el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Debido a que el modelo inicial con todos los ítems no mostró un buen ajuste, fueron excluidos ítems sobre la base de las cargas factoriales y los índices de modificación. El modelo final con 20 ítems presentó un buen ajuste. Se encontraron coeficientes de confiabilidad de los cinco factores con valores entre 0,71 y 0,85. Los resultados del estudio muestran evidencias satisfactorias de validez y confiabilidad del nuevo instrumento para el caso de la muestra investigada...

Análise da validade e precisão de instrumento de diferencial semântico / Analysis of validity and precision of a semantic differential instrument

Este estudo investigou evidências de validade e precisão de um instrumento de diferencial semântico que tem sido utilizado para medir a transferência de significados entre estímulos equivalentes. Um total de 196 estudantes universitários avaliou fotografias de faces expressando emoções e também figuras abstratas, utilizando um instrumento composto por 13 escalas bipolares ancoradas por adjetivos opostos. A análise fatorial dos dados coletados forneceu indicações da validade do instrumento e os coeficientes alfa obtidos indicam que os dois fatores extraídos nesta análise possuem níveis de precisão aceitáveis, embora um dos fatores deva ser revisto. Discute-se que o modelo de equivalência de estímulos, entendido como um modelo experimental de relações simbólicas, pode se beneficiar de instrumentos capazes de fornecer medidas válidas de transferência de significado.

This study assessed evidence of validity and precision of a semantic differential test that has been used to measure the transfer of meaning among equivalent stimuli. Participants were 196 college students who evaluated pictures of faces expressing emotions and also abstract pictures using an instrument comprised by 13 bipolar scales anchored by opposite adjectives. The factor analysis of the data evidenced the validity of the instrument. Values of alpha coefficients indicated that the factors extracted by this analysis have acceptable levels of precision, although one of the factors might be revised. It is discussed that the stimulus equivalence paradigm, an experimental model for symbolic relations, can benefit from instruments that provide valid measures of meaning transfer.

Overtraining increases the strength of equivalence relations

The present study investigated whether overtraining of the conditional discriminations that are the prerequisites of equivalence class formation strengthens the relations among stimuli in an equivalence class. Two groups of college students formed equivalence classes that consisted of faces that expressed emotions (A) and arbitrary stimuli (B, C, D, and E). The overtraining group had twice as many training trials as the regular training group. For participants who formed equivalence classes, relational strength was evaluated by the generalization of expressed emotions from the A to the D stimuli, which was measured using a semantic differential. An untrained control group showed semantic differential scores that were positive for happy faces, negative for angry faces, and neutral for the D stimuli. For the experimental groups, the D stimuli, when included in equivalence classes, produced scores that were similar to those produced by the equivalent faces. The overtraining group, however, had average values closer to the values of the faces than the regular training group. These results indicate that the amount of training is an experimental parameter that influences the strength of relations between stimuli that are found to be equivalent in matching-to-sample tests...

Desarrollo y evaluacion psicometrica de una forma abreviada de la escala de posicionamiento ante el diagnostico enfermero / A forma abreviada da escala posições frente ao diagnostico de enfermagem: desenvolvimento e avaliação psicométrica / A short form of the positions on nursing diagnosis scale: development and psychometric testing

El Position on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) es una escala que utiliza la técnica del diferencial semántico para medir las actitudes hacia el concepto diagnóstico enfermero. El estudio objetivó desarrollar una forma abreviada de la versión española de esta escala, evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas y eficiencia. Se utilizó un doble enfoque empírico-teórico para obtener una forma reducida del PND, el PND-7-SV, que fuera equivalente a la original. Mediante un diseño transversal a través de encuesta, se evaluó la fiabilidad (consistencia interna y fiabilidad test-retest), validez de constructo (análisis factorial exploratorio, técnica de grupos conocidos y validez discriminante) y de criterio (validez concurrente), sensibilidad al cambio y eficiencia del PND-7-SV en una muestra de 476 estudiantes de enfermería españoles. Los resultados avalaron la utilidad del PND-7-SV para medir las actitudes hacia el diagnóstico enfermero de manera equivalente a la forma completa de la escala y en un tiempo más reducido.

O Position on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) é uma escala que utiliza a técnica do diferencial semântico para medir atitudes em relação ao conceito diagnóstico de enfermagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma forma abreviada da versão em espanhol desta escala e avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas e eficiência. Foi utilizada uma dupla abordagem teórico-empírica para obter uma forma curta do PND, o PND-7-SV, que era equivalente à original. Usando um desenho transversal através de pesquisa, foi avaliada a confiabilidade (consistência interna e confiabilidade teste-reteste), validade de constructo (análise fatorial exploratória, técnica de grupos conhecidos e validade discriminante) e de critério (validade concorrente), sensibilidade à mudança e eficiência da PND-7-SV em uma amostra de 476 estudantes de enfermagem espanholas. Os resultados endossaram a utilidade do PND-7-SV para medir atitudes em relação ao diagnóstico de enfermagem de maneira equivalente à forma completa da escala e em um curto tempo.

The Positions on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) is a scale that uses the semantic differential technique to measure nurses' attitudes towards the nursing diagnosis concept. The aim of this study was to develop a shortened form of the Spanish version of this scale and evaluate its psychometric properties and efficiency. A double theoretical-empirical approach was used to obtain a short form of the PND, the PND-7-SV, which would be equivalent to the original. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), construct (exploratory factor analysis, known-groups technique and discriminant validity) and criterion-related validity (concurrent validity), sensitivity to change and efficiency of the PND-7-SV were assessed in a sample of 476 Spanish nursing students. The results endorsed the utility of the PND-7-SV to measure attitudes toward nursing diagnosis in an equivalent manner to the complete form of the scale and in a shorter time.

Equivalências semântica e conceitual da versão em português do National College Health Assessment II / Semantic and conceptual equivalences of the Portuguese version of the National College Health Assessment II

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar as equivalências semântica e conceitual do questionário National College Health Assessment II (NCHA II). Foram realizadas tradução para o português da versão original do NCHA II e retrotradução para o inglês. As versões do questionário foram analisadas por um comitê de juízes. A versão traduzida do NCHA II foi administrada experimentalmente em amostra de 64 estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos. Após discretas modificações apontadas nos processos de tradução, o comitê de juízes considerou que a versão para o idioma português do NCHA II apresentou equivalências semântica e conceitual. As etapas iniciais do processo de adaptação transcultural do questionário NCHA II foram satisfatórias. Porém, futuros estudos são necessários para identificar propriedades psicométricas e indicadores de validação previamente à sua efetiva recomendação para uso com segurança.

The objective of this study was to describe the semantic and conceptual equivalences of the National College Health Assessment II (NCHA II). The original version of the NCHA II was translated into Portuguese and back-translated into English. A committee of experts analyzed the different versions of the questionnaire. The version of the translated NCHA II questionnaire was experimentally administered to a sample of 64 university students of both sexes. After minor changes identified in the translation process, the committee of experts concluded that the Portuguese version of the NCHA II showed semantic and conceptual equivalences. In conclusion, the initial stages of the process of cross-cultural adaptation of the NCHA II questionnaire were satisfactory. Future studies are necessary to identify psychometric properties and validation indicators prior to the effective recommendation of the instrument for safe use.

Escala de diferencial semântico para avaliação da percepção de pacientes hospitalizados frente ao banho / Semantic differential scale for assessing perceptions of hospitalized patients about bathing

OBJETIVO: Construir e validar uma escala de diferencial semântico que avalie a percepção dos pacientes em relação ao banho. MÉTODOS: A primeira etapa, constou da construção da escala, conforme os patamares teóricos específicos e a segunda etapa, foi composta por procedimentos de validação fatorial e o cálculo dos coeficientes de confiabilidade da medida. Participaram do estudo de validação 130 pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. RESULTADOS: A medida de diferencial semântico resultante apresentou como produto uma escala bidimensional com coeficientes de confiabilidade alfa Cronbach superiores a 0,90. CONCLUSÃO: A escala pode ser considerada um instrumento válido e confiável para avaliação da percepção dos pacientes frente aos banhos de chuveiro e no leito.

OBJECTIVE: To construct and validate a semantic differential scale to assess patients' perceptions in regarding bathing. METHODS: The first stage consisted of constructing a scale, conforming to specific theoretical parameters, and the second stage consisted of factorial validation procedures and calculation of the measure of reliability coefficients. One hundred thirty patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit participated in the validation study. RESULTS: The resulting measure of semantic differential presented as a product of a two-dimensional scale with Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients greater than 0.90. CONCLUSION: The scale can be considered a valid and reliable instrument for assessing patients' perceptions regarding showers and bed baths.

OBJETIVO: Construir y validar una escala de diferencial semántico que evalúe la percepción de los pacientes en relación al baño. MÉTODOS: La primera etapa, constó de la construcción de la escala, conforme los niveles teóricos específicos y la segunda etapa, estuvo compuesta por procedimientos de validación factorial y el cálculo de los coeficientes de confiabilidad de la medida. En el estudio de validación participaron 130 pacientes internados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. RESULTADOS: La medida del diferencial semántico resultante presentó como producto una escala bidimensional con coeficientes de confiabilidad alfa Cronbach superiores a 0,90. CONCLUSIÓN: La escala puede ser considerada un instrumento válido y confiable para la evaluación de la percepción de los pacientes frente a los baños de ducha y en la cama.

Perception About the Elderly Among Undergraduate Students Interested in the Elderly Care Business / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the perception about the elderly among undergraduate students interested in the elderly care business. METHOD: In this descriptive research, a total of 183 undergraduate students were participated. The instrument was consisted of a 18-item semantic differential scale developed by Sanders et al (1984). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficients by SPSS 18.0. RESULT: Undergraduate students' perception about the elderly was slightly positive(2.98+/-1.51). The significant factors associated with the perception about the elderly were gender, age, present residing state with the elderly, experience of residing with the elderly at the past. Male students' perception about the elderly was more positive than female. Among 18 items, 'wise' and 'knowledgeable' was highly related to the perception about the elderly(r=.671, p=.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the items of optimistic, attractive, flexible and good were the impressive perceptions about the elderly for the undergraduate students. The result of this study can be utilized to promote perception about the elderly among undergraduate students.

Depressão, traços depressivos e representações parentais: um estudo empírico / Depression, depressive traits and parental representations: an empirical study

Neste trabalho estudámos a relação entre depressão e representações parentais, de acordo com a perspectiva psicodinâmica, verificando se os traços depressivos da personalidade podem ser uma variável mediadora entre representações parentais negativas, consequência de interacções precoces disfuncionais com as figuras significativas, e o estado depressivo sintomático. Trezentos e noventa estudantes universitários seleccionados de diversas instituições de ensino superior responderam a um inventário de traços depressivos, a um diferencial semântico e ao Inventário de Depressão de Beck-II. Cento e quarenta e dois sujeitos (36,4%) eram do sexo masculino e 248 (63,6) eram do sexo feminino). Os estudantes responderam em grupos que variaram entre os 15 e os 50 elementos. Os resultados obtidos através da Análise de Trajectórias apoiam a hipótese dos traços depressivos, a dimensão depressiva da personalidade, ser um mediador entre representações parentais negativas e o estado depressivo sintomático, como é salientado pelas perspectivas psicodinâmicas do desenvolvimento e da psicopatologia.

In this work we have studied the relationship between depression and parental representations, following the psychodynamic perspective, verifying if depressive traits can be a mediation variable between negative parental representations, which are the result of disruptive interactions with significant objects, and the depressive symptomatic state. Three hundred and ninety college students, from several Portuguese university institutions have responded to an inventory that assesses depressive traits, to a Semantic Differential and to the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). One hundred and forty two (36,4) were male, and 248 (63,6) were female. Participants have responded to the questionnaires in groups ranging from 15 to 50 elements Results obtained with Path Analysis support the hypothesis that depressive traits, the depressive dimension of personality , is a mediation variable between the negative parental representations and the depressive symptomatic state, as stresses by the psychodynamic perspective of development and psychopathology.

A Study of Nurses' Characteristics and their Perception of Seriousness of Elder Abuse / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the relationship between nurses' characteristics and perception of seriousness of elder abuse. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey design was used to describe the perception of elder abuse by 301 nurses. Data were collected by convenience sampling. The research instruments utilized in this study were 12 scenarios adapted by Yoo & Kim from the 13 senarios to measure the perception of elder abuse developed by Moon and Williams (1993), a seven item questionnaires related to elder abuse law, and a Semantic Differential Scaling to measure attitudes toward elderly people. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The mean score for perceptions of elder abuse was 3.07. Among the types of abuse, sexual abuse was perceived as the most severe type of abuse followed by physical abuse, neglect, financial abuse, and emotional abuse in that order. Education, job position, experience of gerontological nursing course, and education on elder abuse, exposure to elder abuse information, and attitudes toward elders were significantly related to the perception of seriousness on elder abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that provision of elder abuse education is needed for nurses, to enable them to identify elder abuse and address their legal and professional responsibilities.

Construção de escalas de diferencial semântico: medida de avaliação de sons no interior de aeronaves / Construction of semantic differential scales: a measure for the evaluation of aircraft interior sound

Este estudo relata a construção de uma medida psicométrica, baseada na técnica do diferencial semântico, para avaliação de propriedades acústicas no interior de aeronaves. Dois estudos compuseram o trabalho: um primeiro estudo da semântica de descritores, e um segundo de construção da medida. Participaram da pesquisa 590 pessoas; o primeiro estudo contou com 298 participantes, sendo 175 do sexo masculino (58,7 por cento). A média de idade foi 23,2 anos (DP = 5,2 anos). No segundo estudo participaram 292 pessoas, 172 do sexo masculino (58,9 por cento); a média de idade foi de 24,2 anos (DP = 6,6 anos). Os resultados do primeiro estudo constituíram uma lista de descritores aptos para caracterização de fenômenos acústicos no interior de aeronaves. O segundo estudo, após análise fatorial, cálculo do coeficiente de confiabilidade alfa de Cronbach e MANOVA, apresentou parâmetros de validade e confiabilidade satisfatórios. A escala final mensurou quatro fatores: Avaliação, Adequação, Estabilidade e Intensidade.

This study reports the construction of a psychometrical measure, based on the semantic differential technique, for acoustic properties' evaluation in aircraft interiors. Two studies composed the research: a first study of semantic descriptors, and a second one for measure construction. Five hundred and ninety people took part on the research. The first study had 298 participants, 175 were male (58,7 percent). The mean age was 23,2 years old (SD = 5,2 years). On the second study 292 people participated, 172 of whom were male (58,9 percent), and the mean age was 24,2 years old (SD = 6,6 years). The results of the first study provided a list of descriptors able to describe acoustic phenomena in aircraft interiors. The second study, after factor analysis and determination of Cronbach's alpha reliability index and MANOVA, presented satisfactory validity and reliability parameters. The final scale measured four factors: Appreciation, Adequacy, Stability and Intensity.

Adaptação transcultural para o português (Brasil) do instrumento Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST) utilizado para identificar risco de violência contra o idoso / Portuguese (Brazil) cross-cultural adaptation of the Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST) used to identify risk of violence against the elderly

Este artigo descreve a adaptação transcultural para uso no Brasil do instrumento Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST) utilizado para identificar risco de violência doméstica em idosos. Avaliando-se as equivalências conceitual e de itens, concluiu-se pela pertinência delas no contexto brasileiro. A equivalência semântica contemplou a correspondência de significado referencial/denotativo de termos e a geral/conotativa dos itens em si. A equivalência de mensuração foi investigada por intermédio de propriedades psicométricas. Semelhante ao encontrado no instrumento original em inglês, a análise fatorial revelou três dimensões. Seis dos sete itens carregaram satisfatoriamente no fator 1 (escala de "situação de abuso potencial"). A consistência interna mostrou-se razoável e reprodutibilidade intra-observador discreta. O segundo fator representando a dimensão de "violação de direitos pessoais ou abuso direto" teve desempenho semelhante. Ainda assim, identificou-se troca de itens entre estas escalas e cargas cruzadas. Uma terceira escala que deveria abarcar as "características de vulnerabilidade" não teve o mesmo desempenho. Conclui-se que mesmo sem mostrar equivalência completa, o H-S/EAST já poderia ser recomendado para uso no contexto brasileiro, pelo menos em parte.

This article describes the cross-cultural adaptation, for use in Brazil, of the Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST), used to identify risk of domestic violence against the elderly. Evaluating the conceptual and item equivalences, the article concludes that they are pertinent in the Brazilian context. Semantic equivalence covered the terms' correspondence in referential/denotative meaning and the items' general/connotative correspondence per se. Measurement equivalence was investigated by means of psychometric properties. As with the original instrument in English, the factor analysis revealed three dimensions. Six of the seven items loaded satisfactorily in factor 1 ("situation of potential abuse" scale). Internal consistency proved reasonable, with discreet intra-observer reproducibility. The second factor representing the dimension of "violation of personal rights or direct abuse" showed similar performance. Even so, the study identified an exchange of items between these scales and crossed loads. A third scale that was supposed to encompass the "characteristics of vulnerability" did not show the same performance. The conclusion was that even without demonstrating complete equivalence, the H-S/EAST could already be recommended, at least in part, in the Brazilian context.

Operacionalização de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de aferição usados em epidemiologia / Operationalizing the cross-cultural adaptation of epidemological measurement instruments

O objetivo do artigo foi propor uma sistemática operativa para avaliar o processo de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos desenvolvidos em outros contextos lingüístico sócio-culturais. São feitas considerações sobre a necessidade do uso de instrumentos de aferição robustos; a importância de instrumentos "universais" que permitam sintonias transculturais; e a necessidade de partir para adaptação em contraposição ao desenvolvimento de um instrumento novo. Aborda-se a existência de controvérsias e diferentes propostas processuais na literatura e apresenta-se um modelo de adaptação. Essa síntese envolve os passos operativos dos processos de avaliação de equivalência conceitual, de itens, semântica e operacional, e apresenta um roteiro de análise psicométrica que alicerça a avaliação de equivalência de mensuração. Finalmente, reforça-se a necessidade de cuidar da qualidade da informação em estudos epidemiológicos, incluindo meticulosos processos de adaptação transcultural nas agendas de pesquisas.

The objective of the article was to offer an operational framework to assess cross cultural adaptation processes of instruments developed in other linguistic, social and cultural contexts. It covers the need for using robust measurement tools; the importance of 'universal' instruments that permit cross cultural fine-tuning; and stresses the need for adapting existent instruments rather than developing new ones. Existing controversies and proposals for different procedures in current literature are reviewed and a model for adapting instruments is presented. This synthesis covers the operational steps involved in evaluating concepts, semantic and operational items, and presents psychometric analysis guidelines that underlay an evaluation of measurement equivalence. Finally, the need for adequately controlling the quality of information presented in epidemiological studies, including a meticulous cross-cultural adaptation of research agendas, is reinforced.

Relationships among Knowledge, Attitude, and Use of Negative Control Maintenance Techniques Toward Older Adults among Nurses Working in Geriatric Hospitals / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among knowledge, attitudes, and the use of negative control maintenance techniques toward older adults among nurses working in geriatric hospitals (n=86). METHODS: Data were collected from April 4th to May 30th in 2006 by using questionnaires of Fact on Aging Quiz Part I, Aging Semantic Differential Scaling, and Control Maintenance Techniques. RESULTS: The findings showed that the nurses displayed lack of knowledge concerning older adults and their average rate of correct answer was 45.6%. They also hold some negative bias and attitudes, especially in psychological and social aspects. The level of using negative control maintenance techniques in managing older patients' problematic behaviors was reported as the mean of 5.65 with a possible range of 0-40. Nurse's knowledge of older adults was positively associated with their attitudes toward older adults, but their knowledge and attitudes were not associated with the use of negative control maintenance techniques. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to provide educational programs for nurses that focus on a comprehensive understanding of aging with lifetime developmental perspectives. Further studies are needed to understand the factors associated with using negative control maintenance techniques and to evaluate the intervention programs in reducing the use of negative control maintenance techniques.