Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 13 de 13
Filter
1.
Article in English | AIM | ID: biblio-1264486

ABSTRACT

Teeth are physiological phenomenon that appears in child and who begins around 6 to 8 months after birth. The aim of this work was to study superstitious knowledge of the phenomena of teeth eruption in the mothers peulhs of Ferlo in Senegal. The research method was a descriptive and qualitative study; comprising questioning the mothers of children in the phase of active teeth eruption by structured, semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Information collected were related to the signs and symptoms of teeth, the superstitions associated with the dental age of eruption, the first type of tooth on the arcade, the rhizalyse and the practices of oral hygiene in the child. Data were analysed manually and presented in framed and of verbatims. From the findings, it is seen that fever, the diarrhoea, the vomiting and the dribbles constituted the principal signs. The native or neonatal tooth and the use of the stick rub-tooth to clean the teeth in the evening and the phenomenon of rhizalyse were related to superstitious interpretations. Programs of information and communication would make it possible to better sensitize the populations to optimize the good practices in the children in active phase of teeth eruption


Subject(s)
Child , Health Education , Knowledge , Mothers , Natal Teeth , Senegal , Signs and Symptoms , Superstitions/psychology , Tooth Eruption
2.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 31: 17, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-955757

ABSTRACT

Abstract The notion of superstitious behavior can provide a basic background for understanding such notions as illusions and beliefs. The present study investigated the social mechanism of the transmission of superstitious behavior in an experiment that utilized participant replacement. The sample was composed of a total of 38 participants. Participants performed a task on a computer: they could click a colored rectangle using the mouse. When the rectangle was in a particular color, the participants received points independently of their behavior (variable time schedule). When the color of the rectangle was changed, no points were presented (extinction). Under an Individual Exposure condition, ten participants worked alone on the task. Other participants were exposed to the same experimental task under a Social Exposure condition, in which each participant first learned by observation and then worked on the task in a participant replacement (chain) procedure. The first participant in each chain in the Social Exposure condition was a confederate who worked on the task "superstitiously," clicking the rectangle when points were presented. Superstitious responding was transmitted because of the behavior of the confederate. This also influenced estimates of personal control. These findings suggest that social learning can facilitate the acquisition and maintenance of superstitious behavior and the illusion of control. Our data also suggest that superstitious behavior and the illusion of control may involve similar learning principles.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Superstitions/psychology , Social Learning , Behavioral Research
3.
Rev. bras. ter. comport. cogn ; 18(3): 4-16, 2016. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-869619

ABSTRACT

A investigação de dinâmicas sociais, mais especificamente os estudos experimentais sobre metacontingências tem se deparado algumas vezes com padrões supersticiosos. Esse estudo foi baseado no modelo Meta, criado para um conjunto de pesquisas e acidentalmente produziu um padrão supersticioso. Não houve a seleção do padrão de contingências entrelaçadas desejado. A consequência cultural produziu um padrão supersticioso nos comportamentos dos participantes; um dado que pode sugerir que os padrões supersticiosos descritos, podem ter dificultado a seleção por metacontingências. A investigação de comportamentos supersticiosos, de regras supersticiosas, bem como os efeitos desses operantes em dinâmicas sociais, pode ser feita, em procedimentos como esse, de forma conjunta, compondo um fenômeno de maior complexidade.


The investigation of social dynamics, specifically experimental studies on metacontingencies has encountered sometimes with patterns superstitious. This study was based on the Meta Model, created for a set of researches and accidentally produced a pattern superstitious. There was no selection of the desired pattern of interlocking contingencies. The consequence produced a cultural pattern superstitious in behavior of the participants, a fact which may suggest that patterns described superstitious, may have hindered the selection by metacontingencies. The investigation of superstitious behaviors, superstitious rules, as well as the effects of these operants in social dynamics, can be done in procedures like this, jointly composing a phenomenon of greater complexity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Culture , Superstitions/psychology
4.
Rev. bras. ter. comport. cogn ; 18(1): 31-44, 2016. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-789753

ABSTRACT

Este estudo investigou o comportamento supersticioso em estudantes universitários. Participaram do experimento 10 alunos de diferentes cursos de graduação, de ambos os sexos e com a idade entre 18 e 29 anos. O experimento foi realizado em um dos cubículos do LAEC da PUC de Goiás equipado com um microcomputador, mouse e uma filmadora. Os participantes foram instruídos que no decorrer do experimento a palavra “parabéns” apareceria na tela do microcomputador. O local foi equipado com uma folha de papel com uma pergunta. A sessão teve a duração de sete minutos, cinco primeiros ocorriam no esquema de tempo fixo de 20 segundos e os dois últimos minutos eram referentes à extinção (TF 20s + Extinção). Dos registros em vídeo foram retiradas oito categorias dos principais fenômenos comportamentais como “manipulação de objetos”, por exemplo, e 47 subcategorias como “manipular o teclado”, “tocar a folha” e “tocar no celular”. O estudo demonstrou que os participantes tiveram um aumento considerável da frequência das respostas de manipular o computador durante as duas fases do experimento; grande parte dos estudantes não descreveu acontingência a qual foram expostos, em seguida ao experimento. Nove participantes comportaram-se como se existisse uma relação causal entre suas respostas e a apresentação do estímulo reforçador. Desse modo, as relações programadas foram de contiguidade e não de contingência e os efeitos observados podem ser explicados com base nas respostas que executaram no momento em que o reforçador era fornecido...


This study investigated the superstitious behavior in college students. Experiment participants were 10 students from different graduate students of both sexes and at the age between 18 and 29 years. The experiment was conducted in one of the cubicles of Goiás PUC LAEC equipped with a computer, mouse and a camcorder. The participants were told that the experiment of course the word “Congratulations” appear on the PC screen. The place was equipped with a paper sheet with a question. The session lasted seven minutes, five occurred in fixed time schedule of 20 seconds and the last two minutes were referring to extinction (TF 20s + Extinction). The video recordings were taken eight categories of the main behavioral phenomena as “manipulation of objects,” for example, and 47 subcategories like “manipulate the keyboard”, “touch paper sheet” and “touch phone.” The study showed that participants had a significant increase in the frequencyof responses to manipulate the computer during the two phases of the experiment; most students did not describe the contingency to which they were exposed, then the experiment. Nine participants behaved as if there was a causal relationship between their responses and the presentation of the reinforcer. Thus, the set of relations were not contiguity and contingency and the observed effects can be explained based on the answers that performed at the time the reinforcer was provided...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Behavioral Research/methods , Students , Superstitions/psychology
5.
Rev. bras. ter. comport. cogn ; 12(1/2): 146-175, jun. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-603756

ABSTRACT

O objetivo foi verificar se um estímulo reforçador condicionado pode instalar comportamento supersticioso, replicando sistematicamente Lee (1996). A tarefa de doze participantes era mudar a disposição de cinco ícones dispostos no canto esquerdo da tela do computador, clicando o mouse; as mudanças não dependiam da localização do cursor na tela, quando os cliques ocorriam, mas sim do número de cliques. Na Fase 1, mudança na disposição dos ícones ocorria em um esquema de razão variável, as quatro primeiras mudanças apenas alteravam a disposição de cinco ícones diferentes e a quinta, produzia 5 ícones iguais. Pontos eram liberados, quando os ícones se igualavam. Na Fase 2, após alguns cliques no mouse (que podiam ser de 1 a 30), em que não produziam mudança nos ícones, os próximos quatro cliques produziam mudanças na disposição de cinco ícones diferentes e o quinto clique produzia a igualação dos ícones. Na Fase 3, a igualação ocorria diretamente, após "n" cliques. Dois tipos de respostas supersticiosas foram identificados: respostas de clicar sobre zonas de localização que continham ou não, os ícones e respostas de variar a localização dos cliques, após ausência de mudança ou de mudança nos ícones.


This study was conducted in order to ascertain if a conditioned reinforcing stimulus can give rise to superstitious behavior, using a systematic replication of Lee (1996). The task of the 12 participants was to change the icon display on the left side of the computer screen by clicking the mouse button. Icon changes did not depend on cursor location, but rather on the number of clicks. During phase 1, the icon display changed according to a variable ratio schedule, in which the first four changes referred to changes in the icon display only and the fifth change referred to an icon match. During phase 2, following a number of mouse clicks where icon change was not observed, the next four clicks changed the icon arrangement, although the icons remained the same, and the fifth click produced an icon match. In phase 3, icon match occurred immediately after "n" clicks. Two types of superstitious responses were identified: (1) clicking the mouse button on icons or in any other place on the screen that did not have icons and (2) location changes after an absence of change or following icon changes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Conditioning, Psychological , Reinforcement, Psychology , Superstitions/psychology
6.
Interaçao psicol ; 13(1): 69-79, jan.-jun. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-542457

ABSTRACT

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a interação entre instruções e comportamento supersticioso em um componente Ext de um esquema conc VI Ext. Participantes, estudantes do ensino médio, receberam instruções corretas ou incorretas antes das sessões. Nas instruções corretas, os participantes eram informados que deveriam responder a apenas um dos componentes do esquema concorrente; nas incorretas, que deveriam responder aos dois componentes. Antes e depois das sessões eram feitas perguntas sobre o que os participantes deveriam fazer durante as sessões. Quatro dos sete participantes responderam nos componentes Ext e VI por pelo menos uma sessão. Análise das frequências mostrou que três desses quatro participantes responderam em Ext durante toda a sessão. O responder supersticioso (reponder consistente em Ext) dependeu do quanto as instruções ou as contingências não verbais geraram variabilidade no responder no início das sessões.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Behavior , Official Instructions , Superstitions/psychology
7.
Rev. bras. ter. comport. cogn ; 11(1): 96-118, jun. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-531604

ABSTRACT

Investigou-se os efeitos da exposição a eventos aversivos incontroláveis ou controláveis sobre o desempenho posterior a tal exposição e se estes efeitos seriam alterados pela solicitação de relatos do desempenho. Participaram 40 adultos distribuídos em 3 grupos experimentais: Controle, Fuga e Emparelhado. Na Fase 1 os participantes do Grupo Fuga e Emparelhado foram submetidos a 40 tentativas de apresentação de um som por até 5s: os participantes dos grupos Fuga podiam desligar os sons pressionando teclas no computador e os participantes do grupo Emparelhados foram submetidos à mesma distribuição e duração de sons de um participante dos grupo Fuga, mas não podiam desligar os sons. Os participantes também foram solicitados a fazer relatos sobre a tarefa e seu desempenho, variando-se o número de solicitações e as tentativas em que ocorreram. Todos os participantes passaram pela Fase 2 e todos podiam desligar o som clicando o mouse sobre ícones na tela do computador. Os resultados apontaram que em geral os participantes não tiveram desempenhos caracterizados como comportamento supersticioso ou desamparo aprendido e que padrões de respostas na Fase 1 estão relacionados com os desempenhos na Fase 2. Quanto ao relato, dizer que sabiam o que fazer não foi preditivo de sucesso na Fase 2, mas sucessivas solicitações de relato parecem ter promovido descrição, pelo participante, de seu comportamento e de auto-observação.


The present study investigated the effects of exposure to both controllable and uncontrollable aversive events on the performances of adults. A second goal was to evaluate the effects of requests for verbal reports on participants’ performances. Forty adults were assigned to 3 groups: participants of the Escape Group were exposed to a Training Condition where an aversive sound could be turned off by their responses. Participants of the Yoked Group were exposed to the same Training Condition, but no responses were effective in turning off the sound. Participants of all Groups were exposed to a Test Condition where a different response turned off the sound. Participants of the Escape and Yoked Groups were assigned to 1 of 3 verbal report conditions where they were asked if they knew how to turn off the sound in given trials. Results did not suggest effects associated with helplessness or superstitious behavior, but specific patterns of responding to the Training Condition were closely related to participants’ performances in the Test Condition. Results showed that the verbal reports did not contribute to the emergence or prevention of helplessness.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Behavioral Research , Helplessness, Learned , Superstitions/psychology
8.
Psico USF ; 14(1): 71-81, abr. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-514469

ABSTRACT

Crenças irracionais (CIs) são interpretações ilógicas da realidade que colaboram para o desenvolvimento de perturbações emocionais. A premissa deste estudo é que as CIs podem estar relacionadas ao ajustamento emocional e à satisfação de vida. Estudantes universitários (n=157), responderam ao Questionário de Crenças Irracionais, à Escala de Crenças Irracionais, à Escala Fatorial de Neuroticismo e à Escala de Satisfação de Vida. As CIs apresentaram correlações positivas com dois fatores da Escala Fatorial de Neuroticismo (Vulnerabilidade e Ansiedade) e negativa com idade e com satisfação de vida. Os resultados levam a reflexões importantes sobre a efetividade da Terapia Cognitiva, em especial da Terapia Racional Emotivo-Comportamental, para o ajustamento emocional e para a satisfação de vida dos clientes, que poderiam ser medidas indiretas de sucesso terapêutico.


Irrational beliefs (IB) are illogical interpretations of reality that contribute to the development of emotional problems. This study aims to show that irrational beliefs in college students (n=157) might be related to emotional adjustment and life satisfaction. The participants have completed Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire, Neuroticism Factorial Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale. The IB showed positive correlation with two factors of the Neuroticism Factorial Scale (Vulnerability and Anxiety), and negative correlation with age and life satisfaction. The results suggest important considerations on the effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy, especially of Rational Emotive Therapy, for the emotional adjustment and life satisfaction of the clients, which could be an indirect measure of the therapeutic success.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Personal Satisfaction , Students , Superstitions/psychology
9.
Interaçao psicol ; 12(1): 35-50, jan.-jun. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-534277

ABSTRACT

A interação do comportamento "supersticioso" com o comportamento verbal foi avaliada em três experimentos. Os participantes receberam diferentes instruções sugerindo que responder poderia produzir pontos. Nas sessões experimentais, a cor de um retângulo que aparecia no monitor de um computador era relacionada à vigência de uma situação de apresentação de pontos independentemente do responder ou à vigência de outra situação em que os pontos não eram apresentados (mult VT 8 e EXT). Ao final de cada sessão, os participantes tinham de descrever o que faziam na sessão. Nos três experimentos, apenas alguns participantes desenvolveram comportamento "supersticioso", independentemente do tipo de instrução apresentada no início da sessão. Ao final das sessões, os participantes descreviam seus próprios comportamentos. Os resultados sugerem que o desempenho não-verbal do participante controlou seus auto-relatos e que as próprias contingências do esquema múltiplo foram responsáveis pelo comportamento "supersticioso" mais do que instruções ou auto-relatos.


The interaction between "superstitious" behavior and verbal behavior was evaluated in three experiments. The participants received different instructions suggesting that responses could score points. In experimental sessions, a rectangle’s color on the computer screen indicated a situation of point presentarion regardless of the participant’s responses or another situation in which the points could not be presented (mult VT 8 s EXT). At the end of each session, participants had to describe what they were doing. In three experiments, only a few participants developed "superstitious" behavior, regardless of the kind of instruction presented at the beginning of the session. At the end of the sessions, participants described their own behavior. The results indicate that the non-verbal performance of the participants controlled their self-assessment and that the very contingencies of multiple schemes were responsible for the "superstitious" behavior, more than self-assessment or instructions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Superstitions/psychology , Verbal Behavior
10.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 57(6): 715-719, nov.-dez. 2004.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-509502

ABSTRACT

Mitos e crendices estão presentes hodiernamente, apesar do desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia, principalmente na busca por soluções de problemas que fogem ao entendimento humano. Objetivou-se verificar na comunidade universitária a existência de crendices e mitos, investigando suas origens, influências, adoção e credibilidade, correlacionando-os com o nível de conhecimento dos indivíduos. Pesquisa descritivo-analítica desenvolvida em Unidades de Ensino da Área de Saúde da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Seguiu-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo para análise dos dados. Foram criadas duas categorias: Atitudes Pessoais Relacionadas a Crenças e Influências e Superação das Crenças. Concluiu-se que há colisão entre os saberes popular e científico, gerando a exclusão do saber popular, sua manutenção "velada", ou mesmo, a aliança dos saberes.


Nowadays, myths and superstitions are present in spite of scientific and technological developments, especially when trying to solve problems that escape human understanding. This study was aimed at determining the existence of superstitions and myths in the university community, investigating their origins, influences, adoption and credibility, correlating them with people's level of knowledge. It is a descriptive/analytical research conducted at Teaching Units in the Area of Health of the Federal University of Goiás. The technique of content analysis was utilized for data analysis. Two categories have been created: Personal Attitudes related to Superstitions and Influences and Destruction of Superstitions. It was found out that there is a clash between popular and scientific knowledge, either leading to the exclusion of popular wisdom, to its 'veiled' maintenance, or even to an alliance between the two types of knowledge.


Mitos y creencias están presentes actualmente, a pesar del desarrollo de la ciencia y de la tecnología, principalmente en la búsqueda por soluciones de problemas que escapan al entendimiento humano. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar en la comunidad universitaria la existencia de creencias, mitos y otras prácticas populares, investigando sus orígenes, influencias, adopción, credibilidad y correlacionándolos con el nivel de conocimiento de los individuos. La investigación cuya naturaleza es descriptiva-analítica, fue desarrollada en Unidades de Enseñanza del Área de Salud de la Universidad Federal de Goiás. El grupo se constituye de profesores y estudiantes de los cursos del área de salud. Los resultados posibilitaron la creación de dos categorías, la primera, Actitudes personales relacionadas a Creencias, evidenció el poder de las prácticas populares y de las creencias sobre el comportamiento humano y la segunda, Influencias y Superación de las Creencias, permitió la comprensión del contento social y cultural del grupo investigado. Se concluye que existe una colisión entre el saber popular y el científico, generando la exclusión del saber popular, su mantenimiento "oculto", o también, la alianza de los saberes.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Folklore , Medicine, Traditional , Science , Superstitions/psychology , Universities , Attitude , Brazil , Culture , Faculty , Students
11.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2000 Oct; 44(4): 375-8
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-107685
13.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-44333

ABSTRACT

In September 1993, at a school in the south of Thailand, an outbreak of spirit possession suddenly afflicted 32 girls aged 9-14 years. A case-control study was done to investigate factors that predispose a child to spirit possession. Psychiatric evaluation was done on 32 cases and 34 matched controls. Parents were interviewed regarding the child's psychosocial history. Results of the study were as follows. Children with spirit possession were first-born and came from small families with 1-3 children. Compared with the controls their family life was characterized by more psychosocial stressors and there were significantly higher rates of psychiatric disorders, anxious and fearful character traits, histrionic character traits and history of recurrent trance states. The history of traumatic experiences and exposure to spirit possession ceremonies were more frequent in spirit-possessed children than in the control group but the difference was not significant. This study showed that being first-born from a small family, individual vulnerability especially psychiatric disorders, problematic character traits and dissociative tendency were significant risk factors in the development of possession states in children.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Case-Control Studies , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Disease Susceptibility , Dissociative Disorders/epidemiology , Family Health , Female , Humans , Mass Behavior , Personality , Risk Factors , Superstitions/psychology , Thailand/epidemiology
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL