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1.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 32(3): 178-184, Sept. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-654608

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Estimar la relación de costo-efectividad del tratamiento de corta duración bajoobservación directa (DOTS), comparándolo con una variación de dicho tratamiento, que incluyeun mayor seguimiento a los convivientes residenciales de los pacientes (DOTS-R) parael tratamiento de tuberculosis (TB).Métodos. Tomando una perspectiva social que incluye los costos para las institucionesde salud, para los pacientes y sus familiares, y para otras entidades que contribuyen a hacerefectiva la operación del programa, se evaluaron los costos incurridos con cada una de las dosestrategias y se estimaron razones costo-efectividad adoptando las medidas de efecto usadas porlos programas de control. La estimación de los costos de cada una de las dos estrategias incluyelos correspondientes a las instituciones de salud que administran el tratamiento, los pacientesy sus familiares, y los de la secretaría de salud que gestiona los programas de salud pública anivel municipal. Con base en estos costos y el número de casos curados y tratamientos terminadoscomo medidas de resultado de cada una de las estrategias evaluadas, se calcularon lasrazones costo-efectividad y costo incremental.Resultados. El DOTS-R se halló más costo-efectivo para lograr tratamientos exitosos queel DOTS. El DOTS-R registró costos de entre US$ 1 122,4 y US$ 1 152,7 por caso curado,comparados con valores de entre US$ 1 137,0 y US$ 1 494,3 correspondientes al DOTS. Laproporción de casos tratados con éxito fue mayor con DOTS-R que con DOTS.Conclusiones. El DOTS-R es una alternativa costo-efectiva promisoria para mejorar elcontrol de la TB en sitios endémicos. Se recomienda a las autoridades del sector salud incorporaren su gestión institucional del programa contra la TB, acciones de seguimiento de losconvivientes de pacientes, con la participación del personal de salud y los recursos físicos yfinancieros que apoyan actualmente dicho programa.


Objective. Estimate the cost-effectiveness ratio of the directly observed treatmentshort course (DOTS) for treatment of tuberculosis (TB), comparing it to a variation ofthis treatment that includes increased home-based guardian monitoring of patients(DOTS-R).Methods. Taking a social perspective that includes the costs for the healthinstitutions, the patients, and their family members, and for other entities thatcontribute to making operation of the program effective, the costs incurred with eachof the two strategies were evaluated and the cost-effectiveness ratios were estimatedadopting the measures of effect used by the control programs. The estimate of the costof each of the two strategies includes the cost to the health institutions that administertreatment, the patients and their family members, and the cost to the Ministry ofHealth that manages public health programs on the municipal level. Based on thesecosts and the number of cases cured and treatments completed as outcome measuresof each of the strategies evaluated, the cost-effectiveness ratio and incremental costwere calculated.Results. The DOTS-R was found to be more cost-effective for achievement ofsuccessful treatments than the DOTS. The DOTS-R recorded costs of US$ 1 122.40 toUS$ 1 152.70 for each case cured compared to values of US$ 1 137.00 to US$ 1 494.30for the DOTS. The percentage of cases treated successfully was higher with DOTS-Rthan with DOTS.Conclusions. The DOTS-R is a promising cost-effective alternative for improvedcontrol of TB in endemic areas. It is recommended that the health authorities includehome-based guardian monitoring of patients in their institutional management of theTB program, with the participation of health workers and the physical and financialresources that currently support this program.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Case Management/economics , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Home Care Services, Hospital-Based/economics , House Calls/economics , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/economics , Antitubercular Agents/economics , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Case Management/organization & administration , Case Management/statistics & numerical data , Colombia , Cost of Illness , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Home Care Services, Hospital-Based/organization & administration , Home Care Services, Hospital-Based/standards , Hospitalization/economics , Patient Education as Topic/economics , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Program Evaluation , Telephone/economics , Travel/economics , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
2.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 83(4): 1287-1302, Dec. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-607425

ABSTRACT

The Emas waterfall in Mogi-Guaçu River is regionally recognized as an important fishing spot and touristic place. The first reports of the professional and sport fishing there date back from the 30's, which is the same period when the tourism took place. The present paper provides an environmental valuation of this place and an assessment of the differences among the major groups of people using the area. During 2006 we interviewed 33 professional fishers, 107 sport fishers, 45 tourists and 103 excursionists in order to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for each category and to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors by means of logistic regressions and ANCOVAs. The WTP of professional fisher was significantly influenced by age and education, and the WTP for the sport fishers was influenced by the family income. The variables that influenced the tourists' and excursionists' WTP were sex and education. The total annual aggregated value to maintain the waterfall in the current conditions was estimated in US$ 11.432.128, and US$ 55.424.283 to restore it.


A Cachoeira de Emas, no Rio Mogi-Guaçu, é reconhecida regionalmente como um importante local para a pesca e o turismo. Os primeiros registros da pesca profissional e esportiva no local datam da década de 30, que é o mesmo período em que a atividade do turismo teve seu início. O presente artigo fornece uma valoração ambiental deste local e identifica as diferenças entre os principais grupos de pessoas que o frequentam. Durante o ano de 2006 nós entrevistamos 33 pescadores profissionais, 107 pescadores esportivos, 45 turistas e 103 excursionistas para estimar a Disposição a Pagar ( P) de cada categoria e para analisar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos através de regressões logísticas e ANCOVAs. A DAP dos pescadores profissionais foi significativamente influenciada pela idade e escolaridade e a DAP dos pescadores esportivos foi significativamente influenciada pela renda familiar. As variáveis que influenciaram a DAP dos turistas e excursionistas fora o sexo e a escolaridade. valor anual total agregado para manter a Cachoeira nas condições atuais foi estimado em US$ 81.080,00, e US$ 44.055.911,46 para recuperá-la.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Conservation of Natural Resources/economics , Fisheries/economics , Rivers , Recreation/economics , Sports/economics , Travel/economics , Brazil , Educational Status , Socioeconomic Factors
3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 28(6): 456-462, Dec. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-573974

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Determinar el costo de oportunidad en hombres que solicitan atención en las unidades de medicina familiar (UMF) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) en la ciudad de Querétaro. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionó una muestra de 807 hombres de 20 a 59 años de edad que solicitaban atención en los servicios de medicina familiar, laboratorio y farmacia, proporcionados por UMF del IMSS en Querétaro. Se excluyeron los pacientes referidos a urgencias y los que se retiraron sin recibir atención. La muestra (n = 807) se calculó mediante la fórmula de promedios para población infinita, con un intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento) y un costo de oportunidad promedio de US$ 5,5 para medicina familiar, US$ 3,1 para laboratorio y de US$ 2,3 para farmacia. Las estimaciones incluyeron el tiempo invertido en traslado, espera y atención; el número de acompañantes, y el costo del minuto para la actividad remunerada y no remunerada. El costo de oportunidad se calculó a través del costo por minuto estimado para traslado, espera y atención de pacientes y acompañantes. RESULTADOS: El costo de oportunidad correspondiente al traslado del paciente se estimó en US$ 0,97 (IC95 por ciento: 0,81-1,15), mientras que el de espera fue de US$ 5,03 (IC95 por ciento: 4,08-6,09) en medicina familiar, US$ 0,06 (IC95 por ciento: 0,05-0,08) en farmacia y US$ 1,89 (IC95 por ciento: 1,56- 2,25) en laboratorio. El costo de oportunidad promedio cuando el paciente acudió sin compañía osciló entre US$ 1,10 para el servicio de farmacia solo y US$ 8,64 para medicina familiar, farmacia y laboratorio. El costo de oportunidad ponderado para medicina familiar fue de US$ 6,24. CONCLUSIONES: Dado que el costo de oportunidad de los hombres que demandan servicios en las unidades de medicina familiar corresponde a más de la mitad de un salario mínimo, desde el enfoque institucional correspondería establecer si esa es la mejor alternativa de atención.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the opportunity cost for men who seek care in the family medicine units (FMU) of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social) in the city of Querétaro. METHODS: A sample was selected of 807 men, ages 20 to 59 years, who sought care through the family medicine, laboratory, and pharmacy services provided by the FMU at the IMSS in Querétaro. Patients referred for emergency services and those who left the facilities without receiving care were excluded. The sample (n = 807) was calculated using the averages for an infinite population formula, with a confidence interval of 95 percent (CI95 percent) and an average opportunity cost of US$5.5 for family medicine, US$3.1 for laboratory services, and US$2.3 for pharmacy services. Estimates included the amount of time spent on travel, waiting, and receiving care; the number of people accompanying the patient, and the cost per minute of paid and unpaid job activities. The opportunity cost was calculated using the estimated cost per minute for travel, waiting, and receiving care for patients and their companions. RESULTS: The opportunity cost for the patient travel was estimated at US$0.97 (CI95 percent: 0.81-1.15), while wait time was US$5.03 (CI95 percent: 4.08-6.09) for family medicine, US$0.06 (CI95 percent: 0.05-0.08) for pharmacy services, and US$1.89 (CI95 percent: 1.56-2.25) for laboratory services. The average opportunity cost for an unaccompanied patient visit varied between US$1.10 for pharmacy services alone and US$8.64 for family medicine, pharmacy, and laboratory services. The weighted opportunity cost for family medicine was US$6.24. CONCLUSIONS: Given that the opportunity cost for men who seek services in FMU corresponds to more than half of a minimum salary, it should be examined from an institutional perspective whether this is the best alternative for care.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Community Health Services , Costs and Cost Analysis , Family Practice/economics , Social Security/economics , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Community Health Services/economics , Community Pharmacy Services/economics , Community Pharmacy Services , Cost of Illness , Family Practice/statistics & numerical data , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Services Needs and Demand , Mexico , Salaries and Fringe Benefits/statistics & numerical data , Social Security/organization & administration , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Travel/economics , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
5.
Braz. j. biol ; 67(4): 663-671, Nov. 2007. mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-474190

ABSTRACT

The Upper Paraná River floodplain is the last lotic stretch of an ecosystem seriously threatened given that circa 50 percent of the original ecosystem has been converted into reservoirs. To assess the recreational value of the Upper Paraná River floodplain, 174 tourists were interviewed using the Willingness to Pay - WTP and Travel Cost - TC methods. The annual aggregated WTP attributed by tourists was US$ 122.50 million and the variables which determine the decision in willingness to pay for the Floodplain are: 'consider oneself as a Floodplain natural resources consumer' and 'marital state'. If the single person considers her/himself as a consumer of floodplain natural resources, the WTP increases by a multiplicative factor of 38.8. The value aggregated by the TC method was US$ 234 millions and decreased by zone as the distance increases. Higher income and traveling farther increases the travel cost, which is inversely related to annual trip frequency. The total recreational value (356.5 millions per year) is high and representative since it refers to an environment fragmented by dams and with many anthropogenic effects. Therefore, the progressive changes on the landscape are a threat to local tourism, since half of the visitors are attracted solely by the scenic beauty, thereby overtaking those factors considered more important by public decision makers and managers, such as recreational fishery or boating.


A planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná é o último trecho de um ecossistema seriamente ameaçado, visto que 50 por cento deste ambiente foi convertido em reservatórios. Para estimar o valor agregado pela recreação à planície, foram usados o Método de Valoração Contingente (Disposição à paga - DAP) e o Método do Custo de Viagem - CV pela entrevista de 174 turistas. A disposição a pagar anual agregada pelos turistas foi US$ 122,50 milhões, 'considerar-se um usuário dos recursos da planície' e 'estado civil' são as variáveis que determinam a decisão em pagar pela planície. Se o turista solteiro se considera um consumidor dos recursos da planície, a DAP aumenta por um fator multiplicativo de 38,8. O valor agregado pelo CV foi US$ 234 milhões e diminui por zona com o aumento da distância. Maior renda e viagens mais longas também aumentam o custo de viagem que, no entanto, é inversamente relacionado à freqüência anual de viagens. O valor recreativo total (356.5 milhões por ano) é alto e representativo por se tratar de um ambiente fragmentado por barragens e com muitos efeitos antropogênicos. Assim, as progressivas alterações na paisagem são uma ameaça ao turismo local, pois a metade dos visitantes entrevistados declarou ser atraída somente pela beleza cênica, sobrepujando outros bens e serviços naturais considerados importantes por gestores e administradores públicos, como a pesca recreativa e o passeio de barco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Conservation of Natural Resources , Ecology/economics , Environment Design/economics , Recreation/economics , Travel/economics , Brazil , Fresh Water
6.
Rev. adm. pública ; 40(2): 253-271, mar.-abr. 2006.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-442040

ABSTRACT

O turismo é um fenômeno cuja importância vem crescendo no mundo contemporâneo. Devido ao seu caráter transversal e complexo, são múltiplos os desafios para o gerenciamento de suas atividades setoriais. Partindo dessas premissas, este artigo analisa de que forma a estrutura organizacional do turismo, da maneira como está configurada, dificulta a sua gestão no caso do estado de Sergipe. Para tanto, utilizou-se pesquisa documental e entrevistas com técnicos e gerentes das três unidades administrativas que compõem o aparato institucional de gestão do turismo. Os resultados revelaram que a estrutura organizacional prejudica a gestão do turismo na medida em que há sobreposições de função tanto intra quanto interorganizacionais, baixa institucionalização dos processos de planejamento, desenvolvimento e marketing turísticos, pouca articulação entre os órgãos.


Subject(s)
State Government , Travel/economics , Travel/statistics & numerical data
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