Changes of Medico-pharmaceutical Profession and Private Practice from the Late 19th Century to the Early 20th Century : Ebb and Flow of Western Pharmacies and Clinics Attached to Pharmacy / 의사학

This article examined i) how traditional medico-pharmaceutical custom from the late 19th century influenced such changes, ii) how medical laws of Daehan Empire and early colonial period influenced the differentiation of medico-pharmaceutical profession, and iii) what the responses of medico-pharmaceutical professionals were like, and arrived at following conclusions. First, in late Chosun, there was a nationwide spread of pharmacies (medicine room, medicine store) as general medical institutions in charge of prescription and medication as well as diagnosis. Therefore, Koreans' perception of Western medicine was not very different from that of traditional pharmacy. Second, Western pharmacies were established by various entities including oriental doctors, Western doctors and drug manufacturers. Their business ranged from medical consultation, prescription, medication and drug manufacture. This was in a way the extension of traditional medico-pharmaceutical custom, which did not draw a sharp line between medical and pharmaceutical practices. Also, regulations on medical and pharmaceutical business of Daehan Empire did not distinguish oriental and Western medicine. Third, clinics attached to pharmacy began to emerge after 1908, as some Western pharmacies that had grown their business based on selling medicine began to hire doctors trained in Western medicine. This trend resulted from Government General's control over medico-pharmaceutical business that began in 1908, following a large-scale dismissal of army surgeons trained in medical schools in 1907. Fourth, as specialization increased within medico-pharmaceutical business following the colonial medical law in early 1910s, such comprehensive business practices as Western pharmacy disappeared and existing businesses were differentiated into dealers of medical ingredients, drug manufacturer, patent medicine businessmen and herbalists. And private practice gradually became the general trend by establishment of medical system with doctors at the pinnacle and spread of modern Western medicine, and support of capitalists.

Nuevos enfoques en la obtención de vacunas / New approaches in the attainment of vaccines

Las llamadas vacunas de nueva generación incluyen a aquellas que no se preparan con un enfoque tradicionalista, es decir no usan al patógeno completo: virus, bacteria, protozoario, etc. atenuado o muerto. Su desarrollo conjunta información inmunológica y los avances en las técnicas de biología molecular. Con este enfoque, las nuevas vacunas sólo incluyen algunas moléculas (nativas o recombinantes), parte de éstas (péptidos sintéticos) o en su defecto, anticuerpos anti-idiotipo que mimetizan alguna estructura original en el patógeno. Entre los factores que han aumentado el interés para este enfoque, destaca la accesibilidad a las técnicas de biología molecular, que han permitido sobrepasar las limitaciones del enfoque tradicional. Prácticamente todas las vacunas que actualmente se emplean fueron desarrolladas antes del advenimiento de la biología molecular y aunque sólo se han podido obtener un número limitado de ellas, han significado un gran logro científico, que erradicó ya una enfermedad (viruela) y está en vías de hacer lo mismo con otras (tétanos, difteria, tosferina, poliomielitis, sarampión, etc.). No obstante, aún faltan muchas vacunas para prevenir un gran número de enfermedades infecciosas cuya trascendencia en la salud puede ser muy seria como lo ejemplifica el avance epidémico del Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida. Se abordan los diferentes énfoques que varios investigadores han empleado para el desarrollo de las nuevas vacunas