Human resources in health: an analysis of costs of training, certification requirements & migration issues in Belize

INTRODUCTION: The terms of reference required, inter alia, an analysis of the dynamics of the formation of health professionals in Belize, including available information on the immigration and emigration of these personnel into Belize and the resultant impact on HRH production, deployment, absorption, retention, performance and motivation. METHODS: To undertake the study, it was initially required to focus on the existing clinical science training institutions locally to obtain completion rates for health care professionals, the costs of training, the systems for certification of these professionals and issues regarding migration as a prime determinant of the existing stock of these health care professionals. Acknowledging that there are multiple categories of health care workers, the study focused mainly on nurses and doctors. The former are trained locally at the University of Belize in Belmopan, where after a four year course of study conservatively costing some $20,000 and sitting a regional examination, a student qualifies to practice as a nurse in Belize. Being a national university in receipt of a government subsidy that forms the single largest component of its budget, UB's student fees are deliberately maintained at below market costs. These costs exclude ancillary costs related to academia, such as boarding and lodging, which are substantially more market determined, and when included, costs are easily doubledthe various school fees. Doctors are not trained at UB, though Government does provide scholarships for locals to study medicine at the University of the West Indies, a regional institution also supported by GOB due to its membership in CARICOM. Globally, the market for health professionals is fluid, unregulated and largely undocumented, and Belize is impacted by its fluidity. Belizeans have a long history of emigrating mainly to the USA and while it is believed that health professionals have been among the migrants, there is a paucity of data in this regard. For these professionals immigrating into Belize though, a CSME Skills Certificate must be sought if the person is from any CSME country and if not, then a work permit must be sought. CONCLUSIONS: Most recent data from the Labour Department indicate that various categories of health professionals from as many as twelve countries spanning four continents are an integral component of Belize's existing health workforce. The reasons for the migration of health professionals continue to be many and varied, and there is an active and targeted recruitment programme in the USA. While the migration of these professionals must be regarded as a loss of much needed and scarce human resources in health, there are some positives. Capacity strengthening canoccur as the local health system can be enhanced by partnerships that contribute in specific areas, for example the DangrigaCancer Centre is owned and operated by a Belizean doctor who practices in the USA and occasionally brings fellow specialists to provide treatment services at minimal costs. Acknowledging though that health workers have an inherent right to migrate, the Government of Belize is advised to adopt the WHO's 2010 Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel. The Code of Practice seeks to regulate the migration of health personnel in a way that mitigates the damage to developing countries such as Belize. Other main recommendations focus on increasing the production of HRH. This can be accomplished via the provision of bursaries to students in these areas. Retention strategies are also required to provide pathways for these health professionals. Also being recommended is technical assistance to the Ministry of Health, the Belize Medical and Dental Council and the Nurses and Midwives Council to strengthen the regulatory framework so that they are all able to better keep abreast in tracking their members. At the present time, should a nurse or a doctor leave public employment, the Ministry of Health is not mandated to inform the respective council. Under a strengthened regulatory framework, this would be mandatory. Also mandatory would be the health professional informing in writing the respective council of any changes to his/her employment status or location of employment. This would greatly assist in tracking private doctors and nurses as they relocate to other areas of the country as well as if they migrate abroad. Finally, given Belize's focus on a primary health care model as the basis of its health care system, some consideration ought to be given to further strengthening of the Community Health Workers. These health volunteers are at the base of the local health system and are the most widely dispersed health worker. Consideration is justified because these unheralded workers are most unlikely to migrate since destination countries are selective in their recruitment efforts and exclusively require credentialed professionals as migrants. (AU)

Treinamento e desenvolvimento de pessoal de enfermagem: um modelo de planilha de custos / Entrenamiento y actualización del personal de enfermería: un modelo de planilla de costos / Training and development of the nursing staff: a model of spread sheet cost

Este artigo apresenta um modelo de planilha de composição de custos para programas de treinamento e desenvolvimento de pessoal em uma organização hospitalar. Para sua elaboração foram considerados os elementos relevantes na composição do custo total dos programas de treinamento. A planilha proposta está dividida em quatro partes: Item 1 - dados relativos aos programas de treinamento; Item 2 - custos diretos desses programas; Item 3 - custos indiretos (estrutura do CEC) e Item 4 - total dos custos. A utilização de planilhas de custos auxiliam no conhecimento e gerenciamento dos mesmos por parte dos enfermeiros, gerentes de unidades. No entanto, para sua aplicação, devem ser revistos os custos que serão agregados, conforme especificidade de cada serviço.

This paper presents a model of spread sheet cost for training and development programs to the nursing staff in a hospital organization. Significant items of the total cost have been considered in relation to its elaboration and proper functioning. This model is divided into four parts: Item1 - data related to the training programs; Item 2 - direct costs of these programs; Item 3 - indirect costs (Continuum Educational Center structure), and Item 4 - cost amount. The use of spread sheet cost may provide knowledge and management for the nurses and nurse managers. However, the related costs should be reviewed according to each service.

Este artículo expone un modelo de planilla de composición de costos para programas de entrenamiento y actualización en una organización hospitalaria. Para su elaboración se consideraron los elementos relevantes en la composición del costo total de los programas de entrenamiento. La planilla propuesta está dividida en cuatro partes: Item 1 - dados relativos a los programas de entrenamiento; Item 2 - costos directos de esos programas; Item 3 - costos indirectos (estructura del CEC) y Item 4 - costos totales. La utilización de planillas de costos contribuye al conocimiento e gerenciamiento de los mismos por parte de los enfermeros, gerentes de unidades. En tanto, para su aplicación, deben ser revisados los costos que serán añadidos, conforme a la especificidad de cada servicio.

Informe de desarrollo humano en Bolivia 2000 / Report of human development in Bolivia 2000

La información obtenida y sistematizada sólo busca crear una conciencia de la responsabilidad que compartimos sobre las consecuencias futuras de lo que estamos haciendo, viviendo y sintiendo. El país del mañana, el que queremos construir para nuestros hijos, está siendo gestado hoy