ABSTRACT
En el marco de la creciente feminización de la profesión médica en México, el artículo indaga sobre las características de este proceso para el caso de la ginecobstetricia. Considerando la feminización como un proceso de cambio, que se analiza cuantitativa y cualitativamente, el artículo se detiene en especial en las experiencias de las mujeres ginecobstetras, experiencias que se dan en el seno de una especialidad que, desde sus orígenes, funcionó como un dispositivo de control del cuerpo de las mujeres. Basado en una investigación etnográfica, el artículo combina fuentes estadísticas, de archivo y de observación de campo. El material que surge de las entrevistas muestra las experiencias y tensiones que viven las ginecobstetras en este contexto.
In the framework of an increasing feminization of the medical profession in Mexico, this article explores the characteristics of this process in the obstetrics and gynecology specialty. Understanding feminization as a process of change to be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively, the article focuses special attention on the experiences of female obstetrician-gynecologists within a medical specialty that has since its origins functioned as a mechanism of control over women's bodies. Based on ethnographic research, the article combines statistical and archival sources and field observation. The interviews reveal the experiences and tensions women obstetrician-gynecologists encounter in this context.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Oxidoreductases/chemistry , Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Arginine/chemistry , Pseudomonas putida/enzymology , Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics , Alcohol Oxidoreductases/isolation & purification , Binding, Competitive/genetics , Catalysis , Enzyme Activation/genetics , Flavin Mononucleotide/metabolism , Kinetics , Ligands , Mandelic Acids/metabolism , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Phenylacetates/metabolism , Protein Binding/genetics , Pseudomonas putida/genetics , Substrate Specificity/genetics , Sulfites/metabolismABSTRACT
Sixty six indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were evaluated in stressful conditions (temperature, osmolarity, sulphite and ethanol tolerance) and also ability to flocculate. Eighteen strains showed tolerant characteristics to these stressful conditions, growing at 42 ºC, in 0.04% sulphite, 1 mol L-1 NaCl and 12% ethanol. No flocculent characteristics were observed. These strains were evaluated according to their fermentative performance in sugar cane juice. The conversion factors of substrates into ethanol (Yp/s), glycerol (Yg/s) and acetic acid (Yac/s), were calculated. The highest values of Yp/s in sugar cane juice fermentation were obtained by four strains, one isolated from fruit (0.46) and the others from sugar cane (0.45, 0.44 and 0.43). These values were higher than the value obtained using traditional yeast (0.38) currently employed in the Brazilian bioethanol industry. The parameters Yg/s and Yac/s were low for all strains. The UFLA FW221 presented the higher values for parameter related to bioethanol production. Thus, it was tested in co-culture with Lactobacillus fermentum. Besides this, a 20-L vessel for five consecutive batches of fermentation was performed. This strain was genetically stable and remained viable during all batches, producing high amounts of ethanol. The UFLA FW221 isolated from fruit was suitable to produce bioethanol in sugar cane juice. Therefore, the study of the biodiversity of yeasts from different environmental can reveal strains with desired characteristics to industrial applications.
Subject(s)
Stress, Physiological , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/physiology , Acetic Acid/metabolism , Brazil , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Cell Aggregation , Ethanol/metabolism , Ethanol/toxicity , Fermentation , Glycerol/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/drug effects , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/growth & development , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/radiation effects , Sodium Chloride/metabolism , Sodium Chloride/toxicity , Sulfites/metabolism , Sulfites/toxicity , TemperatureABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To establish two methods by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and pyrosequencing for genotyping rs220030 (a SNP in the promoter region of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N, SNRPN). To establish an analytical technique for detecting CpG methylation status by pyrosequencing and to further investigate the feasibility of applying rs220030 to the determination of parental origin allele.@*METHODS@#The rs220030 of 97 blood samples from individuals of Shanghai Han population were genotyped by DGGE, meanwhile the rs220030 of 25 blood samples of them were genotyped by pyrosequencing to compare the two methods in genotyping SNP. Pyrosequencing united bisulfite conversion method was applied to detect CpG methylation status of region upstream rs220030 of two random blood genealogical samples and investigate whether the methylation status was parental related.@*RESULTS@#The rs220030 genotyping results of 97 blood samples detected by DGGE were 20 C homozygote, 29 T homozygote, and 48 C/T heterozygote. Twenty-five blood samples genotyped by pyrosequencing showed the same result with DGGE. The CpG methylation status of region upstream rs220030 of the child was similar to the mother.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with DGGE, pyrosequencing is more accurate, convenient, and suitable for large samples and high throughput SNP genotyping. Pyrosequencing united bisulfite conversion can be used to detect CpG methylation status precisely. It is feasible to apply rs220030 to parental origin allele determination.
Subject(s)
Humans , Asian People/genetics , CpG Islands , DNA/genetics , DNA Methylation , DNA Primers , Genomic Imprinting , Genotype , Heterozygote , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Sulfites/metabolism , snRNP Core Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Los cambios en la digestibilidad de las proteínas que ocurren durante la cocción han interesado a muchos científicos. Por esta razón en el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de la cocción en agua sobre la digestibilidad proteca in vitro (DPIV) de granos de sorgo sin taninos (SST) o con taninos previamente detoxificados (SPD) y se comparó con la del arroz y la del maíz. También se estudió la influencia de los sulfitos presentes en el agua de cocción sobre la digestibilidad proteica del sorgo. La DPIV se SST antes de la cocción fue de 71.1 por ciento, menor (p<0.05) que la del SPD, la del maíz y la del arroz pulido, que presentaron respectivamente 80.4 por ciento, 80.8 por ciento y 90.6 por ciento. Todos los granos disminuyeron su digestibilidad después de ser cocidos en agua, la DPIV se redujo en 23.1 por ciento, 66,3 por ciento, 3.1 por ciento y 3.2 por ciento para el SST, el SPD, el arroz pulido y los endospermos de maíz, respectivamente. Los valores de la digestibilidad proteica para el SST y el SPD tratados con bisulfito de sodio (0.1M) fueron de 65.2 y 50.1 por ciento lo cual representa una disminución de la DPIV de 8.0 y 37.7 por ciento, respectivamente. Resultados similares se obtienen con el empleo de metabisulfito de sodio (0.1M) en el medio de cocción. Estos hallazgos demuestran que los sulfitos impiden la disminución brusca de la DPIV de los granos de sorgo sometidos a cocción y sugieren que estos compuestos pueden evitar la formación de los puentes disulfuro entre las moléculas de la gamma-kafirinas (prolaminas) localizadas en la superficie de los cuerpos proteicos del sorgo. Sin embargo, no se descarta la existencia de otros factores que deberán ser estudiados en investigaciones ulteriores. En conclusión, puesto que los sulfitos previenen la formación de puentes disulfuros durante la cocción y hacen al sorgo más digerible por la pepsina, probablemente la formación de los puentes -S-S- es la responsable de la disminución de la digestibilidad proteica del sorgo cocido.