Emergency percutaneous nephrostomy versus emergency percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with sepsis associated with large uretero-pelvic junction stone impaction: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Introduction A randomized trial was conducted prospectively to evaluate the efficacy, related complications, and convalescence of emergency percutaneous nephrolithotomy compared to percutaneous nephrostomy for decompression of the collecting system in cases of sepsis associated with large uretero-pelvic junction stone impaction. Materials and Methods The inclusion criteria included a WBC count of 10.000/mm3 or more and/or a temperature of 38°C or higher. Besides, all enrolled patients should maintain stable hemodynamic status and proper organ perfusions. A total of 113 patients with large, obstructive uretero-pelvic junction stones and clinical signs of sepsis completed the study protocol. Of those, 56 patients were placed in the emergency percutaneous nephrostomy group, while the other 57 patients were part of the percutaneous nephrolithotomy group. The primary end point was the time until normalization of white blood cells (WBC) at a count of 10.000/mm3 or less, and a temperature of 37.4°C or lower. The secondary end points included the comparison of analgesic consumption, length of stay, and related complications. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS® version 14.0.1. The Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test were used as appropriate. Results The length of hospital stays (in days) was 10.09±3.43 for the emergency percutaneous nephrostomy group and 8.18±2.72 for the percutaneous nephrolithotomy group. This set of data noted a significant difference between groups. There was no difference between groups in regard to white blood cell count (in mm3), time to normalization of white blood cell count (in days), body temperature (in ºC), time to normalization of body temperature (in days), C-reactive proteins (in mg/dL), time taken for C-reactive proteins to decrease over 25% (in days), procalcitonin (in ng/mL), or complication rates. Conclusions This study confirms that emergency percutaneous nephrolithotomy may be as safe as early percutaneous nephrolithotomy in a selected low risk patients with sepsis-associated large, obstructive stone.

Attributable causes of chronic kidney disease in adults: a five-year retrospective study in a tertiary-care hospital in the northeast of the Malaysian Peninsula / Causas imputáveis da doença renal crônica em adultos: um estudo retrospectivo de cinco anos de um Hospital de Assistência Terciária no nordeste do Península da Malásia

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an escalating medical and socioeconomic problem worldwide. Information concerning the causes of CKD, which is a prerequisite for reducing the disease burden, is sparse in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the attributable causes of CKD in an adult population at a tertiary referral hospital. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). METHODS: This was an analysis based on medical records of adult patients at HUSM. Data regarding demographics, laboratory investigations, attributable causes and CKD stage were gathered. RESULTS: A total of 851 eligible cases were included. The patients' mean age was 61.18 ± 13.37 years. CKD stage V was found in 333 cases (39.1%) whereas stages IV, IIIb, IIIa, and II were seen in 240 (28.2%), 186 (21.9%), 74 (8.7%) and 18 (2.1%), respectively. The percentage of CKD stage V patients receiving renal replacement therapy was 15.6%. The foremost attributable causes of CKD were diabetic nephropathy (DN) (44.9%), hypertension (HPT) (24.2%) and obstructive uropathy (9.2%). The difference in the prevalence of CKD due to DN, HPT and glomerulonephritis between patients ≤ 50 and > 50 years old was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that DN and HPT are the major attributable causes of CKD among patients at a Malaysian tertiary-care hospital. Furthermore, the results draw attention to the possibility that greater emphasis on primary prevention of diabetes and hypertension will have a great impact on reduction of hospital admissions due to CKD in Malaysia.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Doença renal crônica (DRC) é um problema médico e socioeconômico crescente. As informações relativas às causas da DRC são pré-requisito para reduzir a carga da doença, e são escassas na Malásia. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as causas atribuíveis à DRC na população adulta de um hospital de referência terciária. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo realizado no Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). MÉTODOS: Análise de prontuários de pacientes adultos de HUSM. Foram obtidos dados demográficos, exames laboratoriais, causas atribuíveis e estágio da DRC. RESULTADOS: Um total de 851 casos elegíveis foi incluído. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 61,18 ± 13,37 anos. DRC fase V foi contabilizada em 333 casos (39,1%), enquanto casos de estágio IV, IIIb, IIIa e II foram 240 (28,2%), 186 (21,9%), 74 (8,7%) e 18 (2,1%), respectivamente. A porcentagem de pacientes com DRC estágio V recebendo a terapia de substituição renal foi 15,6%. As causas atribuíveis mais importantes da DRC foram nefropatia diabética (ND) (44,9%), hipertensão (24,2%) e uropatia obstrutiva (9,2%). A diferença na prevalência da DRC devido à ND, hipertensão e glomerulonefrite entre pacientes ≤ 50 anos e > 50 anos de idade foi estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados sugerem que a ND e a hipertensão são as principais causas atribuíveis da DRC em pacientes sob cuidados terciários na Malásia. Os resultados apontam para a possibilidade de maior ênfase na prevenção primária da diabetes e hipertensão como impactante na redução das internações hospitalares devidas a DRC na Malásia.

Study of the association between the BMP4 gene and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract / Estudo da associação entre o gene BMP-4 e anomalias congênitas do rim e trato urinário

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of different phenotypes for congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in a Brazilian sample, and to evaluate the association between the CAKUT phenotypes and the BMP4 gene. METHODS: In this study, 457 Brazilian individuals were analyzed in an attempt to establish the association between the BMP4 gene and the CAKUT diagnosis. A case-control sample was genotyped for three BMP4 gene polymorphisms. RESULTS: Association data was established with CAKUT sample as a whole and with the three most important CAKUT phenotypes: multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MDK), ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). When the sample was segregated in these three phenotypes, associations between the BMP4 gene were observed with UPJO and with MDK. Conversely, VUR was not associated to the polymorphisms of the BMP4 gene. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that Brazilian individuals with polymorphisms of the BMP4 gene have a higher risk to develop CAKUT, especially the malformations related to nephrogenesis and initial branching such as MDK and UPJO. Conversely, VUR appeared not to be related to BMP4 gene. .

OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de diferentes fenótipos de anomalias congênitas do rim e trato urinário (CAKUT) em uma amostra brasileira e avaliar a associação entre os CAKUT e o gene BMP-4. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, analisamos 457 indivíduos brasileiros em uma tentativa de estabelecera associação entre o gene BMP-4 e o diagnóstico de CAKUT. As amostras de caso e de controle foram genotipadas em busca de três polimorfismos do gene BMP-4. RESULTADOS: Os dados de associação foram estabelecidos com a amostra de CAKUT como um todo e com os três fenótipos de CAKUT mais importantes: rim displásico multicístico (RDM), obstrução da junção ureteropélvica (UPJO) e refluxo vesico-ureteral (VUR). Quando a amostra foi separada nesses três fenótipos, encontramos associações entre o gene BMP-4 com UPJO e com RDM. Por outro lado, o VUR não foi associado aos polimorfismos do gene BMP-4. CONCLUSÕES: Esses dados sugerem que os indivíduos brasileiros com polimorfismos do gene BMP-4 apresentam maior risco de desenvolver CAKUT, principalmente as malformações relacionadas a nefrogênese e ramificação inicial, como RDM e UPJO. Por outro lado, o VUR parece não estar relacionado ao gene BMP-4. .

Importancia de la citoscopía para asegurar la indemnidad de los uréteres después de cirugía vaginal / The importance of cistoscopy to assure the ureteral indemnity after vaginal surgery

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de obstrucción ureteral como complicación de la histerectomía vaginal (HV) o laparoscópica asistida vaginal (HLAV) con culdoplastía de McCall. Evaluar la factibilidad, seguridad y eficacia de la prueba con índigo carmín y de la cistoscopia intraoperatoria de rutina, para determinar la indemnidad ureteral. Método: Estudio prospectivo de 56 pacientes sometidas a HV o HLAV con culdoplastía de McCall, entre enero de 2003 y mayo de 2006, en la Unidad de Ginecología del Departamento de Ginecología y Obstetricia de Clínica Las Condes. La media de edad fue 48 años (rango: 38 a 74), IMC 25 (rango: 21 a 34), paridad 2 (rango: 0 a 3 partos). Se consideró prueba positiva de indemnidad ureteral a la salida del colorante a vejiga por ambos meatos. Resultados: Sólo 1 (1,8 por ciento) de las 56 pacientes registró una obstrucción ureteral (uréter derecho). Se reposicionaron los puntos constatándose la segunda prueba con índigo carmín positiva, verificando indemnidad ureteral. Conclusión: La prueba de índigo carmín con visualización cistoscópica intraoperatoria, es un método factible, seguro y eficaz, para determinar la indemnidad ureteral. En todas aquellas cirugías ginecológicas con alto riesgo de obstrucción ureteral, la cistoscopia intraoperatoria con prueba de índigo carmín negativa, permite realizar una solución rápida y fácil durante el mismo tiempo operatorio, evitando una posible pérdida renal.

Objective: To determine the frequency of ureteral obstruction like complication of the vaginal hysterectomy (VH) or laparoscopic attended vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) with McCall's culdoplasty. To determine the feasibility, security and effectiveness of the indigo carmine test observed by routine intraoperative cistoscopy to identify the ureteral indemnity. Method: Prospective study of 56 patients submissive VH or LAVH with McCall's culdoplasty between January 2003 and May 2006, in the Unit of Gynecology of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Clínica Las Condes. The median age was 48 years old (rank: 38 to 74), BMI 25 (rank: 21 to 34), parity 2 (rank: 0 to 3). Positive test of ureteral indemnity was defined as the exit of blue coloration by both ureteral meatus. Results: Only 1 (1.8 percent) of the 56 patients registered a ureteral obstruction (right ureter). The McCall sutures were replaced being stated the second indigo carmine test positive verifying ureteral indemnity. Conclusions: The indigo carmine test observed by cistoscopy is a feasible, safe and effective method to determine the ureteral indemnity. In all those gynecological surgeries with a high risk of ureteral obstruction, the intraoperative cistoscopy with negative indigo carmine test allows a fast and easy solution during the same operating time, avoiding a possible kidney loss.

Complicaciones urológicas en el trasplante renal / Urological complication in renal transplantation

Entre 1987 y 1995 se han realizado 51 trasplantes renales en el Hospital Clínico FUSAT, de los cuales 10 de ellos han presentado complicaciones urológicas (19,6 por ciento). De estas complicaciones urológicas 7 corresponden a fístulas, 2 a obstrucciones ureterales y 1 reflujo vesicoureteral masivo. El tratamiento quirúrgico inmediato se llevó a cabo en 7 casos (70 por ciento), todos ellos con evolución favorable. De los tres que no recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico inmediato 1 falleció y 1 se encuentra en diálisis. Se analizan las infecciones conconmitantes, tiempo de hospitalización, las técnicas quirúrgicas, el tiempo de isquemia y la inmunosupresión utilizada. El seguimiento promedio de la serie fue de 59 meses