Spirocerca lupi in doqs of Yucatán, México: Case report and retrospective study / Spirocerca lupi en perros de Yucatán, México: Reporte de caso y estudio retrospectivo

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the case report of a parasitized doq with Spirocera lupi in Yucatan, Mexico, as well as report cases reqistered in two laboratories durinq 18 years of parasitoloqical and necropsy studies (2000-2017). Materials and methods. A case study is reported, with necropsy, histológica! and parasitological findings. Likewise, a retrospective study of cases reported in two laboratories where necropsies and faecal Flotation techniques (centrifuqal and McMaster) were performed. Results. At the necropsy of the doq, three esophaqeal nodules were observed, which showed nematodes of S. lupi durinq the incision of the mass. The histoloqical study showed an eosinophilic qranuloma that contained the nematodes at its center, surrounded by a moderate inflammatory infíltrate formed by neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages, delimited by a capsule of fibrous connective tissue. In the retrospective study, prevalence of 0.18 and 0.48% were found by coproloqical tests and necropsy study, respectively. Conclusions. Spirocerca lupi is present in doqs from Yucatan, Mexico with low prevalence, producinq in the esophaqus of doqs lesions characterized by eosinophilic granulomas. The need to include this pathology in the differential diagnosis of esophaqeal and respiratory problems in doqs is disclosed.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Se describe el caso de un perro parasitado con Spirocera lupí en Yucatán, México, y además, se reportan los casos registrados en dos laboratorios durante 18 años de estudios parasitológicos y de necropsias (2000-2017). Materiales y métodos. Para el primer caso, se incluyen hallazgos de necropsia, histológicos y parasitológicos. Para los estudios retrospectivos se realizaron necropsias y estudios coprológicos de Flotación Centrifugada y de McMaster. Resultados. En el paciente del estudio de caso, durante la necropsia se observaron tres nódulos esofágicos que al realizar la incisión de los mismos, se visualizaron nematodos que correspondieron a S. lupí. En el estudio histológico se observó un granuloma eosinofílico que en su interior contenía el nematodo rodeado por un infiltrado inflamatorio moderado que estaba constituido por neutrófilos, eosinófilos, linfocitos, células plasmáticas y macrófagos; delimitado por una cápsula de tejido conectivo fibroso. En el estudio retrospectivo se encontraron prevalencias de 0.18 y 0.48% mediante pruebas coprológicas y estudios de necropsias, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Spirocerca lupí se encuentra presente en perros de Yucatán, México. Por lo tanto, sería importante considerar esta patología para el diagnóstico diferencial de problemas esofágicos y respiratorios en caninos.

A Case of Twice Recurring Ocular Thelaziasis from Thelazia callipaeda

PURPOSE: We report a case of recurrent ocular thelaziasis by Thelazia callipaeda. CASE SUMMARY: A 71-year-old male visited the ophthalmic clinic, complaining of itching, a foreign body sensation, and irritation in the right eye. He was previously diagnosed with Thelazia callipaeda infection, 3 months prior, at another hospital. A parasite, shaped like a thin small thread, was found in the conjunctival sac of his right eye, with active movement. The parasite was identified as Thelazia callipaeda by pathology. Four months after removal of the parasite, symptoms relapsed in the same eye. Two parasites were rediscovered and removed. Since then, no additional specific sign related to the parasite has been noted in follow- up examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Due to frequent recurrence of infections caused by the short life cycle of the parasite, monthly follow-up examinations are required for at least 1 year after discovery of the parasite.

A Case of Thelazia callipaeda Infestation with Preseptal Cellulitis

PURPOSE: To report a case of Thelazia callipaeda infection with preseptal cellulitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 24-year-old female presented with symptoms of conjunctival injection and ocular pain in her left eye and a parasite was found in her conjunctival sac. Using light microscopy, we identified Thelazia callipaeda and many larvae were observed in the vulva of an adult female worm. Three days later, erythematous swelling occurred in the left upper eyelid and four adult worms were found and removed with forceps. Third-generation cephalosporin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were administered orally; the eyelid swelling improved but the conjunctival injection remained. Later five and seven adult worms were removed every 4 weeks and the conjunctival injection improved with no parasites detected after the final extraction. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of Thelazia callipaeda infection, it is necessary to identify eggs and larvae and to observe the patient for more than 1 month because of postextraction growth of the larvae. In addition, the possibility of preseptal cellulitis by Thelazia callipaeda should be considered.

A Case of Subconjunctival Thelasia Callipaeda Infestation

PURPOSE: To report one case involving Thelazia callipaeda subconjunctival infestation. CASE SUMMARY: A 52-year-old man came in with left eye discomfort that started about a month prior to hospital visit. Slit lamp examination identified a live white translucent parasite about 10 mm in length and about 0.3 mm in width moving under the lower left eye subconjunctiva. No other abnormal findings were found in the front or fundus. An incision of about 5 mm in the conjunctiva where the parasite was located was carried out, and after opening the area, the parasite was slowly pulled out using a clamp. Then, the bottom of the conjunctiva was washed with normal saline. Further, five additional parasites were found in the conjunctival sac and were removed. The parasite was identified as Thelazia callipaeda, and through outpatient follow-up for 1 month after removal, additional parasites were not found. CONCLUSION: The authors report this case of intraocular Thelazia callipaeda infestation because it is not known to be common; however, the authors witnessed a number of parasites in the conjunctival fornix, as well as Thelazia callipaeda in the subconjuctiva.

Espirocercose em cão errante na cidade da Matola, sul de Moçambique / Spirocercosis in a stray dog in Matola city, Southern Mozambique

Este trabalho descreve os achados clínicos e post mortem de um caso de espirocercose em cadelaerrante, na Cidade da Matola, região sul de Moçambique. No exame clínico, o animal apresentoumau escore corporal, depressão, desidratação, anorexia, disfagia e relutância ao movimento.Na necropsia, observou-se, no terço distal da porção torácica do esôfago, três nódulos com 3,5cm, 2,5 cm e 1,5 cm de diâmetro, no interior dos quais foram identificados parasitos adultos daespécie Spirocerca lupi. O diagnóstico de espirocercose teve por base os achados de necropsia edos exames coproparasitológico e histopatológico da lesão. Este relato de caso ressalta tanto aimportância de se fazer a necropsia de animais errantes quanto a necessidade de a espirocercoseser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial em cães que apresentem um quadro clínico similar aodescrito no presente trabalho.

This report describes the clinical and post mortem findings of a case of spirocercosis in a stray dogin Matola City, southern Mozambique. On clinical examination, the animal presented poor bodycondition, depression, dehydration, anorexia, dysphagia, and was reluctant to move. During necropsythe distal third of the thoracic esophagus presented three nodules with diameters of 3.5, 2.5 and 1.5cm, containing Spirocerca lupi adult worms. The diagnosis of spirocercosis was based on necropsyfindings, coproparasitological results and histopathological examination of the lesions. This casereport emphasizes the importance of performing post mortem examination of stray animals and increases the awareness that spirocercosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogspresenting with similar clinical manifestations to those described in this case.

The First Human Case of Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Vietnam

A 26-year-old man residing in a village of Thai Nguyen Province, North Vietnam, visited the Thai Nguyen Provincial Hospital in July 2008. He felt a bulge-sticking pain in his left eye and extracted 5 small nematode worms by himself half a day before visiting the hospital. Two more worms were extracted from his left eye by a medical doctor, and they were morphologically observed and genetically analyzed on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. The worms were 1 male and 1 female, and genetically identical with those of Thelazia callipaeda. By the present study, the presence of human T. callipaeda infection is first reported in Vietnam.

Thelazia rhodesii in the African Buffalo, Syncerus caffer, in Zambia

We report 2 cases of Thelazia rhodesii infection in the African buffaloes, Syncerus caffer, in Zambia. African buffalo calves were captured from the livestock and wildlife interface area of the Kafue basin in the dry season of August 2005 for the purpose to translocate to game ranches. At capture, calves (n=48) were examined for the presence of eye infections by gently manipulating the orbital membranes to check for eye-worms in the conjunctival sacs and corneal surfaces. Two (4.3%) were infected and the mean infection burden per infected eye was 5.3 worms (n=3). The mean length of the worms was 16.4 mm (95% CI; 14.7-18.2 mm) and the diameter 0.41 mm (95% CI; 0.38-0.45 mm). The surface cuticle was made of transverse striations which gave the worms a characteristic serrated appearance. Although the calves showed signs of kerato-conjunctivitis, the major pathological change observed was corneal opacity. The calves were kept in quarantine and were examined thrice at 30 days interval. At each interval, they were treated with 200 microg/kg ivermectin, and then translocated to game ranches. Given that the disease has been reported in cattle and Kafue lechwe (Kobus lechwe kafuensis) in the area, there is a need for a comprehensive study which aims at determining the disease dynamics and transmission patterns of thelaziasis between wildlife and livestock in the Kafue basin.

Two Cases of Human Thelaziasis and Brief Review of Korean cases

The present study was performed to describe 2 cases of human thelaziasis (HT) which occurred in Gyeongsangnam- do and to briefly review the previously reported Korean cases. A 58-year old woman, residing in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, came to Gyeongsang National University Hospital (GNUH) complaining of foreign body sensation and itching of the right eye in March 2000. Total 6 adult nematodes of Thelazia callipaeda (2 males and 4 females) were detected in her right eye. A 80-year old man, residing in Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, came to GNUH complaining of foreign body sensation, itching, and pain of the right eye in December 2007. A total of 5 worms (4 females and 1 degenerated) were removed from his right eye. We analyzed characteristics of the total 39 Korean HT cases reported to date, including the present 2 cases. Most of the cases (71.8%) occurred in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do before 2000, and 21 cases (53.8%) were males and 18 (46.2%) were females. The prevalence was higher in younger ages below 30 years (48.7%) than 31-60 years (41.0%) and over 61 years (10.3%). The seasonal prevalence showed a higher incidence in autumn (43.6%) than in other seasons. Most of the cases (94.9%) were conjunctival sac infections and only 2 (5.1%) were intraocular cases. The present 2 HT cases are the first reported cases in Gyeongsangnam-do. Some characteristics of Korean HT cases were analyzed.

A Case of Thelazia Callipaeda Recurred At a One-month Interval

PURPOSE: To report a relapsed case of an intra-conjunctival Thelazia callipaeda infestation within one month. CASE SUMMARY: A 59-year-old female patient presented with symptoms of itching and a sense of foreign substance in her left eye, which she had been experiencing for several days. Conjunctival hyperemia and follicle multiplication along with ten actively moving worms were identified and were extracted with forceps. The symptoms disappeared until 25 days later, when they recurred and five additional worms were extracted. All of the extracted worms were confirmed to be Thelazia Callipaeda and the patient's symptoms disappeared after the final extraction. CONCLUSIONS: More than one month of follow-up observation is required for human infection by Thelazia Callipaeda due to the post-extraction growth of the larva.

Ocular thelaziasis in Assam: a report of two cases.

Small, white, thread-like, motile worms were recovered from the conjunctival sac of a 13-year-old girl and a 50-year-old woman from Dibrugarh district, Assam, India. They were identified as thelazia species. These two cases have been reported due to their rarity in India and elsewhere.

A Case Report of Human Thelaziasis / 감염과화학요법

The authors report a case of infection with Thelazia callipaeda in a Korean man. The patient was a 47 year-old man. He experienced epiphora and foreign body sensation of the right eye since 3 weeks ago. Total of 2 worms were removed from the conjunctival sac; one by himself 1 day prior to examination and the other by an ophthalmologist. The worm was slender creamy white in color which was fixed in a 10% formaline solution. The worm was 17.38 mm in length, 0.45 mm in body width, 0.026 mm in length of buccal cavity, 0.63 mm in length of anterior end to vaginal opening, 0.76 mm in length of anterior end to the esophagointestinal junction and 0.06 mm in length of posterior end to the anus. There were numerous striations on surface of worms and vaginal opening was located anterior to the esophagointestinal junction. Based on aforementioned findings, it was confirmed as a female worm of Thelazia callipaeda, and the authors report it with literature.

A Case Report of Human Thelaziasis / 감염과화학요법

The authors report a case of infection with Thelazia callipaeda in a Korean man. The patient was a 47 year-old man. He experienced epiphora and foreign body sensation of the right eye since 3 weeks ago. Total of 2 worms were removed from the conjunctival sac; one by himself 1 day prior to examination and the other by an ophthalmologist. The worm was slender creamy white in color which was fixed in a 10% formaline solution. The worm was 17.38 mm in length, 0.45 mm in body width, 0.026 mm in length of buccal cavity, 0.63 mm in length of anterior end to vaginal opening, 0.76 mm in length of anterior end to the esophagointestinal junction and 0.06 mm in length of posterior end to the anus. There were numerous striations on surface of worms and vaginal opening was located anterior to the esophagointestinal junction. Based on aforementioned findings, it was confirmed as a female worm of Thelazia callipaeda, and the authors report it with literature.

A Case of Intraocular Thelasia Callipaeda Infestation

PURPOSE: We report a case of intraocular Thelazia callipaeda infestation in a patient with panuveitis who had a successful recovery after pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS: A 73-year-old female patients complained of a floating sensation and gradually decreasing visual acuity in her right eye. On slit lamp examination, severe intraocular inflammatory reaction was observed. Fundus examination revealed severe vitreous haze with mobile linear structure. Three-port pars plana vitrectomy was performed and then the worm was removed. RESULTS: The worm was confirmed to be Thelazia callipaeda. At postoperative 2 months, the patient's visual acuity was 0.6 and intraocular pressure 14 mmHg. There was no evidence of intraocular inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Thelazia callipaeda usually lie in the conjunctival sac or lacrimal apparatus, causing ocular surface disease, but intraocular infestation rarely occurs. If intraocular infestation does occur, early surgical removal should be performed.

Osteosarcoma generalizado y megaesófago secundario, ocasionados por infección de Spirocerca lupi en un canino / Generalized osteosarcoma and secondary megaesophagus caused by Spirocerca lupi in a dog

En este artículo se describe un caso clínico poco frecuente de osteosarcoma generalizado acompañado de megaesófago secundario adquirido, ocasionados por un granuloma parasitario torácico de Spirocerca lupi, en un canino bóxer adulto. Se presentan los hallazgos radiológicos y anatomo-patológicos y se discuten con la literatura revisada.

Longitudinal investigation and experimental studies on thelaziasis and the intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda in Guanghua county of Hubei province / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To verify houseflies Musca spp. as the intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda and reveal epidemiological situation of thelaziasis in Hubei province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Dogs eyes infected with T. callipaeda, 400 houseflies Musca and 259 fruitflies Amiota okadai in the city of Laohekou city (previously named as Guanghua county) of Hubei province had been investigated since September 2000. The newborn larvae of T. callipaeda from Laohekou suburbs were fed to houseflies Musca and A. okadai. Larvae used for the study were isolated from female T. callipaeda in laboratory and the susceptibility to houseflies Musca and A. okadai was observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-one dogs from Laohekou, the original epidemic areas of thelaziasis were examined and 7 positive dogs in 21 (33.3%) and 11 T. callipaeda (9 females and 2 males) were identified. From 1975 to 2000, no thelaziasis cases were found through retrospective surveys. These 200 houseflies Musca and 135 A. okadai were dissected for examination but showed all negative with the infection. However, newborn larvae of T. callipaeda were used to experimentally infect 112 houseflies Musca and 84 A. okadai and all infected flies were examined on the 20th day after inoculation. As a consequence, houseflies Musca failed to be infected but 9 in 84 (10.7%) A. okadai were positive. 26 infective larvae of T. callipaeda were obtained and 21 of them were inoculated into right eye of one rabbit. The female worm began to produce newborn larvae in 37 days after infection and 3 adult T. callipaeda (two females and one male) were obtained.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Fruitflies A. okadai from Hubei province were susceptible to T. callipaeda, which was similar to the result of experimental studies in Anhui province. This survey further confirmed that A. okadai was the intermediate host of T. callipaeda but not houseflies Musca. Infective resources (adult dogs, for instance) had been under controlled thus human thelaziasis had been eradicated in this rural area.</p>

Enzooticity of the dogs, the reservoir host of Thelazia callipaeda, in Korea

The reservoir hosts of Thelazia callipaeda were examined. The eyes of the 76 dogs raised at farm, 78 military dogs (shepherds), 96 cattle, and 105 pigs were investigated for the presence of eyeworm. Among them, six worms of T. callipaeda were collected from two dogs raised at farm (2.7%), and 188 worms from 26 shepherds (33.5%). No worms were recovered from the cattle or pigs. These results suggest that the dogs, especially the military dogs are serving as a reservoir host of T. callipaeda. in Korea.

A Case of Thelazia Callipaeda Conjunctival Infestation

Thelaziasis in human is an oppotunistic infection.The worms usually lie in the conjunctival sac or in the lacrimal apparatus, causing foreign body sensation, tearing, conjunctival irritation and subconjunctival hemorrhage. Corneal abrasion and corneal opacity may develop.In most cases, patients find the worms themselves and visit the hospital. The authors experienced and confirmed a case of human subconjunctival infestation of 3 worms of Thelazia callipaeda in 6 months old infant in Kyungpook province.We report this case with literature review.

Sparganosis in Filipinos: with a review of reported cases in the Philippines

An additional case of sparganosis in the Philippines is presented, with a brief review of the pathogenesis and a resume of the other cases so far reported in this country. (Summary)

A Case of Thelazia callipaeda Isolated from Human Conjunctival Sac / 대한임상미생물학회지

Thelazia callipaeda is a slender, long, and cylindrical nematode which parasitizes in the conjunctival sac of human and causes conjunctivitis. The animals such as the dog, rabbit, horse, deer, and cow were revealed as its reservoir and some species of the fly suspected as its vector. We experienced a case of T. callipaeda isolated from human conjunctival sac of a 41-year old man who lived in Wanju-gun, Chonbuk province and raised the dogs. He complained of an irritation, itching and foreign body sensation on his right eye and the two worms were picked out of his right eye by forceps from conjunctival sac. General features of the worms were ivory colored and slender. Two worms were 15.2mm and 15.8mm in length and both have less than 1.0mm in maximum width. Microscopically, both of the worms were female. The vulva opening of the worms located anterior to esophago-intestinal junction. The uterus filled with the eggs an6 larvae encysted with oval membrane. The buccal cavity in head portion was tetrazoid and connected with well-developed esophagus. At the tails of the worms, anus and papillae were observed. Characteristic compact cuticular transverse striations were identified on the whole body surface.