Rat Model of Hindlimb Ischemia Induced via Embolization with Polyvinyl Alcohol and N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of a rat model on hindlimb ischemia induced by embolization from the administration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles or N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by embolization with NBCA (n = 4), PVA (n = 4) or surgical excision (n = 4) in a total of 12 Sprague-Dawley rats. On days 0, 7 and 14, the time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) and enhanced MRI were obtained as scheduled by using a 3T-MR scanner. The clinical ischemic index, volume change and degree of muscle necrosis observed on the enhanced MRI in the ischemic hindlimb were being compared among three groups using the analysis of variance. Vascular patency on TOF-MRA was evaluated and correlated with angiographic findings when using an inter-rater agreement test. RESULTS: There was a technical success rate of 100% for both the embolization and surgery groups. The clinical ischemic index did not significantly differ. On day 7, the ratios of the muscular infarctions were 0.436, 0.173 and 0 at thigh levels and 0.503, 0.337 and 0 at calf levels for the NBCA, PVA and surgery groups, respectively. In addition, the embolization group presented increased volume and then decreased volume on days 7 and 14, respectively. The surgery group presented a gradual volume decrease. Good correlation was shown between the TOF-MRA and angiographic findings (kappa value of 0.795). CONCLUSION: The examined hindlimb ischemia model using embolization with NBCA and PVA particles in rats is a feasible model for further research, and muscle necrosis was evident as compared with the surgical model.

Adesivo cirúrgico de etil-2-cianoacrilato em lobectomia parcial em ratos / Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive in partial lobectomy in rats

OBJETIVO: Determinar experimentalmente a eficácia do adesivo cirúrgico de etil-2-cianoacrilato na reparação do parênquima pulmonar após lobectomias parciais em ratos em relação a hemostasia/aerostasia, cicatrização e tempo cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: O estudo envolveu 30 ratos Wistar, divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos (grupo controle e quatro grupos de estudo. Nos grupos de estudo, o reparo do parênquima pulmonar foi realizado ou com o adesivo ou por sutura após lobectomia parcial de um fragmento pequeno ou grande (25 por cento ou 50 por cento, respectivamente) do lobo inferior caudal esquerdo. RESULTADOS: O tempo cirúrgico e o tempo de hemostasia foram menores nos grupos submetidos ao uso do adesivo. Não houve diferenças significativas na complacência pulmonar específica entre os grupos. Aderências e reações inflamatórias foram mais severas nos grupos submetidos a sutura. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, o uso de adesivo de cianoacrilato ajudou a reduzir o tempo cirúrgico e a intensidade de reações inflamatórias, assim como preservou a complacência pulmonar. Adesivos de cianoacrilato devem ser considerados como uma opção no reparo do parênquima pulmonar, diminuindo o risco de complicações após lobectomia parcial em humanos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive in repairing the lung parenchyma after partial lobectomy in rats, in terms of hemostasis/aerostasis, scarring, and surgical time. METHODS:The study involved 30 Wistar rats, randomly divided into five groups (one control group and four study groups). In the study groups, the lung parenchyma was repaired with either cyanoacrylate adhesive or surgical suture following resection of a small or large fragment (25 percent or 50 percent, respectively) of the left caudal lung lobe. RESULTS: Surgical time and hemostasis time were shorter in the two groups treated with the adhesive than in the two submitted to suture. There were no significant differences among the groups regarding specific lung compliance. Adherences and inflammatory reactions were more severe in the groups submitted to suture. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive helped reduce the surgical time and the intensity of inflammatory reactions, as well as preserving lung compliance. Cyanoacrylate adhesives should be considered an option for lung parenchyma repair, decreasing the risk of complications after partial lobectomy in humans.

Esophageal Sinus Formation due to Cyanoacrylate Injection for Esophageal Variceal Ligation-induced Ulcer Bleeding in a Cirrhotic Patient / 대한소화기학회지

Intravariceal injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate is widely used for the hemostasis of bleeding gastric varices, but not routinely for esophageal variceal hemorrhage because of various complications such as pyrexia, bacteremia, deep ulceration, and pulmonary embolization. We report a rare case of esophageal sinus formation after cyanoacrylate obliteration therapy for uncontrolled bleeding from post-endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) ulcer. A 50-year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis presented with hematemesis. Emergent esophagogastroscopy revealed bleeding from large esophageal varices with ruptured erosion, and bleeding was initially controlled by EVL, but rebleeding from the post-EVL ulcer occurred at 17th day later. Although we tried again EVL and the injections of 5% ethanolamine oleate at paraesophageal varices, bleeding was not controlled. Therefore, we administered 1 mL cyanoacrylate diluted with lipiodol and bleeding was controlled. Three months after the endoscopic therapy, follow-up endoscopy showed medium to large-sized esophageal varices and sinus at lower esophagus. Barium esophagography revealed an outpouching in esophageal wall and endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated an ostium with sinus. It is noteworthy that esophageal sinus can be developed as a rare late complication of endoscopic cyanoacrylate obliteration therapy.

Bronchoscopic management of bronchopleural fistula.

In recent years successful bronchoscopic management of bronchopleural fistulas (BPFs) by locating its site and then blocking the leaking segment with any of the several agents available has gained recognition. It is now considered as an alternate mode of management of BPF. Here we present a case of non-resolving pneumothorax that was managed successfully using bronchoscopic glue (cyanoacrylate glue) instillation.

Percutaneous Transportal Sclerotherapy with N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate for Gastric Varices: Technique and Clinical Efficacy

OBJECTIVE: This study was deigned to evaluate the technique and clinical efficacy of the use of percutaneous transportal sclerotherapy with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for patients with gastric varices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients were treated by transportal sclerotherapy with the use of NBCA. For transportal sclerotherapy, portal vein catheterization was performed with a 6-Fr sheath by the transhepatic approach. A 5-Fr catheter was introduced into the afferent gastric vein and a microcatheter was advanced through the 5-Fr catheter into the varices. NBCA was injected through the microcatheter in the varices by use of the continuous single-column injection technique. After the procedure, postcontrast computed tomography (CT) was performed on the next day and then every six months. Gastroendoscopy was performed at one week, three months, and then every six months after the procedure. RESULTS: The technical success rate of the procedure was 88%. In six patients, gastric varices were successfully obliterated with 1-8 mL (mean, 5.4 mL) of a NBCA-Lipiodol mixture injected via a microcatheter. No complications related to the procedure were encountered. As seen on the follow-up endoscopy and CT imaging performed after six months, the presence of gastric varcies was not seen in any of the patients after treatment with the NBCA-Lipiodol mixture and the use of microcoils. Recurrence of gastric varices was not observed during the follow-up period. Worsening of esophageal varices occurred in four patients after transportal sclerotherapy. The serum albumin level increased, the ammonia level decreased and the prothrombin time increased at six months after the procedure (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transportal sclerotherapy with NBCA is useful to obliterate gastric varices if it is not possible to perform balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration.

Ethanol Embolotherapy of Pelvic Arteriovenous Malformations: an Initial Experience

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively assessed the results of performing ethanol embolization for pelvis arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the past 10 years, eight patients (8 females, age range: 27-52 years) with AVMs in the pelvic wall (n = 3) and uterus (n = 5) underwent staged ethanol embolizations (range: 1-5, mean: 2.5) under general anesthesia. Ethanol embolization was performed by the use of the transcatheter and/or direct puncture techniques. Clinical follow-up was performed for all of the patients, and imaging follow-up was available for seven patients. The therapeutic outcomes were established by evaluating the clinical outcome of the signs and symptoms, as well as the degree of devascularization observed on post-procedural angiography. RESULTS: During the 20 sessions of ethanol embolization, the solitary transarterial approach was used 14 times, the transvenous approach was used three times and direct puncture was used once. For two patients, the transarterial and transvenous or direct puncture approaches were used together in one session. For four patients, ethanol and coils were used as embolic agents, and n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and ethanol were used in one patient. Seven (88%) of eight patients were cured of their AVMs and one patient (12%) displayed improvement. Major complications were seen in two patients (25%). CONCLUSION: Ethanol embolization is effective for the treatment of pelvic arteriovenous malformations, though there is a chance of a major complication.

Validity of microporous polysaccharide hemispheres as a hemostatic agent in hepatic injuries: an experimental study in rats

INTRODUCTION: In the treatment of hepatic injuries, there is not always adequate and secure hemostasis. A hepatic biopsy is indispensable in the evolution of focal or diffuse liver cell disease, being necessary for candidates for liver transplant and post-transplant treatment. Many patients suffer blood clotting that increases the risk of bleeding. For this reason, it is necessary to seek for substances capable of bringing about hemostasis quickly and effectively. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to recognize the validity of the use of microporous polysaccharide hemispheres (MPH) as a hemostatic agent for hepatic injuries. METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were used, split into three groups. Under anaesthetic, a laparoptomy was done and resulted in a standard liver injury that was treated in Group A with MPH, in Group B with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and in Group C with fibrin adhesive. Immediate hemostasis, delayed bleeding and histological evolution were timed. RESULTS: The MPH took on average six minutes to promote hemostasis and also resulted in re-bleeding, which required reapplication; the n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate took twenty seconds and the fibrin adhesive took one minute. The cyanoacrylate resulted in more intense adherence. The three adhesives mainly showed a chronic inflammatory reaction. The injuries treated with cyanoacrylate showed a larger area of injury (p=0,0164). The density of the collagen was similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: The MPH, despite achieving hemostasis, proved to be no more favorable than n-butyl-cyanoacrylate and the fibrin adhesive, the latter resulting in the lowest tissue reaction.

INTRODUÇÃO: No tratamento de lesões hepáticas nem sempre se tem hemostasia adequada e segura. Biópsia hepática é indispensável na evolução de doença hepato-celular difusa ou focal sendo necessária para candidatos à transplante hepático e para acompanhamento pós-transplante. Muitos doentes apresentam coagulopatias que aumentam os riscos de sangramento. Daí a necessidade de se procurar substâncias capazes de promover a hemostasia de forma rápida e efetiva. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi reconhecer a validade do uso de hemosferas microporosas de polissacarídeos (MPH) como agente hemostático para lesões hepáticas. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 30 ratos Wistar distribuídos em três grupos. Sob anestesia, fez-se uma laparotomia e produziu-se um ferimento hepático padrão que foi tratado no grupo A com MPH, no grupo B, com n-butil-2-cianoacrilato e no grupo C com adesivo de fibrina. Cronometrou-se o tempo para a obtenção da hemostasia imediata, a existência de sangramento tardio e a evolução histológica. RESULTADOS: O MPH levou, em média, seis minutos para promover a hemostasia e apresentou re-sangramento exigindo reaplicação, o n-butil-2-cianoacrlato, 20 segundos e o adesivo de fibrina, um minuto. O cianoacrilato promoveu aderências mais intensas. Os três adesivos determinaram principalmente reação inflamatória do tipo crônico. As feridas tratadas com cianoacrilato apresentaram maior área de lesão (p=0,0164). A densidade do colágeno foi semelhante entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O MPH, embora tenha conseguido hemostasia, não se mostrou mais favorável do que o n-butil-2-cianoacrilato e o adesivo de fibrina sendo que este último promoveu a menor reação tecidual.

Dressing spray enhances the adhesive strength of surgical dressing tapes.

BACKGROUND: The use of surgical adhesive tapes after minor surgical and dermatologic operations is widespread. Their use reduces the wound tension and separation and they ultimately improve the postoperative scar. The most commonly used wound adhesives to enhance the adhesiveness of the surgical tapes, are tincture of benzoin and mastisol. AIM: The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the role of adhesive power of dressing spray with the adhesive tape application on the skin, which is widely used in clinics after the skin closure. METHODS: Fifteen volunteers who were chosen among the medical personnel of the hospital comprised the study group. The skin of the flexor aspect of the 1/3 middle forearm of the subjects was used as the procedure region. The data is collected in the first, second and eighth days of the study. At the first stage of the study, an adhesive wound closure tape was applied to the skin without any compound of adhesives (group A). In the second and third stages, a thin coat of transparent film dressing spray (group B) and an adhesive compound of tincture of benzoin (group C) were applied to the skin before the adhesive tape placement, respectively. Different values of weights ranging between 50-900 gm were hanged by hooking into the center of the adhesive tape. The weights that caused complete separations of the tape from the skin after exactly 20 seconds were recorded in all groups. The data was analyzed by using Friedman test in order to calculate statistical significance between groups A, B and C. RESULTS: The difference in adhesive power between control and groups B and C was found to be highly significant ( p CONCLUSION: The results indicated that dressing spray tested has an additional adhesive power besides its well known features and that it can be used as an efficient alternative material among other adhesive compounds.

Therapeutic Effect of the Endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate Injection for Acute Esophagogastric Variceal Bleeding: Comparison with Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Though endoscopic therapies such as variceal ligation and sclerotherapy has been performed, bleeding from the large esophageal and gastric varices still poses significant risk of death. Decrease of portal pressure by TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) or surgical shunt was indicated as cause of failure of endoscopic therapies. Treatment of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate has been especially effective for gastric variceal bleeding, but comparison with other treatments had not been reported yet. In this study, the effect of cyanoacrylate injection therapy was cross-examined with the result of TIPS in acute esophagogastric variceal bleedings. METHODS: From April 1995 to June 2002, endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection therapy (43 cases) and TIPS (63 cases) were performed in our hospital. Each group was analysed regarding their clinical results including initial hemostasis rate, rebleeding rate, survival duration, mortality and morbidity. RESULTS: Initial hemostasis rate was 95.3% in cyanoacrylate group and 92.1% in TIPS group. Cumulative probability of rebleeding was not different between two groups. Overall complication rates associated with the procedure were 50.8% in TIPS group and 9.3% in cyanoacrylate group. There was no significant difference between two groups in their survival rates. CONCLUSIONS: Cyanoacrylate injection therapy was relatively safe, and has comparable results with TIPS for uncontrollable and severe esophagogastric variceal bleedings.