Optimizing the regulation and control of sports injury and fatigue of winter olympic ice and snow athletes based on injury prevention / Otimização da regulação e controle de lesões esportivas e fadiga de atletas do gelo e da neve nos jogos olímpicos de inverno com base na prevenção de lesões / Optimización del control de lesiones deportivas y fatiga de los atletas de hielo y nieve en los juegos olímpicos de invierno basada en la prevención de lesiones deportivas

ABSTRACT This study reveals the characteristics and relationship of sports injury and fatigue of the Winter Olympics athletes, and monitors the athletes' psychological condition through case analysis of excellent athletes, and provides empirical evidence for athletes' psychological training and preparation for the physical and mental health services of Winter Olympics. Through questionnaires, literature review and other methods to study the injury situation of Winter Olympics ice and snow athletes, the results show that the proportion of chronic lumbar and knee joint injuries, and repeated muscle strains of Chinese Winter Olympics ice and snow athletes is large, and the cure rate is not high. The preparation activities are neither paid enough attention or sufficient, and the rationality of training plan arrangement is insufficient. The main cause of injury is insufficient understanding of the mechanism of injury and illness among athletes and coaches. Individual elite athletes need to improve their coping skills and pay attention to their psychological fatigue. In view of the sports' psychological characteristics and the problems faced by winter athletes, personalized psychological intervention programs should be formulated.

RESUMO O presente estudo revela as características e a relação de lesões desportivas e fadiga de atletas participantes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno, e monitora as condições psicológicas dos atletas através da análise de casos de atletas de alto desempenho, além de apresentar provas empíricas para o treino e a preparação psicológico dos atletas para os serviços de saúde física e mental dos Jogos de Inverno. Através de questionários, revisão de literatura e outros métodos de estudo das lesões que acometem os atletas dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno, em esportes que envolvem gelo e neve, os resultados mostram que é grande a proporção de lesões lombares crônicas, lesões articulares do joelho e recorrência de distensões musculares, e a taxa de cura não é alta. As atividades de preparação não são suficientemente consideradas e a racionalidade do plano de treinos é insuficiente. A principal causa de lesão é a falta de compreensão dos mecanismos que ocasionam lesões e enfermidades entre atletas e treinadores. Atletas individuais de elite precisam melhorar suas habilidades de enfrentamento e prestar atenção à sua fadiga psicológica. Tendo em conta as características psicológicas desportivas e os problemas existentes entre os atletas dos Jogos de Inverno, programas de intervenção psicológica personalizados devem ser formulados.

RESUMEN A través del análisis de casos de atletas de élite, este trabajo revela las características y la relación entre las lesiones deportivas y la fatiga de los atletas en los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno, monitorea el estado psicológico de los atletas y proporciona evidencia empírica para el entrenamiento psicológico de los atletas y la preparación del Servicio de salud física y mental En los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno.Juegos Olímpicos.Los resultados mostraron que la proporción de lesiones crónicas de la cintura y la rodilla y la tensión muscular repetida de los atletas de hielo y nieve en los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno en China era mayor.La tasa de curación no es alta.No se presta suficiente atención a las actividades preparatorias y a la racionalidad del plan de capacitación.La razón principal de la lesión es que los atletas y entrenadores no entienden el mecanismo de la lesión y la enfermedad.Los atletas individuales deben mejorar su capacidad de enfrentamiento y prestar atención a la fatiga psicológica.De acuerdo con las características psicológicas de los atletas de invierno y los problemas existentes, se formula un plan de Intervención Psicológica individualizado.

Risco e práticas corporais na natureza: uma revisão sistemática / Risk and bodily practices in nature: a systematic review

Como as práticas corporais na natureza estão interligadas ao risco real ou calculado, o seu estudo pode dizer muito sobre os elementos essenciais da pós-modernidade que apontam para um sentimento de aventura, em que algumas situações ocasionam acidentes, lesões e doenças, podendo atingir a fatalidade. O objetivo do estudo é revisar a literatura científica a luz dos riscos ocorridos nas práticas corporais na natureza. Adotou-se como metodologia a revisão sistemática realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SciELO e Bireme. Como critério de inclusão instituiu-se artigos originais, publicados no período de 2000 a junho de 2009, em periódicos nacionais e internacionais (português e inglês), e pesquisas realizadas com humanos. Foram selecionados 11 artigos, os quais atendiam aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. O processo de seleção foi realizado por pares. As análises dos artigos revelaram que os sujeitos da amostra foram predominantemente de jovens e adultos, que apresentaram maior reincidência ao risco nas seguintes práticas: andar a cavalo, mountain bike, atividades aquáticas, caminhadas, atividades em montanhas e esportes na neve. Os gastos com acidentes e lesões podem atingir um alto custo para empresas de gerenciamento, os estabelecimentos possuem regras e normas predeterminadas. As causas dos acidentes e lesões provocadas nestas práticas são ocorridas pela carência de intervenção e promoção educacional quanto às regras e normas de segurança necessárias. Neste sentido, os artigos selecionados permitem buscar novas estratégias que possibilitem transformações nos aspectos de segurança para minimizar os riscos que as praticas corporais na natureza pode oferecer aos usuários.

As the body practice in nature are linked to risk real or calculated, the study can say much about the essential elements of modernity that point to feeling of adventure. The study objective review the scientific literature about the risks occurring in practice corporal in nature. Adopted as methodology the systematic review realized in electronic databases MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SciELO and Bireme. The inclusion criteria were original articles, published in period of 2000 until june/2009, published in national and international periodical (Portuguese and English), research realized with human. A total of 11 articles were selected, that attempted the inclusion criteria. The processes of selection were realized by pairs. The predominant age group the body practice in nature in the articles analyzed was young and adults. The activities that presented higher recurrence to risk were: horse riding, mountain biking, water activities, tramping, activities in the mountains and snow sports. The spending with these claims from accidents and injuries can reach a high cost to business management, the establishment have rules and standards predetermined. The causes of accidents and injuries are occurring in practice by the lack of education promotion and intervention as the rules and safety standards required. The selected articles allow to seek new strategies to enable changes in the aspects of the security to minimize the risk that the body practice in nature can offer users.

Epidemiología de lesiones por deportes de invierno atendidas en un servicio de urgencia / Epidemiology of winter sports injuries treated in the emergency department

Objective: To analyze the incidence and characteristics of winter injuries treated at an Emergency Department in Santiago, Chile. Method: 198 patients were examined in the Emergency Department after a winter sports related accident between June 1 and October 31, 2004. All of them filled a questionnaire regarding their accident. Results: 119 men (60,1 percent) and 79 women (39,9 percent) with an average age of 23 years (4-65). The technical and environmental conditions in which the injury occurred were homogeneous. 80 percent of the accidents were secondary to a fall. 123 injuries happened during skiing, 63 during snowboarding and 12 by other sports, being 64 percent minor and 36 percent severe injuries. 10,1 percent of patients required hospitalization. Conclusion: Most of the patients were young men, with little experience that fell on minimum to moderately difficult courses. Most of these were low grade injuries.

Objetivo: Analizar incidencia y características de lesiones invernales atendidas en Servicio de Urgencia (SU) de Santiago, Chile durante una temporada invernal. Método: Encuesta realizada a 198 pacientes que consultaron en SU tras accidentarse practicando algún tipo de deporte en nieve entre 1 de Junio y 31 de Octubre de 2004. Resultados: Se atendieron 119 hombres (60,1 por ciento) y 79 mujeres (39,9 por ciento) con promedio de edad de 23 años (4-65). El nivel técnico y las condiciones medioambientales en que ocurrió la lesión fueron homogéneos. 80 por ciento de los accidentes fueron por caída: 123 lesiones por ski, 63 por snowboard y 12 por otros deportes siendo 64 por ciento de lesiones menores y 36 por ciento graves. Un 10,1 por ciento de pacientes requirió hospitalización. Conclusión: El grupo de pacientes mayormente afectados son hombres jóvenes, con escasa experiencia, que sufren caídas esquiando en pistas de dificultad mínima a moderada, siendo la mayoría de las lesiones de carácter menos graves.

Monitoring of Peak Expiratory Flow Rates during Asthmatic Children's Winter Camp / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

PURPOSE: It is important in asthmatic children to encourage ordinary physical activity. However physical activities in winter are limited excessively by their parents for fear of bronchospasm by cold air and exercise. Children's asthma camps help them to learn about asthma management, make new friends with other asthmatic children, have positive attitude about the disease and have a more active lifestyle. But there have been few asthma camps and appropriate asthma camp programs have not been developed in Korea. Our study was done to see how camp programs influenced on asthma patient by measuring of PEFR during camp programs and thereby to have the data be used for future development of asthma camp programs. METHODS: From January 19th to 22th 1998, we recruited for camp 17 asthmatic patients and 31 normal children who had no history of admission due to respiratory infection. The main camp programs consisted of skiing and sledding. PEFR was checked 5 times a day and we analyzed variation of PEFR in relation to daily activities, temperature, humidity of atmosphere. RESULTS: 1) The mean age was 8 years with a range of 5 years to 11 years with male predominance (male/female : 2.4/1) in asthma group and the mean age was 10 years with a range of 5 years to 16 years with female predominance (male/female: 1/2) in control group. 2) The mean PEFR (% predicted) was checked early morning, prior to breakfast, lunchtime, supper and at the end of the day's activities (before sleeping) were 90.43+/-24.15%, 93.48+/-19.42%, 98.99+/-25.89%, 96.77+/-21.23%, 100.9+/-20.86% in asthma group and 93.69+/-16.41%, 94.49+/-17.13%, 94.15+/-17.28%, 96.84+/-16.44%, 96.52+/-16.24% in control group. All values were within normal range and there was no significant change of the mean PEFR value in relation to daily activity. The values of PEFR were low at early morning. We have observed a significant difference of PEFR between early morning and before sleeping in asthma group (P<0.05). 3) In the asthma group, 2 cases had respiratory difficulty prior to lunchtime but symptoms were resolved after bronchodilator nebulization. CONCLUSION: We recommend ski or sledding to be safe as one of the programs for asthma camp but control of asthma attack is needed because lung function is decreased at night and appropriate warming up is needed before cold air sports.