Disposición inadecuada de medicamentos por pacientes o consumidores en su hogar; una revisión sistematica / Inadequate disposal of medications by patients or consumers in your home; a systematic review

Introducción: Cada año se incrementan los volúmenes de medicamentos utilizados, ocasionando una acumulación en los hogares de pacientes y clientes, que luego son desechados de manera inadecuada, convirtiéndose en un riesgo para el ambiente y la salud pública. Se han encontrado residuos en pequeñas cantidades de productos farmacéuticos en medios acuáticos y suelos, los cuales se acumulan en tejidos de seres vivos y producen efectos tóxicos que promueven enfermedades. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios basados en encuestas de hogares sobre la disposición de medicamentos en el hogar, así como del conocimiento sobre el daño potencial al ambiente, con un aporte para la reducción o remediación del problema. Método: Fueron revisados 442 estudios que investigaron la disposición de medicamentos vencidos, dañados o sin uso, por pacientes o consumidores en sus casas. Se utilizó la metodología de Campbell Collaboration con búsquedas en bases de datos y mediante palabras claves, se identificaron 47 publicaciones que por un proceso de inclusión y exclusión, fueron seleccionados 20 trabajos que contienen un análisis estadístico de resultados de encuestas en hogares. Resultados: Se presentan resultados de encuestas a 8 267 hogares, donde en promedio el 87,7 % mantienen medicamentos en sus casas, siendo el 57,4 % sin uso o vencidos, y 74,6 % son dispuestos inadecuadamente. Conclusiones: Existe un desconocimiento del impacto ambiental de la disposición inapropiada de medicinas en el hogar, sin embargo, al tomar conciencia del peligro, hay interés de participar en programas para reducir el problema.

Effects of different agricultural systems on soil quality in Northern Limón province, Costa Rica / Efectos de sistemas agrícolas diferentes sobre calidad de suelos en el norte de la provincia de Limón, Costa Rica

Conversion of native rainforest ecosystems in Limón Province of Costa Rica to banana and pineapple monoculture has led to reductions in biodiversity and soil quality. Agroforestry management of cacao (Theobroma cacao) is an alternative system that may maintain the agricultural livelihood of the region while more closely mimicking native ecosystems. This study compared physical, biological and chemical soil quality indicators of a cacao plantation under organic agroforestry management with banana, pineapple, and pasture systems; a native forest nearby served as a control. For bulk density and earthworm analysis, 18 samples were collected between March and April 2012 from each ecosystem paired with 18 samples from the cacao. Cacao had a lower bulk density than banana and pineapple monocultures, but greater than the forest (p<0.05). Cacao also hosted a greater number and mass of earthworms than banana and pineapple (p<0.05), but similar to forest and pasture. For soil chemical characteristics, three composite samples were collected in March 2012 from each agroecosystem paired with three samples from the cacao plantation. Forest and pineapple ecosystems had the lowest pH, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable nutrient cations, while cacao had the greatest (p<0.05). Total nutrient levels of P and N were slightly greater in banana, pineapple and pasture than in cacao; probably related to addition of chemical fertilizer and manure from cattle grazing. Forest and cacao also had greater %C, than other ecosystems, which is directly related to soil organic matter content (p<0.0001). Overall, cacao had more favorable physical, biological and chemical soil characteristics than banana and pineapple monocultures, while trends were less conclusive compared to the pastureland. While organic cacao was inferior to native forest in some soil characteristics such as bulk density and organic carbon, its soil quality did best mimic that of the native forest. This supports the organic cultivation of cacao as a desirable alternative to banana and pineapple monoculture. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 887-897. Epub 2014 September 01.

Muchos de los ecosistemas boscosos naturales de la provincia de Limón, Costa Rica, se han convertido en monocultivos de banano y piña, lo que ha reducido la biodiversidad y la calidad de los suelos. El manejo agroforestal del cacao (Theobroma cacao) es un sistema alternativo, que puede generar ingresos para los agricultores de la región mientras imita mejor los ecosistemas nativos. En esta investigación se compararon los indicadores físicos, biológicos, y químicos de la calidad del suelo en un cacaotal orgánico y agroforestal, una plantación bananera, una piñera, un potrero y un bosque natural. En general, el suelo del cacaotal tuvo características físicas, biológicas y químicas mejores que los monocultivos de banano y piña, mientras las tendencias en comparación con el potrero fueron menos marcadas. Aunque algunas características del suelo en el cacaotal orgánico, como densidad y cantidad de carbono, fueron inferiores al bosque nativo, la calidad del suelo en el cacaotal imitó mejor la del bosque nativo. Los resultados de esta investigación apoyan el cultivo de cacao como una alternativa deseable al monocultivo de banano y piña.

Distribution and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated sites of Hisar (India).

Fifty-two soil samples were collected from various location of the Hisar city. These samples were analysed for six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene). Total mean concentration of six PAHs varied from 51.79 to 148.82 mg kg(-1) dry weight of the soil, PAH concentration was higher in soil samples from local auto market while lower concentration was recorded in agricultural soil. Effect ofpH (5.0 to 9.0), temperature (20 degrees to 40 degrees C), and concentration of PAHs (5 to 20 mg kg(-1)) on biodegradation were optimized. Biodegradation of phenanthrene (3-ring) and pyrene (4-ring) was evaluated using two acclimatized microbial strains Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas paucimobilis. Biodegradation was maximum in sterilized artificial spiked soil with phenanthrene (5 mg kg(-1)) and pyrene (5 mg kg(-1)) at pH 7.0 and at 30 degrees C (optimized conditions) than the native unsterilized contaminated soil (without optimized conditions) in 42 days of incubation period with Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas paucimobilis. Phenanthrene was completely disappeared after 28 days with P. putida and after 35 days with P. paucimobilis. Whereas, pyrene was disappeared up to 97.40% with P. putida and 95.5% with P. paucimobilis after 42 days incubation period at optimum conditions. Under unoptimized conditions, disappearance of phenanthrene was 65.89% with P. putida and 57.81% with P. paucimobilis after 42 days, whereas the % disappearance of pyrene was 59.80% with P. putida and 52.07% with P. paucimobilis.

Influence of vermicompost on the physico-chemical and biological properties in different types of soil along with yield and quality of the pulse crop-blackgram

Field experiments were conducted during 2002-2003 on clay loam, sandy loam and red loam soil at Sivapuri, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, to evaluate the efficacy of vermicompost on the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the soils and on the yield and nutrient content of blackgram - Vigna mungo, in comparison to inorganic fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium. Vermicompost had increased the pore space, reduced particle and bulk density, increased water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, reduced pH and electrical conductivity, increased organic carbon content, available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and microbial population and activity in all the soil types, particularly clay loam. The yield and quality [protein and sugar content in seed] of blackgram was enhanced in soils, particularly clay loam soil. On the contrary, the application of inorganic fertilizers has resulted in reduced porosity, compaction of soil, reduced carbon and reduced microbial activity

effect of natural soil characteristics on the disposal of septic tanks final effluent

In this study, the leaching capacity of the soil to absorb the final effluent from septic tanks was investigated through percolation rate tests conducted on three locations of different soil types. The results revealed that the infiltration or percolation capacity of the investigated soil system was essentially controlled by the nature and rate of the solids accumulation at/or near the soil surface and not of the soil structure