Como eu faço a avaliação pós-intervenções tricúspides: dicas e truques / My approach to assessment after tricuspid interventions: tips and tricks

A regurgitação tricúspide (RT) importante está associada à alta morbidade e mortalidade. Como o tratamento cirúrgico da RT isolada tem sido associado à alta mortalidade, as intervenções transcateter na valva tricúspide (VT) têm sido utilizadas para o seu tratamento, com risco relativamente mais baixo. Há um atraso na intervenção da RT e provavelmente está relacionado a uma compreensão limitada da anatomia da VT e do ventrículo direito, além da subestimação da gravidade da RT. Nesse cenário, faz-se necessário o conhecimento anatômico abrangente da VT, a fisiopatologia envolvida no mecanismo de regurgitação, assim como a sua graduação mais precisa. A VT tem peculiaridades anatômica, histológica e espacial que fazem a sua avalição ser mais complexa, quando comparado à valva mitral, sendo necessário o conhecimento e treinamento nas diversas técnicas ecocardiográficas que serão utilizadas frequentemente em combinação para uma avaliação precisa. Esta revisão descreverá a anatomia da VT, o papel do ecocardiograma no diagnóstico, graduação e fisiopatologia envolvida na RT, as principais opções atuais de tratamento transcateter da RT e a avaliação do resultado após intervenção transcateter por meio de múltiplas modalidades ecocardiográficas.(AU)

Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Given that surgical treatment of TR alone has been associated with high mortality, transcatheter interventions in the tricuspid valve (TV) have been used for its treatment, with relatively lower risk. There is a delay in intervention for TR, and this is probably related to a limited understanding of the anatomy of the TV and the right ventricle, in addition to an underestimation of the severity of TR. In this scenario, it is necessary to have comprehensive anatomical knowledge of the TV, the pathophysiology involved in the mechanism of regurgitation, and more accurate grading. The TV has anatomical, histological, and spatial peculiarities that make its assessment more complex when compared to the mitral valve, requiring knowledge and training in the various echocardiographic techniques that will often be used in combination for accurate assessment. This review will describe the anatomy of the TV, the role of echocardiography in the diagnosis, grading, and pathophysiology involved in TR; the main transcatheter treatment options currently available for TR; and the assessment of outcomes after transcatheter intervention by means of multiple echocardiographic modalities.(AU)

Early Outcomes of Modified De Vega Annuloplasty for Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation at a Brazilian Hospital

Abstract Background: Right valve diseases are not benign, the tricuspid regurgitation has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality of patients. Objectives: This study aimed to report the short-term results of tricuspid annuloplasty using the De Vega technique modified by Manuel Antunes. Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was performed to evaluate the results of the tricuspid valvuloplasty performed at the Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira between 2012 and 2017. Data were collected by reviewing charts and databases of the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery of the institution. Those with rheumatic diseases or infective endocarditis with tricuspid valve involvement, or reoperation of the tricuspid valve were excluded. Student's t-test and McNemar's were used for statistical analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 87 patients were studied, most of them were women (56.3%). The most associated heart valve diseases were mitral regurgitation (27.6%) and aortic regurgitation (20.7%). There was a significant decrease in the degree of tricuspid regurgitation in the postoperative period, with 83.3% of patients with none or mild regurgitation and only 1.1% with severe regurgitation (p = 0.0077). Conclusions: In the current study, tricuspid valve annuloplasty using the modified De Vega technique was shown to be effective in the short term. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term results.

Is hepatojugular reflux a good predictor of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

SUMMARY Hypertension may occur with left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, and the consequence may be symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF). Hepatojugular reflux (HJR), described as a sign of regurgitation of the tricuspid valve, may reflect structural and functional changes of the LV in the hypertensive patient. The signal may be present in the presence of HF. Case: male, 49 years old with uncontrolled blood pressure. Physical examination showed jugular turgescence, HJR, and elevated blood pressure. Complementary exams showed signs of atrial and left ventricular overload in the electrocardiogram and, the echocardiogram showed left atrium volume increase, concentric LV hypertrophy and signs of grade I diastolic dysfunction. DISCUSSIO: The HJR present correlates with pulmonary artery pressure and probably reflect the increase in central blood volume.

RESUMO A hipertensão pode cursar com disfunção diastólica de ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e a consequência disso pode ser sintomas e sinais de insuficiência cárdica (IC). O refluxo hepatojugular (RHJ), descrito como sinal de regurgitação da valva tricúspide, pode refletir alterações estruturais e funcionais do VE no paciente hipertenso. O sinal pode estar presente na vigência de IC. Caso: homem, 49 anos compressão arterial não controlada. Ao exame físico apresentou turgência jugular, RHJ e pressão arterial elevada. Os exames complementares mostraram sinais de sobrecarga atrial e de ventrículo esquerdo no eletrocardiograma, e no ecocardiograma foi evidenciado aumento do volume do átrio esquerdo, hipertrofia concêntrica do VE e sinais de disfunção diastólica grau I. DISCUSSÃO: RHJ presente correlaciona-se com a pressão da artéria pulmonar e provavelmente reflete o aumento do volume sanguíneo central.

Assessment of Perfusion Pattern and Extent of Perfusion Defect on Dual-Energy CT Angiography: Correlations between the Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Parameters

OBJECTIVE: To assess perfusion patterns on a dual-energy pulmonary CT angiography (DECTA) of pulmonary hypertension (PHT) with variable causes and to assess whether the extent of perfusion defect can be used in the severity assessment of PHT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2007 and February 2011, DECTA scans of 62 consecutive patients (24 men, 38 women; mean age, 58.5 +/- 17.3 [standard deviation] years; range, 19-87 years) with PHT were retrospectively included with following inclusion criteria; 1) absence of acute pulmonary thromboembolism, 2) maximal velocity of tricuspid regurgitation jet (TR Vmax) above 3 m/s on echocardiography performed within one week of the DECTA study. Perfusion patterns of iodine map were divided into normal (NL), diffuse heterogeneously decreased (DH), multifocal geographic and multiple peripheral wedging patterns. The extent of perfusion defects (PD), the diameter of main pulmonary artery (MPA) and the ratio of ascending aorta diameter/MPA (aortopulmonary ratio, APR) were measured. Pearson correlation analysis was performed between TR Vmax on echocardiography and CT imaging parameters. RESULTS: Common perfusion patterns of primary PHT were DH (n = 15) and NL (n = 12). The perfusion patterns of secondary PHT were variable. On the correlation analysis, in primary PHT, TR Vmax significantly correlated with PD, MPA and APR (r = 0.52, r = 0.40, r = -0.50, respectively, all p < 0.05). In secondary PHT, TR Vmax significantly correlated with PD and MPA (r = 0.38, r = 0.53, respectively, all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Different perfusion patterns are observed on DECTA of PHT according to the causes. PD and MPA are significantly correlated with the TR Vmax.

Management issues during HeartWare left ventricular assist device implantation and the role of transesophageal echocardiography.

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are increasingly used for mechanical circulatory support of patients with severe heart failure, primarily as a bridge to heart transplantation. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) plays a major role in the clinical decision making during insertion of the devices and in the post‑operative management of these patients. The detection of structural and device‑related mechanical abnormalities is critical for optimal functioning of assist device. In this review article, we describe the usefulness of TEE for optimal perioperative management of patients presenting for HeartWare LVAD insertion.

Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension evaluated by Doppler echocardiography in a population of adolescent and adult patients with cystic fibrosis / Prevalência de hipertensão pulmonar avaliada por ecocardiografia Doppler em uma população de pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de hipertensão pulmonar (HP) em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC), comparar características clínicas, escore radiológico, função pulmonar e parâmetros ecocardiográficos nos grupos com e sem HP e correlacionar achados ecocardiográficos com características clínicas, escore radiológico e função pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal prospectivo em pacientes clinicamente estáveis (idade > 16 anos) atendidos por um programa de adultos para FC. Os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, ecocardiografia Doppler, testes de função pulmonar e exame radiológico do tórax. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se a velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide (VRT) em 37 dos 40 pacientes estudados. A prevalência de HP foi de 49 por cento com um ponte de corte da VRT de 2,5 m/s (18 pacientes) e de 30 por cento com um ponte de corte da VRT de 2,8 m/s (11 pacientes). Os valores de saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) em repouso, escore clínico, volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e capacidade vital forçada (CVF) foram significativamente menores no grupo com HP. A VRT correlacionou-se significativamente com SpO2 em repouso (p < 0,001), escore clínico (p < 0,001), escore radiológico (p = 0,030), VEF1 em litros (p < 0,001) e em por cento do previsto (p < 0,001) e CVF em litros (p = 0,008) e em por cento do previsto (p = 0,001). A SpO2 em repouso foi o melhor preditor independente da VRT (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A alta prevalência de HP nos pacientes com FC estudados sugere que a presença de HP seja considerada na avaliação e acompanhamento desses pacientes. O melhor preditor de HP foi a SpO2 em repouso.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), to compare clinical characteristics, radiographic scores, pulmonary function, and echocardiographic parameters in patients with and without PH, and to correlate echocardiographic findings with clinical characteristics, radiographic scores, and pulmonary function. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study involving clinically stable patients (aged 16 or older) enrolled in an adult CF program. The patients were submitted to clinical evaluation, Doppler echocardiography, pulmonary function tests, and chest X-rays. RESULTS: Tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) was obtained in 37 of the 40 patients studied. The prevalence of PH was 49 percent with a TRV cut-off of 2.5 m/s (18 patients) and 30 percent with a TRV cut-off of 2.8 m/s (11 patients). Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) at rest, clinical score, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and forced vital capacity (FVC) were significantly lower in the group with PH. The TRV was found to correlate significantly with SpO2 at rest (p < 0.001), clinical score (p < 0.001), radiographic score (p = 0.030), FEV1 in liters (p < 0.001) and in percent of predicted (p < 0.001), and FCV in liters (p = 0.008) and in percent of predicted (p = 0.001). The single best predictor of TRV was SpO2 at rest (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of PH in the CF patients studied suggests that PH should be considered in the evaluation and follow-up treatment of such patients. The best predictor of PH was SpO2 at rest.

Doença valvar tricúspide / Valve disease tricuspid

A visão anatômica do aparelhjo valvar tricúspide revela a presença de três válvulas de tamanhos desiguais: uma anterior, outra posterior e a terceira voltada para o septo inserido no anel tricuspídeo de forma mais oblíqua. As comissuras resultantes...

Pericardite constritiva em paciente com passado de múltiplas trocas de valva mitral, complicada com insuficiência tricúspide grave e hemorragia cerebral por angiopatia amilóide / Constrictive pericarditis in the patient with a history of numerous mitral valve replacements, complicated by serious tricuspid regurgitation and cerebral hemorrhage for amyloid angiopathy

Paciente do sexo feminino, portadora de cardiopatia reumática, com passado de cirurgias de troca valvar mitral que desenvolveu insuficiência tricúspide grave e pericardite constritive, fez hemorragia cerebral grave por angiopatia amilóide, tendo evoluído para óbito