Mal de Pott en paciente con insuficiencia hepática: presentación de un caso de probable tuberculosis espinal y revisión de literatura / Pott's disease on a patient with hepatic insufficiency: case presentation of probable spinal tuberculosis and literature review

Introducción: La Tuberculosis Espinal corresponde a una infección causada por Mycobacteriun tuberculosis localizada en la región vertebral. El tratamiento farmacológico de esta patología no está exento de complicaciones, principalmente dado por la toxicidad hepática. El caso clínico a presentar se centra en el tratamiento farmacológico en un paciente con Insuficiencia Hepática. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 58 años con antecedentes de Insuficiencia Hepática, inició cuadro de 3 meses de evolución caracterizado por dolor lumbar progresivo con escasa a nula respuesta a tratamiento analgésico. Al examen físico destacó dolor axial de columna lumbar, paresia M4 en L5, Lasegue y Tepe (-). Se solicitaron exámenes de imagenología y laboratorio, confirmándose probable diagnóstico de Tuberculosis Espinal. Se inició tratamiento antituberculoso alternativo. Discusión: El tratamiento universalmente aceptado es la asociación de Isoniazida, Rifampicina, Pirazinamida, Etambutol. En relación al caso clínico y a la Insuficiencia Hepática se recomienda no utilizar Pirazinamida y ante riesgo alto reemplazar el uso de Isoniazida por Fluoroquinolona. Además se recomienda medir enzimas hepáticas al inicio del tratamiento y durante su mantención. En caso de encontrarse elevadas, se recomienda iniciar un esquema con mínimo riesgo de toxicidad hepática, asociando Estreptomicina - Etambutol, mientras se normalizan las alteraciones. En el caso clínico presentado el esquema antibiótico considera la asociación de Estreptomicina, Etambutol y Fluoroquinolona. Es importante reconocer la clínica de la Tuberculosis Espinal, con el fin de proporcionar un tratamiento oportuno y eficaz, considerando el riesgo de hepatoxicidad de éste y su indicación en pacientes con diagnóstico de Insuficiencia Hepática.

Introduction: Spinal Tuberculosis corresponds to an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis located in the vertebral region. The pharmacological treatment of this pathology is not free of complications, mainly due to liver toxicity. The clinical case to be presented focuses on the pharmacological treatment in a patient with Hepatic Insufficiency. Case report: A 58-year-old patient with a history of Hepatic Insufficiency, started a 3-month evolution characterized by progressive lumbar pain with little to no response to analgesic treatment. Physical examination revealed lumbar spine axial pain, M4 paresis in L5, Lasegue and Tepe (-). Imaging and laboratory tests were requested, confirming the probable diagnosis of Spinal Tuberculosis. Alternative antituberculous treatment was started. Discussion: The universally accepted treatment is the association of Isoniazide, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol. In relation to the clinical case and Hepatic Insufficiency, it is recommended not to use Pyrazinamide and at high risk to replace the use of Isoniazide with Fluoroquinolone. It is also recommended to measure liver enzymes at the start of treatment and during maintenance. In case of being elevated, it is recommended initiate a scheme with minimal risk of liver toxicity, associating Streptomycin - Ethambutol, while the alterations are normalized. In the clinical case presented, the antibiotic scheme considers the association of Streptomycin, Etambutol and Fluoroquinolone. It is important to recognize the clinic of Spinal Tuberculosis, in order to provide timely and effective treatment, considering the risk of hepatoxicity thereof and its indication in patients diagnosed with Hepatic Insufficiency

Mal de Pott en un indígena colombiano / Pott´s disease in a Colombian indigenous man

Cada año mueren alrededor de dos millones de personas a causa de la tuberculosis y se estima que un tercio de la población mundial está infectada con el bacilo que la causa, pero solo entre 5 y 10 % desarrolla la enfermedad. El riesgo de que la enfermedad progrese al estado activo depende de factores endógenos y exógenos. Las comunidades indígenas son un grupo con un alto riesgo de infectarse y enfermar de tuberculosis; además de factores como el aislamiento geográfico, el abandono social y cultural y la desnutrición, se han identificado en ellos polimorfismos genéticos que los hacen más propensos a la infección. La tuberculosis vertebral es la forma más destructiva de la enfermedad y representa cerca de la mitad de los casos de tuberculosis esquelética. Se presenta el caso de un paciente indígena colombiano con tuberculosis vertebral y resultado negativo para HIV. El diagnóstico se basó en los hallazgos clínicos y en los estudios de imaginología, y se confirmó mediante la prueba molecular rápida Genotype MTBDR plus ® y de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa PCR IS6110; el cultivo fue negativo a las 16 semanas de incubación. Se discuten brevemente la patogénesis, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, y se comentan algunos aspectos relacionados con la situación de la tuberculosis en las comunidades indígenas colombianas.

Approximately 2 million people die each year from tuberculosis. One third of the world´s population is estimated to be infected with the tuberculosis bacillus, although only 5-10% will develop the disease in their lifetime. The disease progression risk depends on endogenous and exogenous factors. Indigenous communities are a high-risk group for infection and development of tuberculosis. In addition to factors such as geographical isolation, social and cultural neglect and malnutrition, susceptibility to genetic polymorphisms has been identified in them. Spinal tuberculosis is the most destructive form of the disease, which represents approximately half of all cases of skeletal tuberculosis. The case of an HIV negative, indigenous Colombian man is presented. His diagnosis was done based on clinical and image findings, and it was confirmed with the rapid molecular assay Genotype MTBDRplus ® and IS6110 PCR.The culture in solid media was negative after 16 weeks. We briefly discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Finally, we comment on some aspects of the situation of tuberculosis among indigenous Colombian communities.

Clinical and radiological presentation of adult tuberculous spondylitis

Tuberculous spondylitis is an uncommon form of extra-pulmonary TB. Delay in establishing diagnosis and management causes spinal cord compression and spinal deformity. We studied to determine clinical and radiological presentations of this dangerous form of TB diseases. During 2002-3 years, all patients over 14 years old who hospitalized with a probable diagnosis of TB spondylitis were evaluated. Everybody with mycobacteriologic or pathologic confirmation was enrolled in study. fourteen patients met our inclusion criteria. The mean age [SD] was 39[16] year. 57% were male. Treatment delay was 8.3 months. Fever reported in 7[50%] patients. Local tenderness was reported in 92.6% of cases. PPD was positive in half of the patients. The most regions involved were T8-T12 [43%] and L1-L3 [36%] respectively. Sputum smear was surprisingly positive in 50% of cases. Most of the patients had received anti-TB drugs for 9-12 months. CT guided aspiration and biopsy of spine lead to correct diagnosis in 93% of patients. Simultaneous pulmonary involvement is evident in half of them

Computed tomography of spinal tuberculosis.

CT findings of 20 proven cases of tuberculous spondylitis were reported. Vertebral fragmentation and paravertebral abscesses were found to be important findings. CT should be performed in cases without characteristic plain radiographic features and in cases that the extent of the disease is to be evaluated.

Computed Tomography of Spinal Tuberculosis

Twenty-nine patients with spinal tuberculosis were evaluated by computed tomography (CT). The contiguous involvemnt of the vertibral bodies as well as the detailed localization of the destruction were analyzed. Our result disclosed that there was a higher incidence of the destruction of pedicles(68 percent) and an involve-ment of posterior elements (13 percent). Frequent patterns were fragmentation, sequestrae, disc space narrowing reactive sclerosis, paravertebral mass (abscess) and calcification. CT also p--vided precise information about the rim, density and size of the soft tissue mass, particularly following intravenous contrast infusion. CT was found to be helpful in the evaluation of the extent of osseous and soft tissue involvement as well as the destructive pattern. We conclude that CT can be used to detect the extent of osseous and paravertebral soft tissue involvement and to differentiate spinal tuberculosis from a neoplastic lesion.