Análisis estadístico de lesiones en fútbol profesional de un equipo de segunda división del fútbol argentino. Club Atlético Sarmiento de Junín / Statistical analysis of soccer injuries professional from a second-rate team Argentine soccer division

El registro de la cantidad y el tipo de lesiones que padecen los jugadores que conforman un plantel profesional permite al cuerpo técnico y al cuerpo médico desarrollar estrategias preventivas y de tratamiento, con la finalidad de disminuir la incidencia de lesiones. Hemos recopilado las consultas médicas por lesión ocurridas durante 27 meses, donde el mismo cuerpo técnico entrenó a un total de 65 jugadores durante 818 horas, sumando 703 horas en entrenamientos y 115 horas en partidos oficiales. Fueron registradas 229 lesiones, de las cuales 169 se produjeron durante los entrenamientos y 60 ocurrieron en partidos oficiales. Así obtuvimos una incidencia de lesiones global de 4,31 por cada 1.000 horas de exposición, siendo en entrenamientos de 3,69 cada 1.000 horas de exposición y en partidos oficiales de 9,84 por cada 1.000 horas de exposición. La amplia mayoría de las lesiones fueron de grado I: 86,9%. Las de grado II fueron el 9,2% y las grado III fueron sólo el 3,9%. Hallamos un porcentaje elevado de lesiones músculo-tendinosas: 55% del total. Un 36,3% fueron de origen articular-ligamentario y un 8,7% óseas. Nuestra incidencia de lesiones está por debajo de la media internacional, tanto para los entrenamientos como para la competencia. La gravedad de las lesiones ha sido un punto a favor, con una incidencia de lesiones graves muy baja y un promedio de días de baja por jugador también muy bajo

Cardiac vagal index varies according to field position in male elite football players / índice vagal cardíaco varia com a posição em campo de jogadores da elite do futebol

BACKGROUND: Cardiac vagal index (CVI) is supposedly higher in athletes and may differ between sports and/or between field positions. OBJECTIVE: To compare CVI: a) between elite football players vs. non-athletes and b) according to five football positions. METHOD: 242 football players of the first Brazilian/Angolan division were divided in five positions (N): goalkeepers (17), defenders (44), wingers (34), midfielders (87) and forwarders (60) and compared with 303 age-matched healthy non-athletes. CVI was estimated from a 4-second exercise test by quantifying the ratio of two cardiac cycle durations, before and at the end of a fast unloaded cycling exercise. RESULTS: Football players had resting and maximal heart rates of, respectively, 59 and 190 bpm and measured VO2max of 62.2 mL/(kg.min). Players and non-athletes showed similar CVI results (median-[P25-P75]) - 1.63-[1.46-1.84] vs 1.61-[1.41-1.81] (p = 0.22). Wingers tended to have a higher CVI (1.84-[1.60-1.99]), especially when compared to defenders (1.53-[1.41-1.72] (p = 0.01). There was a modest non-physiologically relevant association between VO2max and CVI (r = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: Football players did not differ from non-athletes in CVI; however, among players, wingers were more often vagotonic, which may represent a hemodynamic advantage for match situations, where rapid heart rate transitions and faster oxygen delivery to muscles are required.

FUNDAMENTOS: O índice vagal cardíaco (IVC) é supostamente maior em atletas e pode diferir entre esportes e dentro do mesmo esporte. OBJETIVO: Comparar o IVC: a) entre futebolistas e não atletas e b) de acordo com cinco posições do futebol. MÉTODO: 242 jogadores da primeira divisão brasileira/angolana foram divididos em cinco posições (N): goleiros (17), zagueiros (44), laterais (34), meio-campistas (87) e atacantes (60) e comparados com 303 não-atletas saudáveis da mesma idade. IVC foi estimado a partir do teste de exercício de 4 segundos, quantificando a relação entre as durações de dois ciclos cardíacos - antes e ao final de uma pedalada rápida e sem carga RESULTADOS: As frequências cardíacas de repouso e máxima dos futebolistas foram, respectivamente, 59 e 190 bpm e o VO2max de 62,2 mL/(kg.min). Futebolistas e não-atletas mostraram resultados semelhantes de IVC (mediana- [P25-P75]) - 1,63- [1,46-1,84] vs 1,61- [1,41-1,81] (p = 0,22). Os laterais tenderam a ter maior IVC (1,84- [1,60-1,99]), especialmente quando comparados aos defensores (1,53- [1,41-1,72] (p = 0,01). Houve uma modesta associação fisiologicamente irrelevante entre VO2max e IVC (r = 0,15). CONCLUSÕES: jogadores da elite do futebol não diferem de não-atletas em IVC; entretanto, entre eles, os alas se mostraram mais frequentemente vagotônicos, o que pode representar uma vantagem hemodinâmica para situações de jogo, onde são necessárias transições rápidas da frequência cardíaca e um aporte mais rápido de oxigênio para os músculos ativos.

Análisis estadístico de lesiones en fútbol infantil / Statistic analysis of young soccer injuries

Objetivo: evaluar la distribución y el tipo de lesiones que sufren los jugadores de fútbol de las categorías juveniles del Club Atlético River Plate, para tener un conocimiento más profundo de las mismas y actuar disminuyendo su frecuencia. Material y Métodos: Los datos fueron recolectados de forma observacional y prospectiva por parte del Departamento Medico de Fútbol Amateur del Club Atlético River Plate, durante dos años y medio. Participaron un total de 325 jugadores. Lesión fue definida como aquella ocurrida durante la práctica deportiva y que le provocó al deportista la ausencia a entrenamiento/s y/o partido/s, seguida por la necesidad de un diagnóstico anatómico del tejido dañado y el tratamiento correspondiente. Resultados: Se constataron 1.068 patologías, de las cuales 936 fueron lesiones traumatológicas, con un índice de lesión de 0,42 cada 1.000 horas de exposición. Los miembros inferiores fueron los más afectados, siendo la rodilla el principal segmento lesionado seguido por el tobillo y el muslo posterior. El tipo de patología más frecuente fue la lesión muscular, y dentro de ellas los isquiotibiales fueron los músculos más afectados. Conclusión: El fútbol es un deportes con alta incidencia de lesiones por eso es que se debe prestar mayor atención a la prevención, el correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento de sus patologías más comunes.

Background: the objetive of this paper is to evaluate the distribution and type of injuries suffered by soccer players in the youth categories of Club Atlético River Plate, in order to have a deeper knowledge of them and to act to reduce their frequency. Methods: During 2 ½ years, the data was collected in an observational and prospective way by River Plate Amateur Soccer Medical Department. A total of 325 players participated. Injury was defined as an act which occurred during sports and caused the athlete to be absent from training and / or match / s, followed by the need for an anatomical diagnosis of damaged tissue and the corresponding treatment. Results: There were 1.068 pathologies, of which 936 were traumatic lesions, with a lesion index of 0.42 every 1.000 hours of exposure. The lower limbs were the most affected, being the knee the main injured segment followed by the ankle and the posterior thigh. The most frequent type of pathology was muscle injury, and the hamstrings were the most affected muscles. Conclusions: Soccer is one of the sports with the highest incidence of injuries, that is why we have to pay more attention to prevention, correct diagnosis and treatment of the most common pathologies.

Nutritional intake and overall diet quality of female soccer players before the competition period / Ingestão nutricional e qualidade global da dieta de jogadoras de futebol antes do período de competição

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the dietary intake and overall diet quality of female soccer players before the competitive games. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study included 21 women aged 20.8±4.5 years from a professional soccer team. Their nutritional status and dietary adequacy during the training period, before competition season, were assessed. Dietary intake was assessed by three 24-hour recalls, one food frequency questionnaire, and the Healthy Eating Index, an overall diet quality index based on food group intake. Results: The athletes have shown proper nutritional status, but a diet deficient in energy due largely to low carbohydrate intake. On the other hand, the intakes of protein, fatty acids, and sodium were above the recommended intakes, even for athletes. Diet quality assessment by the Healthy Eating Index - 2010 resulted in a mean score of 54.6 points of a maximum of 100, indicating a need of improving the overall diet quality. Conclusion: The study found that the dietary patterns of female football players were both quantitatively and qualitatively inappropriate. A nutritional intervention is indicated to improve diet quality, with the inclusion of various foods, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and better protein quality, along with a reduction in saturated fats, sodium, and added sugar.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar e a qualidade nutricional global da dieta de jogadoras de futebol antes dos jogos competitivos. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal realizado com 21 mulheres, de 20,8±4,5 anos de idade, de uma equipe de futebol profissional. Elas foram avaliadas em relação ao seu estado nutricional e adequação da dieta durante o período de treinamento, antes da temporada de competição. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por três recordatórios de 24 horas, um questionário de frequência alimentar e pelo Índice de Alimentação Saudável (2010), um índice de qualidade global da dieta baseada no consumo de grupos de alimentos. Resultados: Verificou-se que as atletas apresentavam estado nutricional adequado, mas tinham uma dieta deficiente em energia devido, em grande parte, à ingestão insuficiente de carboidratos. Por outro lado, o consumo de proteínas, ácidos gordos e de sódio estavam acima da recomendação, mesmo para atletas. A avaliação da qualidade da dieta pelo Índice de Alimentação Saudável (2010) mostrou uma pontuação média de 54,6 de 100, exibindo a necessidade de melhoria da qualidade da dieta. Conclusão: O estudo mostrou padrões alimentares inadequados, tanto quantitativa como qualitativamente, em jogadoras de futebol. A intervenção nutricional é indicada para melhorar a qualidade da dieta com a inclusão de vários itens alimentares, como cereais integrais, frutas, legumes, produtos lácteos e melhor qualidade de proteínas, acompanhado de redução de gorduras saturadas, sódio e açúcar.

Prevalence of malocclusions in the 13-20-year-old categories of football athletes

The dentist can offer athletes improvement in their physical performance through the maintenance of oral health, preventing and treating any and all changes in the stomatognathic system, such as dental malocclusions, that compromise the athletes' performance. The objective of this study is to research the presence of dental malocclusions in athletes of the category between 13 and 20 years of age, from the São Paulo Football Club. 84 athletes participated in this study, dealing with the following topics: molar relation (Angle's classification); presence of overbite; underbite; overcrowding; abnormal spacing; open bite; and anterior, posterior, bilateral and unilateral crossbite; midline deviation and facial type (mesofacial, brachyfacial and dolichofacial). Only one table was made, showing percentages. In regard to Angle's molar relation, 89 percent are in Class I, 8 percent in Class II, 3 percent Class III, 9 percent of the athletes had overbite, 4 percent had underbite, 13 percent had overcrowding and 21 percent had abnormal spacing. In regard to the bite, 11 percent presented anterior open bite. In regard to crossbite, 7 percent presented unilateral crossbite on the right side and 2 percent on the left side; 5 percent presented posterior crossbite and 4 percent anterior crossbite. In regard to midline deviations, 4 percent presented deviation in the maxilla and 33 percent in the mandible. In regard to facial type: 39 percent are dolichofacial, 4 percent brachyfacial and 57 percent mesofacial. Based on the results shown, proposals for the implementation of dental, phoniatric, and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) practices are already being discussed with the multidisciplinary team of the club involved.

Efectos de un plan de aprendizaje estructurado mediante la práctica por bloques en el golpeo con la parte interna del pie en niños de 10 a 12 años de edad / Effects of (learning) plan through block practice in the inner-edge-of-the-foot-strike soccer technique on the acquisition (learning) in children between 10 and 12 years old

En el presente trabajo se analizaron los efectos de un plan de entrenamiento (aprendizaje) mediante la práctica por bloques en el golpeo con la parte interna del pie en la adquisición (aprendizaje) de este fundamento técnico. La investigación fue realizada con una muestra de nueve niños entre 10 y 12 años de edad pertenecientes a un club de fútbol. El estudio se llevó a cabo con un grupo experimental conformado aleatoriamente, con el que se realizó un pretest- postest. Para efectuar la valoración se diseñó y estructuró previamente el instrumento de medición del aprendizaje de la técnica y se utilizaron registros fílmicos de cada sujeto. Para el tratamiento de la información se emplearon las medidas de tendencia central, de dispersión y de inferencia. Los resultados muestran que después de la ejecución de un plan de aprendizaje técnico (1.000 repeticiones del fundamento técnico) se presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el aprendizaje del golpeo con la parte interna del pie.

In this paper were analyzed the effects of a training (learning) plan through block practice in the inner-edge-of-the-foot-strike soccer techniques on the acquisition (learning) of these technical fundament. The research was conducted with a sample of nine children between 10 and 12 years of age belonging to a soccer club. The study was conducted with one experimental group, randomly formed, who conducted a pre-test - postest. To make the assessment, it was previously designed and structured measurement instrument of learning and it were used film records for each subject. For data processing were used central tendency, dispersion and inference measures. Results show that after the implementation of a plan of technical learning (1.000 repetitions of technical fundament) statistically significant differences in learning for technical fundament were presented.

Hepatitis C among former athletes: association with the use of injectable stimulants in the past

This study was performed with the purpose of testing the hypothesis that the high prevalence of hepatitis C among former athletes is associated with their past use of injectable stimulants. The study involved the participation of 208 former professional and amateur soccer and basketball players from the region of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, who answered a questionnaire regarding their exposure to risk factors, including the use of injectable stimulants in the time they were engaged in sporting activities. ELISA tests were used to detect infection by the hepatitis C virus, and confirmed with PCR and genotyping for the positive cases. It was observed that the former use of injectable stimulants was a practice disseminated among the participants (24.5 percent), reaching 50.8 percent in the professionals. The overall prevalence for hepatitis C was 7.2 percent, with values of 11 percent among professionals and 5.5 percent among amateurs. In both categories, the presence of infection was markedly higher among those who admitted past use of injectable stimulants when compared to those who denied such practice (36 percent and 0.8 percent among amateurs; 21.9 percent and 0 percent among professionals, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that the use of those substances was the only variable associated with the risk of hepatitis C. This confirms previous observations, performed with reduced sample sizes and without comparison groups, which indicated that the use of injectable vitamins was a risk factor of hepatitis C among former athletes.

Intensidade de esforço da arbitragem de futebol / Intensity of effort on soccer refereeing

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as respostas da freqüência cardíaca (FC) de árbitros de futebol durante uma partida a partir de índices fisiológicos determinados em teste progressivo intermitente com pausas (TCar) e determinar as intensidades de esforço durante a partida. Foram avaliados seis árbitros de nível estadual (29,5 ± 5 anos; 73,9 ± 10,5kg; 179,9 ± 6,3cm; 15,0 ± 7,9%G), que foram submetidos ao TCar para determinação do pico de velocidade (PV) e do ponto de de flexão da freqüência cardíaca (PDFC), este pelo método Dmáx. O PDFC foi considerado como o segundo limiar de transição fisiológica (LTF2) e a FC a 80% do PDFC foi considerada o primeiro limiar de transição fisiológica (LTF1). Foram estabelecidas três intensidades de esforço: 1) abaixo do LTF1 (moderada), 2) entre LTF1 e LTF2 (pesada) e 3) acima de LTF2 (severa). Cada um dos árbitros foi monitorado em uma partida do campeonato adulto não-profissional, de nível regional. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva (média ± dp) e ANOVA Two-way para comparar os valores FC a cada cinco minutos (p<0,05). O teste t-student foi usado paracomparar os valores de FC do primeiro com os do segundo tempo das partidas. Os resultados do TCar foram: PV (15,1 ± 1km.h-1), freqüência cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) (189 ± 5bpm), FC de LTF1 (140 ± 6bpm) e FC de LTF2 (175 ± 7 bpm). A FC média da partida foi 153 ± 12bpm, o tempo de permanência na intensidade moderada foi 23,5%, pesada 69,7% e severa 6,8%, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que em jogos não profissionais a intensidade de esforço dos árbitros de futebol está predominantemente no domínio pesado, com poucos momentos no domínio severo.

The objective of this study was twofold: (1) to analyze the heart rate (HR) response of soccer referees during matches, using physiological indices obtained in a progressive intermittent test (TCar), and (2) to determine the effort intensities during the match. Six state level soccer referees participated in the study (29.5 ± 5 years; 73.9 ± 10.5 kg; 179.9 ± 6.3 cm; 15.0 ± 7.9% of body fat). The referees performed a TCar for determination of the peak velocity (PV) and the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) using the Dmax method. The HRPD was considered to be the second threshold of physiological transition (TPT2), the HR corresponding to 80% of the HRDP was considered the first TPT1. Three domains had been established: 1) below the TTP1 (moderate), 2) between TPT1 and TPT2 (heavy) and 3) above TPT2 (severe). The referees had their HR monitored during six amateur soccer matches. Descriptive statistical analyses (mean ± dp) and ANOVA Two-way to compare 5 min HR values were performed. Student t-test was applied to compared HR values in the first and second half of the matches. The level of significance was set at 0.05. TCar results were PV (15.1 ± 1 km.h-1), HR max (189 ± 5bpm), HR at TPT1 (140 ± 6bpm) and HR at TPT2 (175 ± 7bpm). The mean HR of all matches was 153 ± 12bpm. Time spent in moderate intensity was 23.5%, heavy 69.7% and severe 6.8%. It can be concluded that the efforts of these referees during amateur matches was in heavy intensity, with few moments in the severe domain.

Futebol de campo e o equilíbrio corporal de adolescentes / Soccer and musculoskeletal equilibrium in teenagers

O futebol é um dos esportes mais praticados no mundo. O treinamento da modalidade provoca diversas alterações físicas em seus praticantes, como, por exemplo, o controle do equilíbrio musculoesquelético. Estudos que relacionam tais variáveis são ainda escassos, principalmente com crianças e adolescentes. Esse trabalho se propôs a comparar o equilíbrio de 10 adolescentes praticantes de futebol com 10 adolescentes não praticantes, com idade média de 12,3 ± 0,67 e de 12,45 ± 0,49 anos, respectivamente. O equilíbrio corporal foi avaliado através de dados cinéticos mensurados por uma plataforma de força AMTI (Advanced Mechanical Technologies, Inc.). A coleta foi desenvolvida na condição de olhos abertos, totalizando três tentativas para cada indivíduo. A duração da coleta foi de 30 segundos, após a estabilização visual do centro de força (COP), a uma freqüência de 100 Hz. As variáveis analisadas foram a amplitude de deslocamento do centro de força nas direções ântero-posterior (COPap) e médio-lateral (COPml). Foi utilizada estatística descritiva, teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e teste t com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostram diferenças significativas entre o equilíbrio apenas para o COPml em favor dos praticantes de futebol. Os achados são justificados pela variabilidade de movimentações executadas na prática do futebol, movimentos que são considerados treinamento natural da estabilidade corporal.

Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world. training mode causes many physical changes to its practitioners, as For example, the control of the musculoskeletal balance. studies relate such variables are still scarce, particularly with children and teens. This study aimed to compare the balance of 10 practitioners teens football with 10 adolescents do not practice with average age of 12.3 ± 0.67 and 12.45 ± 0.49 years, respectively. The body balance was evaluated by kinetic data measured by a AMTI force platform (Advanced Mechanical Technologies, Inc.). The collection was developed in the eyes open condition, totaling three attempts to each individual. The duration of sampling was 30 seconds, after stabilization visual center of force (COP), at a frequency of 100 Hz. Variables analyzed were the amplitude of displacement of the center of force in the directions anteroposterior (COPAP) and mediolateral (COPml). Was used Statistical descriptive, Shapiro-Wilk test, and t test with significance level of 5%. the Results show significant differences between the equilibrium just for COPml in favor of playing football. The findings are justified by variability of movements performed in soccer, movements that are considered natural training body stability.