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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(4): 422-432, abr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-961412

ABSTRACT

Background: Identifying risk factors for long-term mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could improve their clinical management. Aim: To examine the clinical variables associated to long-term mortality in a cohort of COPD patients. Patients and Methods: A clinical and respiratory functional assessment, chest computed tomography and clinical follow up for five years was carried out in 202 COPD patients aged 66 ± 9 years (59% males), active or former smokers of 10 or more pack-years. Results: Thirty four percent of patients were active smokers, consuming 46 ± 23 packs/year, 86% had comorbidities, especially chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Forty-six patients died in the five years follow-up (5-year mortality was therefore 22.8%). In the univariate analysis, the main risk factors associated to long-term mortality were an older age, male sex, dyspnea severity, severe exacerbation risk, chronic respiratory failure, magnitude of lung emphysema, airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation, reduction of thigh muscle cross-sectional area and physical activity limitation. In the multivariate analysis, the three independent risk factors for long-term mortality were dyspnea severity, chronic hypoxemia and exercise limitation measured with the six minutes' walk test. Conclusions: Systematic clinical assessment allowed to identify the main risk factors associated with long-term mortality in patients with COPD, which could be used in planning preventive and management programs aimed at the high-risk population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Smoking/physiopathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality , Respiratory Function Tests , Smoking/mortality , Survival Analysis , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Age Factors , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/blood , Dyspnea/physiopathology , Dyspnea/mortality , Exercise Test , Symptom Flare Up
3.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 20(supl.1): 75-89, Mai. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-843764

ABSTRACT

RESUMO: Introdução: A epidemia global do tabaco já assumiu proporções de pandemia, com cerca de 1,3 bilhão de usuários e 6 milhões de mortes anuais. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as tendências de mortalidade por doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) e câncer de pulmão, lábios, cavidade oral, faringe e esôfago, no Brasil, entre 1990 e 2015. Métodos: O estudo foi viabilizado mediante parceria entre o Instituto Métricas e Avaliação em Saúde (IHME), da Universidade de Washington, Ministério da Saúde e o grupo técnico GBD Brasil, utilizando análise de estimativas do estudo Carga Global de Doenças 2015. Resultados: As taxas de mortalidade por DPOC caíram, já que, em 1990, foi de 64,5/100.000 habitantes e, em 2015, 44,5, queda de 31%. Para os vários tipos de câncer relacionados ao tabaco, a queda foi em menor proporção do que a verificada para DPOC. A mortalidade por câncer de pulmão permaneceu estável, com taxa de 18,7/100.000 habitantes, em 1990, e 18,3/100.000 habitantes, em 2015. Entre as mulheres, observa-se curva ascendente, com aumento de 20,7%. Discussão: O estudo aponta o tabaco como fator de risco para mortalidade prematura e incapacidades por DPOC e câncer. A importante redução da prevalência do tabaco nas últimas décadas poderia explicar reduções nas tendências de doenças relacionadas com o tabaco. A maior mortalidade por câncer de pulmão em mulheres pode expressar o aumento tardio do tabagismo nesse sexo. Conclusão: Ações nacionais nas últimas décadas têm tido grande efeito na diminuição da mortalidade de doenças relacionadas ao tabaco, mas ainda há grandes desafios, principalmente quando se trata de mulheres e jovens.


ABSTRACT: Introduction: The global tobacco epidemic has taken pandemic proportions, with about 1.3 billion users and 6 million annual deaths. This study aimed to analyze the trends in mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung, lips, oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus cancer in Brazil between 1990 and 2015. Methods: The study was made possible through a partnership between the Metrics and Health Assessment Institute (IHME), University of Washington, Ministry of Health and the GBD Brazil technical group, using estimates from the Global Disease Charge 2015 study. Results: The mortality rates due to COPD fell; in 1990, it was 64.5/100,000 inhabitants and in 2015, 44.5, a decrease of 31%. For the various types of cancer related to smoking, the decrease was in a lower proportion than for COPD. For lung cancer, rates were 18.7/100,000 inhabitants in 1990 to 18.3 in 2015. For women, there is an upward curve for lung cancer from 1990 to 2015, with an increase of 20.7%. Discussion: The study points to smoking as a risk factor for premature mortality and disability due to COPD and cancer. The significant reduction in tobacco prevalence in recent decades could explain reductions in tobacco-related disease trends. The higher mortality from lung cancer in women may express the delayed increase in smoking in this gender. Conclusion: Nationwide actions taken in the last decades have had a great effect on reducing mortality from tobacco-related diseases, but there are still major challenges, especially when it comes to women and young people.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Tobacco Use Disorder/mortality , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/mortality , Time Factors , Nicotiana , Brazil/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/etiology , Neoplasms/mortality
4.
Rev. bras. cancerol ; 63(1): 13-20, 20170300.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-875998

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O tabagismo é uma causa de morte evitável e está associado à incidência de diversos cânceres. Implantar o tratamento do tabagismo contribui para o seu controle e de suas diversas consequências. Objetivo: Analisar a implantação, sob a perspectiva das ações de competência da gestão estadual, da rede de tratamento do tabagismo em Pernambuco a partir da Portaria 571/2013. Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo, de abordagem mista, com dados coletados no período de novembro a dezembro de 2016 na Gerência de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco. Foi composto por duas etapas: a primeira, qualitativa, em que foram analisados os documentos da gestão estadual do Programa de Controle do Tabagismo, utilizou a análise documental. A segunda, quantitativa, utilizou informações provenientes do FormSus. Resultados: A análise documental destacou 26 atividades, sendo 12 atividades referentes ao monitoramento das ações de controle do tabagismo, oito referentes à gestão do programa e seis de educação permanente. No que diz respeito à análise quantitativa, foi observada a ampliação da oferta do tratamento do tabagismo na Atenção Básica, que concentrou a maior parte dos atendimentos. Conclusão: A análise destaca a importância das estratégias de educação permanente, de monitoramento e de mobilização social na implantação do tratamento do tabagismo no Estado de Pernambuco após a portaria 571/2013, todas contribuindo para ampliação da oferta de tratamento do tabagismo na Atenção Básica em Saúde do Estado.


Introduction: Tobacco use is a preventable cause of death and is associated to the incidence of many types of cancer. Implementing treatment for tobacco use contributes to the control of it and many of its consequences. Objective: To analyze the implementation, under the perspective of actions of state management scope, of the tobacco use treatment network in Pernambuco since the Decree 571/2013. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive, mixed method research, with data collected from November to December 2016 in the Office for Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion of the State of Pernambuco Health Secretariat. It was performed in two phases: the first was qualitative, in which documents of the state management of the Tobacco Control Program were analyzed, and used documental analysis. The second, quantitative, used information from FormSus. Results: Documental analysis highlighted 26 activities, 12 of which referred to the monitoring of tobacco control actions, eight referred to the program management and six of permanent education. Regarding quantitative analysis, we observed the expansion of the offering of tobacco use treatment in Primary Care, which concentrated most of the patient care. Conclusion: The analysis highlights the importance of permanent education strategies, monitoring and social mobilization in the implementation of tobacco use treatment in the State of Pernambuco after the Decree 571/2013, all of which contributed to the expansion of the offering of tobacco use treatment in the state's Primary Health Care.


Introducción: El tabaquismo es una causa de muerte evitable y está asociado a la incidencia de diversos cánceres. Implantar el tratamiento del tabaquismo contribuye a su control y sus diversas consecuencias. Objetivo: Analizar la implantación, bajo la perspectiva de las acciones de competencia de la gestión estadual, de la red de tratamiento del tabaquismo en Pernambuco a partir de la norma 571/2013. Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, de enfoque mixto, con datos recolectados en el período de noviembre a diciembre de 2016 en la Gerência de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde, de la Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco. Se compuso de dos etapas: la primera, cualitativa, en la que se analizaron los documentos de la gestión estadual del Programa de Control del Tabaquismo, utilizó el análisis documental. La segunda, cuantitativa, utilizó información proveniente de FormSus. Resultados: El análisis documental destacó 26 actividades, siendo 12 actividades referentes al acompañamiento de las acciones de control del tabaquismo, ocho referentes a la gestión del programa y séis de educación permanente. En lo que se refiere al análisis cuantitativo, se observó la ampliación de la oferta del tratamiento del tabaquismo en la Atenção Básica à Saúde que concentró la mayor parte de las atenciones. Conclusión: El análisis destaca la importancia de las estrategias de educación permanente, de monitoreo y de movilización social en la implantación del tratamiento del tabaquismo en el Estado de Pernambuco posterior a la ley 571/2013, ambas contribuyendo a la ampliación de la oferta de tratamiento del tabaquismo en la Atenção Básica em Saúde del Estado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Smoking/prevention & control , Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control , Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy , Health Management , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/mortality
5.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 33(4): 651-661, oct.-dic. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: biblio-845754

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Objetivos . Estimar la carga de enfermedad asociada al tabaquismo y evaluar el potencial impacto económico y en salud del aumento de los impuestos a los cigarrillos en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. Mediante un modelo de microsimulación se estimó el impacto en mortalidad, calidad de vida y costos atribuibles al tabaquismo por enfermedad cardiaca y cerebrovascular, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, neumonía, cáncer de pulmón y otras nueve neoplasias. Se evaluaron tres escenarios de aumento de impuestos. Resultados . Un total anual de 16 719 muertes, 6926 diagnósticos de cáncer, 7936 accidentes cerebrovasculares y 7548 hospitalizaciones por enfermedad cardiovascular se pueden atribuir al tabaquismo en Perú. Asimismo, se pierden 396 069 años de vida por muerte prematura y discapacidad cada año, y el costo de tratar los problemas de salud ocasionados por el tabaco asciende a 2500 millones de soles (PEN 2015). Actualmente, los impuestos al tabaco llegan a cubrir solamente el 9,1% de dicho gasto. Un incremento del 50% en el precio de los cigarrillos podría evitar 13 391 muertes, 6210 eventos cardiovasculares y 5361 nuevos cánceres en los próximos diez años, y representaría un beneficio económico de 3145 millones (PEN) por ahorro de costos sanitarios y aumento de la recaudación impositiva. Conclusiones . La carga de enfermedad y el costo para el sistema de salud asociados al tabaquismo son elevados en Perú. Incrementar los impuestos al cigarrillo podría derivar en importantes beneficios para el país, tanto sanitarios como económicos.


ABSTRACT Objectives . To calculate the burden of smoking-related disease and evaluate the potential economic and health impact of tax-induced cigarette price increase in Peru. Materials and methods. A microsimulation model was used to estimate smoking-attributable impact on mortality, quality of life, and costs associated with heart and cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, lung cancer, and another nine cancers. Three scenarios, involving increased taxes, were evaluated. Results . A yearly total of 16,719 deaths, 6,926 cancer diagnoses, 7,936 strokes, and 7,548 hospital admissions due to cardiovascular disease can be attributed to smoking in Peru. Similarly, 396,069 years of life are lost each year from premature death and disability, and the cost of treating smoking-attributable health issues rises to 2,500 million soles (PEN 2015). Currently, taxes on tobacco cover only 9.1% of this expense. If cigarette prices were to increase by 50% over the next 10 years, 13,391 deaths, 6,210 cardiovascular events, and 5,361 new cancers could be prevented, representing an economic benefit of 3,145 million (PEN) in savings in health costs and increases in tax revenues. Conclusions . Smoking-attributable burden of disease and costs to the health system are very high in Peru. Higher cigarette taxes could have substantial health and economic benefits for the country.


Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking/mortality , Tobacco Products/economics , Peru/epidemiology , Quality of Life , Taxes , Commerce
6.
J. bras. pneumol ; 42(5): 317-325, Sept.-Oct. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-797945

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: Lung cancer is a global public health problem and is associated with high mortality. Lung cancer could be largely avoided by reducing the prevalence of smoking. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of social, behavioral, and clinical factors on the survival time of patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated at Cancer Hospital I of the José Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2000 and 2003. Methods: This was a retrospective hospital cohort study involving 1,194 patients. The 60-month disease-specific survival probabilities were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method for three stage groups. The importance of the studied factors was assessed with a hierarchical theoretical model after adjustment by Cox multiple regression. Results: The estimated 60-month specific-disease lethality rate was 86.0%. The 60-month disease-specific survival probability ranged from 25.0% (stages I/II) to 2.5% (stage IV). The performance status, the intention to treat, and the initial treatment modality were the major prognostic factors identified in the study population. Conclusions: In this cohort of patients, the disease-specific survival probabilities were extremely low. We identified no factors that could be modified after the diagnosis in order to improve survival. Primary prevention, such as reducing the prevalence of smoking, is still the best method to reduce the number of people who will suffer the consequences of lung cancer.


RESUMO Objetivo: O câncer de pulmão é um problema de saúde pública global e é associado a elevada mortalidade. Ele poderia ser evitado em grande parte com a redução da prevalência do tabagismo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de fatores sociais, comportamentais e clínicos sobre o tempo de sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas atendidos, entre 2000 e 2003, no Hospital do Câncer I do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de coorte hospitalar com 1.194 pacientes. As probabilidades de sobrevida doença-específica em 60 meses foram calculadas com o método de Kaplan-Meier para três grupos de estadiamento. A importância dos fatores estudados foi avaliada por um modelo teórico hierarquizado após o ajuste de modelos de regressão múltipla de Cox. Resultados: Foi estimada uma taxa de letalidade doença-específica em 60 meses de 86,0%. A probabilidade de sobrevida doença-específica em 60 meses variou de 25,0%, nos estádios iniciais, a 2,5%, no estádio IV. A situação funcional, a intenção e a modalidade do tratamento inicial foram os principais fatores prognósticos identificados na população estudada. Conclusões: As probabilidades de sobrevida doença-específica estimadas na amostra estudada foram muito baixas, e não foram identificados fatores que pudessem ser modificados após o diagnóstico visando uma melhora da sobrevida. A prevenção primária, como a redução da prevalência do tabagismo, ainda é a melhor forma de evitar que mais pessoas sofram as consequências do câncer de pulmão.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality , Lung Neoplasms/mortality , Activities of Daily Living , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/prevention & control , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control , Lung Neoplasms/therapy , Medical History Taking/statistics & numerical data , Neoplasm Staging/mortality , Retrospective Studies , Sex Factors , Smoking/mortality , Socioeconomic Factors , Survival Analysis
7.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 76(5): 287-293, Oct. 2016. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-841595

ABSTRACT

El tabaquismo es la principal causa evitable de muerte en el mundo. En la Argentina, en 2000, el 16% de las muertes fueron atribuibles al tabaco en mayores de 35 años. En Tucumán existen datos de prevalencia de consumo de tabaco pero no del efecto del tabaquismo sobre la mortalidad. El objetivo fue estimar el número de muertes atribuibles al tabaco, la fracción atribuible porcentual, la tasa de mortalidad ajustada por edad y los años de vida potencialmente perdidos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de mortalidad asociada al tabaquismo en adultos mayores de 35 años en Tucumán, entre 2001 y 2010. Se seleccionaron 19 causas provistas por Centers for Disease Control and Prevention agrupadas en enfermedades cardiovasculares, neoplasias malignas y enfermedades respiratorias. En el último decenio se encontró que de 77 220 muertes en Tucumán, 3131 [4.1% (IC: 95%: 3.9-4.2)] fueron atribuibles al tabaco. El 77% fue en hombres, quienes también presentaron la mayor fracción atribuible porcentual en el rango de 35 a 64 años. La tasa de mortalidad ajustada por edad varió entre 87.5 en 2001 a 52.1 en 2008. En el primer quinquenio predominaron las enfermedades cardiovasculares, y en el segundo las neoplasias malignas. En promedio se cuantificaron 3203 años de vida potencialmente perdidos por año; de los cuales, las enfermedades cardiovasculares aportaron el 55.3%. El porcentaje de muertes atribuibles al tabaco en Tucumán resultó menor que el registrado para la Argentina. Si bien existe legislación anti tabáquica en Tucumán, resulta necesario fortificarla.


Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the world. In Argentina, in 2000, 16% of deaths were attributable to tobacco in over 35 years. In Tucuman it exis data on prevalence of, snuff consumption but not on mortality related to smoking. Our objective was to estimate the number of deaths attributable to tobacco smoking, the percentage attributable fraction, the rate of age-adjusted mortality and disability-adjusted life years. A cross-sectional descriptive study of mortality associated with smoking in adults over 35 years in Tucuman was conducted between 2001 and 2010; 19 causes provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were grouped in cardiovascular diseases, malignancies and respiratory diseases. In the last decade, from a total of 77 220 deaths documented in Tucuman, 3131 [4.1% (CI 95%: 3.9-4.2)] were attributed to snuff, 77% in men with the highest attributable fraction percentage in the range of 35 to 64 years. Rate age-adjusted mortality ranged from 87.5 in 2001 to 52.1 in 2008. In the first half period cardiovascular diseases predominated, followed by malignancies. On average 3203 years of potential life lost were quantified; where cardiovascular diseases accounted for 55.3%. The percentage of deaths attributable to snuff in Tucuman was lower than that recorded for Argentina. Even though there is anti-tobacco legislation in Tucuman, it is necessary to strengthen it.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Tobacco Use Disorder/mortality , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/mortality , Life Expectancy , Argentina/epidemiology , Time Factors , Sex Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Mortality/trends , Cause of Death , Age Factors , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution
8.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; set. 2016. 113f p. tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-971627

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Esta dissertação de mestrado objetivou identificar as necessidades de cuidado do homem com histórico de tabagismo e risco de câncer; elaborar estratégias de cuidado de enfermagem a partir das suas necessidades; e discutí-las no contexto da atenção básica. Método: Estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo. Os dados foram coletados no Instituto de Atenção à Saúde São Francisco, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Foram entrevistados vinte e quatro homens fumantes e ex-fumantes. O projeto obteve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery (parecer 1.310.464). Resultados: Emergiram quatro categorias, a saber: o significado do tabagismo na vida do homem; o tabagismo e suas relações com o processo saúde doença; necessidades de cuidado do homem com histórico de tabagismo e risco de câncer; o tabagismo e sua relação com outras drogas. Conclusão: reconhecem-se os malefícios deste hábito e sua relação com o desenvolvimento de doenças. E apesar da contínua queda da sua predominância em resposta às políticas públicas, destaca-se a necessidade de novas e contínuas intervenções...


This master‟s thesis aimed to identify the care needs for men with history of smokingand cancer risk, develop nursing care strategies based on their needs and discuss them ina framework of basic attention. This is a descriptive exploratory qualitative study. Datawere collected from the São Francisco Institute for Health, which belongs to Rio deJaneiro Federal University (UFRJ). Twenty-four men, among smokers and formersmokers, had been interviewed. The project received approval from the Research EthicsCommittee of Anna Nery Nursing School (resolution 1.310.464). Results: Fourcategories were established: the role of smoking in men‟s lives; smoking and itsrelations to the health-disease process; care needs for men with history of smoking andcancer risk; smoking and its relations to other drugs. Conclusion: The detriments ofsmoking and its relation to disease development are identified and, despite thecontinuous decrease of its predominance as a response to public policies, it ishighlighted the necessity of new and continuous interventions...


La disertación de este maestro tuvo como objetivo identificar las necesidades deatención de los hombres con antecedentes de tabaquismo y los riesgos de cáncer, eldesarrollo de estrategias de cuidados de enfermería en base a sus necesidades ydiscutirlos en el marco de la atención básica. Se trata de un estudio cualitativoexploratorio descriptivo. Los datos fueron recogidos por el Instituto para la Salud deSan Francisco que pertenece a Río de Janeiro Universidad Federal (UFRJ). Veinte ycuatro hombres, entre los fumadores y ex fumadores, habían sido entrevistados. Elproyecto recibió la aprobación del Comité de Ética de Investigación de la Escuela AnnaNery de Enfermería (resolución 1310464). Resultados: Cuatro categorías seestablecieron: el papel de fumar en la vida de los hombres; fumar y sus relaciones con elproceso salud-enfermedad; las necesidades de atención para los hombres conantecedentes de tabaquismo y los riesgo de cáncer; tabaquismo y sus relaciones conotras drogas. Conclusión: Se identifican las pierdas de fumar y su relación con eldesarrollo de la enfermedad y, a pesar de la disminución continua de su predominiocomo respuesta a las políticas públicas, que se pone de relieve la necesidad deintervenciones nuevas y continuas...


Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Men's Health , Smoking/mortality , Smoking/prevention & control , Nursing Care , Neoplasms/nursing , Neoplasms/prevention & control
10.
Cad. saúde pública ; 31(6): 1283-1297, 06/2015. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-752149

ABSTRACT

Os avanços no controle do tabagismo no Brasil podem ser verificados na redução da prevalência nas últimas duas décadas. As estatísticas de óbitos, ocorrência de eventos e custos diretos atribuíveis às doenças tabaco-relacionadas não são estimadas com frequência no país. O objetivo deste artigo foi estimar a carga do tabagismo em 2011, em termos de mortalidade, morbidade e custos da assistência médica das principais doenças tabaco-relacionadas. Desenvolveu-se um modelo econômico baseado em uma microssimulação probabilística de milhares de indivíduos através de coortes hipotéticas que considerou a história natural, os custos diretos em saúde e a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. O tabagismo foi responsável por 147.072 óbitos, 2,69 milhões anos de vida perdidos, 157.126 infartos agudos do miocárdio, 75.663 acidentes vasculares cerebrais e 63.753 diagnósticos de câncer. O custo para o sistema de saúde foi de R$ 23,37 bilhões. O monitoramento da carga do tabagismo é uma importante estratégica para informar aos tomadores de decisão e fortalecer a política pública de saúde.


Los avances en el control del tabaquismo en Brasil pueden reflejarse en la reducción de la prevalencia observada en las últimas dos décadas. Las estadísticas de muertes, incidencia de eventos y costos directos atribuibles a las enfermedades, relacionadas con el tabaquismo, no han sido estimadas frecuentemente en el país. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la carga del tabaquismo en el año 2011, en términos de mortalidad, morbilidad y costos de asistencia médica para las patologías relacionadas con el tabaquismo. Se construyó un modelo de microsimulación probabilístico que incorpora la historia natural, los costos y la calidad de vida de los individuos. En 2011, el tabaquismo fue responsable de 147.072 muertes prematuras, 2,69 millones de años de vida perdidos, 157.126 infartos de miocardio, 75.663 accidentes cerebro-vasculares y 63.753 diagnósticos de cáncer. El costo directo fue de R$ 23,37 mil millones. El monitoreo de la carga de enfermedad atribuible al tabaquismo es una importante estrategia para informar a los responsables de las políticas públicas de salud.


Advances in tobacco control in Brazil can be reflected in the decrease in prevalence over the past two decades. Death statistics and the occurrence of events and direct costs attributable to tobacco-related diseases have not been frequently estimated in the country. The goal of this article is to estimate the burden of smoking in 2011 regarding mortality, morbidity and medical care costs of the main tobacco-related diseases. A probabilistic microsimulation health economic model was built. The model incorporates the natural history, costs and quality of life of all the tobacco-related adult-specific diseases. Smoking was accountable for 147,072 deaths, 2.69 million years of life lost, 157,126 acute myocardial infarctions, 75,663 strokes, and 63,753 cancer diagnoses. The direct cost for the health system was of BRL 23.37 billion. The monitoring of tobacco-related burden is an important strategy to guide decision-makers and to strenghten health public policies.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/economics , Smoking/mortality , Brazil/epidemiology , Cost of Illness , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Cardiovascular Diseases/economics , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Incidence , Life Expectancy , Morbidity , Neoplasms/chemically induced , Neoplasms/economics , Neoplasms/mortality , Prevalence , Smoking/adverse effects , Stroke/chemically induced , Stroke/economics , Stroke/mortality
11.
J. vasc. bras ; 14(1): 29-36, Jan-Mar/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-744454

ABSTRACT

Chronic aortoiliac occlusion (CAIO) is a significant cause of lower limb ischemia and is often found in young patients who smoke. OBJECTIVE: To review recent results achieved treating CAIO patients with open surgery. METHODS: From November 2011 to April 2014, 21 patients with CAIO were treated at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Demographic data, comorbidities, clinical presentation and surgical results were analyzed. RESULTS: Eleven women and ten men were treated with direct aortic bypass (DAB; n=18) or with extra-anatomic bypass (EAD; n=3). Mean age was 53.7 ± 7.3 years (range: 43-79 years) and all patients smoked. Thirteen patients (62%) had critical ischemia. Six of the patients treated with DAB (33.4%) also required additional revascularization (3 renal and 3 femoropopliteal procedures). Perioperative mortality was zero. Four patients (22.2%) suffered transitory renal dysfunction, but only one patient (5.6%) required hemodialysis. Median follow-up time was 17 months (range: 2-29 months) and there was just one late death, from ischemic heart disease, 7 months after the surgery on the abdominal aorta. CONCLUSIONS: Aortic reconstruction is a safe method for treating patients with CAIO, with low perioperative morbidity and mortality rates...


A oclusão crônica aorto-ilíaca (OCAI) é uma importante causa de isquemia dos membros inferiores e é frequentemente encontrada em pacientes jovens e tabagistas. OBJETIVO: Revisar os resultados recentes da cirurgia aberta em pacientes com OCAI. MÉTODOS: Entre novembro de 2011 e abril de 2014, 21 pacientes com OCAI foram tratados na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Foram analisados dados demográficos, comorbidades, apresentação clínica e resultados cirúrgicos. RESULTADOS: Onze mulheres e dez homens foram tratados com derivação aórtica direta (DAD; n=18) ou com derivação extra-anatômica (DEA; n=3). A média de idade foi 53,7 ± 7,3 anos (variação 43-79 anos), sendo todos os pacientes tabagistas. Treze pacientes (62%) apresentavam isquemia crítica. Dos pacientes submetidos à DAD, seis (33,4%) necessitaram de revascularização associada (3 renais e 3 fêmoro-poplíteas). A mortalidade perioperatória foi nula. Quatro pacientes (22,2%) desenvolveram disfunção renal transitória, mas apenas um paciente (5,6%) necessitou de hemodiálise. O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 17 meses (variação 2-29 meses), havendo apenas um óbito tardio, por cardiopatia isquêmica, sete meses após a cirurgia da aorta abdominal. CONCLUSÃO: A reconstrução aórtica é um método seguro para o tratamento de pacientes com OCAI, com baixas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade perioperatórias...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/rehabilitation , Iliac Vein/pathology , Iliac Vein , Follow-Up Studies , Smoking/mortality , Heparin/therapeutic use , Lower Extremity , Mannitol/therapeutic use
12.
Rev. guatem. cardiol. (Impresa) ; 24(1): 18-24, ene.-jun. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-869906

ABSTRACT

Un billón de personas fuma 6 trillones de cigarrillos a nivel mundial, lo que está produciendo unaepidemia de morbi-mortalidad a consecuencia de las enfermedades secundarias al consumo de tabaco. Lasenfermedades no-transmisibles, entre ellas las cardiovasculares, constituyen la causa principal de mortalidady fumar es uno de los principales factores prevenibles de riesgo. Está plenamente demostrado queenfermedad de las arterias coronarias, infarto del miocardio, aneurisma de la aorta abdominal, enfermedadvascular periférica, Evento Vascular Cerebral (isquémico y hemorrágico) y muerte súbita están asociados atabaquismo y este riesgo se correlaciona con el número de cigarrillos fumados al día. Dejar de fumar impactaen reducir la prevalencia de todas las enfermedades que produce el tabaco, disminuye la mortalidadsecundaria y mejora la calidad de vida. Es necesario implementar medidas para disminuir la epidemiaproducida por el tabaquismo y el gremio médico debe asumir protagonismo en proponer legislación parareducir la demanda y la oferta de tabaco.


One billion people smoke 6 trillion cigarettes worldwide, which is causing an epidemic of morbiditymortalitydue to the secondary illnesses caused by tobacco consumption. Non-communicablediseases, including cardiovascular disease, are the leading cause of mortality and smoking is oneof the major preventable risk factors. It has been clearly established that coronary artery disease,myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, stroke (ischemicand hemorrhagic) and sudden death are associated with smoking and this risk is correlated to thenumber of cigarettes smoked per day. Quitting smoking impacts the prevalence of all tobaccoinduced diseases, decreases secondary mortality and improves the quality of life. It is necessaryto implement measures to reduce the epidemic caused by smoking and the medical professionshould take a leading role in promoting legislation to reduce the supply and demand of tobacco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Smoking/epidemiology , Smoking/mortality , Death, Sudden/prevention & control
13.
Buenos Aires; IECS; abr. 2014. [{"_e": "", "_c": "", "_b": "tab", "_a": ""}].(Documento Técnico, 8).
Monography in Spanish | LILACS, BRISA, MINSALCHILE | ID: biblio-833669

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: El objetivo inicial del proyecto, comenzado en el año 2005, fue seleccionar y desarrollar el marco metodológico más adecuado, así como elaborar un modelo económico común, con el fin de estimar la carga de enfermedad relacionada con el tabaquismo y la costo-efectividad de las intervenciones para controlar la epidemia del tabaco en América Latina.En este reporte se presentan los detalles del modelo económico, el proceso de calibración y validación para adecuarlo a la realidad de Chile y los resultados de carga de enfermedad atribuible al tabaquismo, medida tanto en términos de salud como económicos. Materiales e Métodos: Se describen a continuación los siguientes puntos relacionados con el desarrollo y utilización del modelo económico: 1) Etapa inicial de diagnóstico de situación, 2) Descripción del modelo, 3) Metodología utilizada para la selección de fuentes de información e incorporación de parámetros, 4) Proceso de calibración y validación, 5) Estimación de carga de enfermedad, 6) Aspectos metodológicos de los datos epidemiológicos considerados, y 7) Características de la información de costos de atención médica requerida para el modelo. Conclusión: En Chile el tabaquismo es responsable de una importante cantidad de muertes prematuras, enfermedad y costos sanitarios. El mayor peso está dado por las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y el cáncer de pulmón. Su impacto en la mortalidad y en la calidad de vida es responsable en forma directa de la pérdida de 428.588 años de vida (por muerte prematura y discapacidad) cada año y explica el 18,5% de todas las muertes que se producen en el país. El tabaquismo genera además un costo directo anual de más de 1 billón de pesos chilenos. Es esperable que los resultados de este estudio contribuyan a tomar conciencia sobre los efectos del tabaco y sean un soporte para que los responsables de las políticas puedan llevar adelante intervenciones para reducir su consumo, lograr la implementación de mayores impuestos al tabaco e instalar las políticas de control promovidas por el Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT-OMS).


Subject(s)
Humans , Social Control Policies , Smoking/economics , Smoking/mortality , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Prevalence , Life Expectancy , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Neoplasms/chemically induced , Neoplasms/mortality
15.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-156409

ABSTRACT

Background. Tobacco has long been identified as one of the most hazardous risk factors detrimental to health. To plan and implement anti-tobacco activities in any community, it is necessary to understand the risk it poses in that setting. We assessed the risk of mortality associated with tobacco use in a rural community of Kerala. Methods. This cohort study (PROLIFE) was done in Varkkala, a rural development block of Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala. Adults aged 20 years and above were included. Age-adjusted mortality rates were computed for both users and non-users of tobacco. The risk of mortality was plotted using Kaplan–Meier curves. Cox regression was used to compute the age-adjusted hazard ratio of mortality among tobacco users. Results. More than one-fourth of the study population used tobacco. The age-adjusted mortality rates were higher among tobacco users. The major causes of death among both users and non-users of tobacco were similar. The incidence proportion of death among all causes of death was higher for tobacco users. The hazard of mortality was significantly more among tobacco users, with the age-adjusted hazard ratio being 1.225 (1.140–1.315). Conclusion. The mortality risk due to tobacco use is high irrespective of the cause of death.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Cause of Death , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk , Rural Population , Smoking/mortality
16.
Rev. bras. cardiol. (Impr.) ; 26(6): 450-456, nov.-dez. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-706273

ABSTRACT

Fundamentos: As alterações na modulação autonômica do coração podem se manifestar precocemente em fumantes. Objetivo: Comparar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em repouso de jovens fumantes e não fumantes, e a modulação autonômica cardíaca durante a manobra de Valsalva (MV).Métodos: Foram estudados 37 indivíduos saudáveis com média de idade de 20,6±3,6 anos (18 fumantes e 19 não fumantes). A VFC foi registrada em duas etapas: em repouso e durante a MV. Foram avaliados índices de VFC no domínio do tempo (rMSSD e PNN50) e da frequência (HF, LF e LF/HF). O efeito da MV na modulação autonômica foi avaliada pela variação relativa dos índices de HRV.Resultados: Foram observados menores valores de rMSSD (p=0,011) e pNN50 (p=0,010) no grupo de fumantes em repouso; a frequência cardíaca de repouso foi significativamente menor no grupo não fumante (p=0,035 ). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos para as outras variáveis em repouso. Também não houve diferenças na variação relativa dos índices de VFC induzidas pela MV. Conclusões: O hábito de fumar provoca alterações na modulação autonômica cardíaca de indivíduos jovens, que são caracterizadas pela redução da resposta parassimpática ao repouso.


Background: Changes in cardiac autonomic modulation may appear early among smokers.Objective: To compare heart rate variability (HRV) at rest among young smokers and non-smokers, and cardiac autonomic modulation during the Valsalva maneuver (VM).Methods: 37 healthy subjects were studied, aged 20.6±3.6 years old (18 smokers and 19 nonsmokers). The HRV was recorded in two stages: at rest and during VM. HRV rates were evaluated by time (rMSSD and PNN50) and frequency (HF, LF and LF/HF). The effect of the MV on autonomic modulation was evaluated by the relative variation in the HRV rates.Results: Lower rMSSD (p=0.011) and pNN50 (p=0.010) values were observed at rest in the smokers group, while resting heart frequency was significantly lower in the non-smoker group (p=0.035). There were no significant differences between the groups for other variables at rest, nor any differences in the relative variation of the HRV rates induced by MV. Conclusions: Smoking causes changes in cardiac autonomic modulation among young people, characterized by reduced parasympathetic responses at rest.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/mortality , Valsalva Maneuver , Autonomic Nervous System , Heart Rate , Surveys and Questionnaires
17.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 1122-1128, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-135454

ABSTRACT

There are substantial variations of relative risks (RR) in smoking-related mortality by country and time. We hypothesized the RRs in smoking-related mortality might differ depending on serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). We evaluated the associations of cigarette smoking with total mortality in 610 elderly (aged > or = 70 yr) (702 elderly for organochlorine pesticides [OCPs]) after stratification by serum concentration of POPs, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 followed through 2006. Summary measures of POPs subclasses showed significant or marginally significant interaction with cigarette smoking on the risk of total mortality. P values for interaction were 0.069 for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 0.008 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 0.024 for OCPs. The effect of smoking on total mortality showed different patterns according to the serum concentration of some POPs. Former or current smokers had 1.4 to 2.9 times higher mortality rates compared with never smokers among participants with higher serum concentrations of POPs (2nd or 3rd tertiles). However, when the level of PCBs or OCPs were low (1st tertile), there were little positive associations between smoking and mortality. Our study suggests that the background exposure to several POPs may be related to variability in smoking-related total mortality.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Environmental Exposure , Environmental Pollutants/blood , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/blood , Nutrition Surveys , Pesticides/blood , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/blood , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk , Smoking/mortality , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/analogs & derivatives
18.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 1122-1128, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-135451

ABSTRACT

There are substantial variations of relative risks (RR) in smoking-related mortality by country and time. We hypothesized the RRs in smoking-related mortality might differ depending on serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). We evaluated the associations of cigarette smoking with total mortality in 610 elderly (aged > or = 70 yr) (702 elderly for organochlorine pesticides [OCPs]) after stratification by serum concentration of POPs, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 followed through 2006. Summary measures of POPs subclasses showed significant or marginally significant interaction with cigarette smoking on the risk of total mortality. P values for interaction were 0.069 for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 0.008 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 0.024 for OCPs. The effect of smoking on total mortality showed different patterns according to the serum concentration of some POPs. Former or current smokers had 1.4 to 2.9 times higher mortality rates compared with never smokers among participants with higher serum concentrations of POPs (2nd or 3rd tertiles). However, when the level of PCBs or OCPs were low (1st tertile), there were little positive associations between smoking and mortality. Our study suggests that the background exposure to several POPs may be related to variability in smoking-related total mortality.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Environmental Exposure , Environmental Pollutants/blood , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/blood , Nutrition Surveys , Pesticides/blood , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/blood , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk , Smoking/mortality , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/analogs & derivatives
19.
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health ; : 14-20, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-58283

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the risk of both individual and combined health behaviors on premature mortality in middle aged men in Korea. METHODS: In total, 14 533 male subjects 40 to 59 years of age were recruited. At enrollment, subjects completed a baseline questionnaire, which included information about socio-demographic factors, past medical history, and life style. During the follow-up period from 1993 to 2008, we identified 990 all-cause premature deaths using national death certificates. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of each health risk behavior, which included smoking, drinking, physical inactivity, and lack of sleep hours. Using the Cox model, each health behavior was assigned a risk score proportional to its regression coefficient value. Health risk scores were calculated for each patient and the HR of all-cause premature mortality was calculated according to risk score. RESULTS: Current smoking and drinking, high body mass index, less sleep hours, and less education were significantly associated with all-cause premature mortality, while regular exercise was associated with a reduced risk. When combined by health risk score, there was a strong trend for increased mortality risk with increased score (p-trend < 0.01). When compared with the 1-9 score group, HRs of the 10-19 and 20-28 score groups were 2.58 (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 2.19 to 3.03) and 7.09 (95% CIs, 5.21 to 9.66), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, drinking, and regular exercise, have considerable impact on premature mortality and should be assessed in combination.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alcohol Drinking/mortality , Body Mass Index , Cause of Death , Cohort Studies , Exercise/physiology , Follow-Up Studies , Health Behavior , Korea , Life Style , Men's Health , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk Factors , Smoking/mortality
20.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 94(5): 625-632, maio 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-548122

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: Há poucos estudos que demonstrem a associação do tabagismo, como fator de risco independente, aos eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação do tabagismo, como variável independente, às complicações cardiovasculares pós-operatórias e à mortalidade em 30 dias em operações não cardíacas. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se coorte retrospectiva de um hospital geral, na qual foram incluídos 1.072 pacientes estratificados em tabagistas atuais (n = 265), ex-tabagistas (n = 335) e não tabagistas (n = 472). Esses três grupos foram analisados para os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório (infarto, edema pulmonar, arritmia com instabilidade hemodinâmica, angina instável e morte cardíaca) e mortalidade em 30 dias. Utilizaram-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão logística, considerando p < 0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Quando se compararam tabagistas atuais e ex-tabagistas aos não tabagistas, os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório e a mortalidade em 30 dias foram respectivamente: 71 (6,6 por cento) e 34 (3,2 por cento). Os tabagistas atuais e ex-tabagistas apresentaram 53 (8,8 por cento) eventos cardíacos combinados, enquanto os não tabagistas, 18 (3,8 por cento), p = 0,002. Em relação à mortalidade, tabagistas atuais e ex-tabagistas apresentaram 26 (4,3 por cento), enquanto os não tabagistas, 8 (1,7 por cento), p = 0,024. Na análise multivariada, faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, revascularização do miocárdio e extrassístole ventricular associaram-se independentemente aos eventos cardiovasculares perioperatórios, enquanto faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, alterações laboratoriais, história de hepatopatia, operações por neoplasia e tabagismo se associaram à mortalidade em 30 dias no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: O tabagismo atual associou-se de forma independente à mortalidade em 30 dias em operações ...


BACKGROUND: Few studies have demonstrated the association of smoking, as an independent risk factor, with postoperative cardiac events. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of smoking, as an independent variable, with postoperative cardiovascular complications and 30-day mortality in noncardiac surgeries. METHODS: A retrospective cohort from a general hospital was studied, which included 1,072 patients stratified as current smokers (n=265), ex-smokers (n=335) and nonsmokers (n=472). These three groups were analyzed regarding the combined cardiovascular outcomes in the postoperative period (infarction, pulmonary edema, arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability, unstable angina and cardiac death) and 30-day mortality. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were used, considering a p value < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: When current smokers are compared to ex-smokers and nonsmokers, the combined cardiovascular outcomes in the postoperative period and the 30-day mortality were, respectively: 71 (6.6 percent) and 34 (3.2 percent). The current smokers and ex-smokers presented 53 (8.8 percent) combined cardiac events, whereas the nonsmokers presented 18 (3.8 percent), with p = 0.002. Regarding mortality, current smokers and ex-smokers presented 26 (4.3 percent), whereas nonsmokers presented 8 (1.7 percent), p = 0.024. At the multivariate analysis, age range, emergency surgery, heart failure, left ventricular overload, myocardial revascularization and ventricular extrasystoles were independently associated with perioperative cardiovascular events, whereas age range, emergency surgery, heart failure, laboratory alterations, history of hepatopathy, surgeries due to neoplasia and smoking were associated with 30-day mortality in the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Current smoking was independently associated with 30-day mortality in high-risk noncardiac surgeries, but not to postoperative cardiac events.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Heart Diseases/etiology , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Smoking/adverse effects , Surgical Procedures, Operative/adverse effects , Epidemiologic Methods , Heart Diseases/mortality , Postoperative Complications/mortality , Risk Factors , Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/mortality , Surgical Procedures, Operative/classification , Surgical Procedures, Operative/mortality , Time Factors
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