Estimation of the costs of invasive cervical cancer treatment in Brazil: A micro-costing study / Estimativa dos custos do tratamento do câncer do colo do útero invasivo no Brasil: um estudo de microcustos

Abstract Objective Themain objective of the present study was to estimate the annual treatment costs of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) per patient at an oncology center in Brazil from a societal perspective by considering direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs. Methods A cost analysis descriptive study, in which direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs were collected using a microcosting approach, was conducted between May 2014 and July 2016 from a societal perspective. The study population consisted of women diagnosed with ICC admitted to a tertiary hospital in Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The annual cost per patient was estimated in terms of the value of American Dollars (US$) in 2016. Results From a societal perspective, the annual ICC treatment cost per patient was US $ 2,219.73. Direct medical costs were responsible for 81.2% of the total value, of which radiotherapy and outpatient chemotherapy had the largest share. Under the base-case assumption, the estimated cost to the national budget of a year of ICC treatment in the Brazilian population was US$ 25,954,195.04. Conclusion We found a high economic impact of health care systems treating ICC in a poor region of Brazil. These estimates could be applicable to further evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of preventing and treating ICC.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi estimar os custos anuais por paciente do tratamento do câncer do colo do útero (CCU) invasivo em um centro de oncologia no Brasil, sob a perspectiva da sociedade, considerando os custos diretos médicos, diretos não médicos e indiretos. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo descritivo de análise de custos, no qual os custos médicos diretos, não médicos diretos e indiretos foram coletados por meio de uma abordagem de microcustos, realizado entre maio de 2014 e julho de 2016 sob a perspectiva da sociedade. A população do estudo foi composta por mulheres diagnosticadas com CCU invasivo internadas em um hospital terciário em Recife, PE, Brasil. O custo anual por paciente foi estimado emtermos de dólares americanos (US$) para o ano de 2016. Resultados O custo anual do tratamento do CCU invasivo sob a perspectiva da sociedade foi de US$ 2.219,73 por paciente. Os custos médicos diretos foram responsáveis por 81,2% do valor total, dos quais a radioterapia e a quimioterapia ambulatorial tiveram a maior participação. Sob o pressuposto do caso base, o custo estimado para o orçamento nacional de um ano de tratamento do CCU invasivo na população brasileira foi de US$ 25.954.195,04. Conclusão Foi encontrado um alto impacto econômico dos sistemas de saúde para o tratamento do CCU invasivo em uma região pobre do Brasil. Essas estimativas poderão ser aplicáveis emavaliações adicionais do custo-efetividade da prevenção e tratamento do CCU.

Cost-effectiveness of para-aortic lymphadenectomy before chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nodal staging surgery before chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally advanced cervical cancer in the era of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). METHODS: A modified Markov model was constructed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of para-aortic staging surgery before definite CRT when no uptake is recorded in the para-aortic lymph nodes (PALN) on PET/CT. Survival and complication rates were estimated based on the published literature. Cost data were obtained from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Strategies were compared using an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Sensitivity analyses were performed, including estimates for the performance of PET/CT, postoperative complication rate, and varying survival rates according to the radiation field. RESULTS: We compared two strategies: strategy 1, pelvic CRT for all patients; and strategy 2, nodal staging surgery followed by extended-field CRT when PALN metastasis was found and pelvic CRT otherwise. The ICER for strategy 2 compared to strategy 1 was $19,505 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Under deterministic sensitivity analyses, the model was relatively sensitive to survival reduction in patients who undergo pelvic CRT alone despite having occult PALN metastasis. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of the case results, with a 91% probability of cost-effectiveness at the willingness-to-pay thresholds of $60,000/QALY. CONCLUSION: Nodal staging surgery before definite CRT may be cost-effective when PET/CT imaging shows no evidence of PALN metastasis. Prospective trials are warranted to transfer these results to guidelines.

Surgical staging of para-aortic LN in patients with locally advanced cervix cancer and no evidence of metastases in preoperative PET/CT imaging / 부인종양

No abstract available.

Desigualdades sociales en la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello de útero en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1999-2003 y 2004-2006 / Social inequalities in cervical cancer mortality in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, 1999-2003 and 2004-2006

El objetivo del trabajo fue describir la distribución espacial de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello de útero en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires en el período 1999-2003 y su relación con condiciones socioeconómicas de la población y cotejar esa distribución con la observada en el trienio 2004-2006. Se utilizó un diseño de estudio ecológico cuya unidad de análisis fueron las circunscripciones electorales. Los indicadores socioeconómicos seleccionados fueron déficit de instrucción, ausencia de cobertura de salud e Índice de Privación Material de Hogares, provenientes del Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2001. La estratificación de la ciudad en áreas según dichas condiciones y el análisis de las razones de mortalidad estandarizadas mostraron que el riesgo de morir por esta causa aumentó a medida que empeoraron las condiciones socioeconómicas de la ciudad. Se evidenció una clara espacialidad en la estratificación y los riesgos de mortalidad. La zona sur presentó los mayores riesgos, mientras que en la zona norte-centro se registraron los menores.

The aim of this study was to describe the spatial distribution of cervical cancer mortality in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires during the period 1999-2003 and its relationship to the socioeconomic conditions of the population, as well as to compare the distribution during this period with that of the triennium 2004-2006. This ecological study used electoral districts as the unit of analysis. The selected socioeconomic indicators were educational deficit, lack of health insurance and the Material Deprivation of Households Index (Índice de Privación Material de Hogares), taken from the National Population and Housing Census (Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas) of 2001. The stratification of the city into areas according to these conditions and the analysis of standardized mortality ratios showed an increased risk of dying from cervical cancer associated with worse socioeconomic conditions. The stratification and death risks demonstrated a clear spatial pattern, with the south of the city presenting the highest death risks, and the northern and central areas presenting the lowest risks.

Health and economic impact of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 vaccination of preadolescent girls and cervical cancer screening of adult women in Peru / Repercusiones sanitarias y económicas de la vacunación de niñas preadolescentes contra los tipos 16 y 18 del virus del papiloma humano y el tamizaje del cáncer cervicouterino en las mujeres adultas en el Perú

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the benefits, cost-effectiveness (i.e., value for money), and required financial costs (e.g., affordability) of adding human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to Peru's cervical cancer screening program. METHODS: Evidence (e.g., coverage, delivery costs) from an HPV vaccination demonstration project conducted in Peru was combined with epidemiological data in an empirically calibrated mathematical model to assess screening (HPV DNA testing three to five times per lifetime) and HPV vaccination under different cost, coverage, and efficacy assumptions. Model outcomes included lifetime risk of cancer reduction, cancer cases averted, lives saved, average life expectancy gains, short-term financial costs, and discounted long-term economic costs. RESULTS: Status quo low levels of screening (e.g., cytologic screening at 10.0% coverage) reduced lifetime risk of cervical cancer by 11.9%, compared to not screening. Adding vaccination of preadolescent girls at a coverage achieved in the demonstration program (82.0%) produced an additional 46.1% reduction, and would cost less than US$ 500 per year of life saved (YLS) at ~US$ 7/dose or ~US$ 1 300 at ~US$ 20/dose. One year of vaccination was estimated to cost ~US$ 5 million at ~US$ 5/dose or ~US$ 16 million at ~US$ 20/dose, including programmatic costs. Enhanced screening in adult women combined with preadolescent vaccination had incremental cost-effectiveness ratios lower than Peru's 2005 per capita gross domestic product (GDP; US$ 2 852, in 2009 US$), and would be considered cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: Preadolescent HPV vaccination, followed by enhanced HPV DNA screening in adult women, could prevent two out of three cervical cancer deaths. Several strategies would be considered "good value" for resources invested, provided vaccine prices are low. While financial costs imply substantial immediate investments, the high-value payoff should motivate creative mechanisms for financing and scale-up of delivery programs.

OBJETIVO: Calcular los beneficios, la rentabilidad (relación costo-efectividad), y los costos financieros (asequibilidad) de añadir la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) al programa de tamizaje del cáncer cervicouterino en el Perú. MÉTODOS: Se combinaron los datos probatorios (por ejemplo, cobertura, costos de prestación) de un proyecto piloto de vacunación contra el VPH llevado a cabo en el Perú con datos epidemiológicos, en un modelo matemático calibrado empíricamente para evaluar el tamizaje (prueba de ADN del VPH tres a cinco veces durante toda la vida) y la vacunación contra el VPH, según diferentes supuestos de costo, cobertura y eficacia. Los resultados del modelo incluían la reducción del riesgo de cáncer durante toda la vida, los casos de cáncer evitados, las vidas salvadas, los incrementos de la esperanza media de vida, los costos financieros a corto plazo y los costos económicos a largo plazo actualizados. RESULTADOS: Los bajos niveles de tamizaje actuales (cobertura del tamizaje citológico de 10,0 %) redujeron en 11,9 % el riesgo de cáncer cervicouterino durante toda la vida en comparación con la ausencia de tamizaje. La adición de la vacunación de las niñas preadolescentes con la cobertura alcanzada en el programa piloto (82,0 %) produjo una reducción adicional de 46,1 % y costaría menos de US$ 500 por cada año de vida salvado a US$ 7 la dosis, o de US$ 1 300 a US$ 20 la dosis. Se calculó que el costo de las vacunaciones de un año era aproximadamente de US$ 5 millones a unos US$ 5 la dosis o de aproximadamente US$ 16 millones a unos US$ 20 la dosis, incluidos los costos programáticos. La mejora del tamizaje en las mujeres adultas combinada con la vacunación de las preadolescentes mostraba cocientes de rentabilidad incremental inferiores al producto interno bruto per cápita del Perú en el año 2005 (PIB US$ 2 852, en dólares del 2009), y se consideraría rentable. CONCLUSIONES: La vacunación de las preadolescentes contra el VPH, junto con la mejora del tamizaje mediante la prueba de ADN del VPH en las mujeres adultas, podría prevenir dos de cada tres muertes debidas a cáncer cervicouterino. Varias estrategias se considerarían rentables en relación con los recursos invertidos, a condición de que el precio de la vacuna sea bajo. Aunque los costos financieros implican inversiones inmediatas sustanciales, el valor elevado de los beneficios debe motivar la elaboración de mecanismos creativos para financiar y extender los programas de prestación de servicios.

Epidemiologia e impacto econômico do câncer de colo de útero no Estado de Roraima: a perspectiva do SUS / Epidemiology and economic impact of cervical cancer in Roraima, a Northern state of Brazil: the public health system perspective

OBJETIVO: avaliar a incidência e o impacto econômico direto do câncer de colo de útero (CCU) em Roraima, no ano de 2009, e analisar o perfil epidemiológico e socioeconômico das pacientes portadoras dessa doença. MÉTODOS: os laudos histopatológicos emitidos em Roraima em 2009 foram revisados, assim como os prontuários de pacientes femininas em tratamento oncológico. Foram registrados dados clínicos e procedimentos médicos (terapêuticos e diagnósticos) realizados em pacientes portadoras de CCU no único centro de tratamento oncológico do Estado de Roraima. Portadoras de CCU tratadas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de Roraima foram submetidas a entrevista abordando temas socioeconômicos e fatores de risco. RESULTADOS: registramos 90 casos de CCU e lesões pré-malignas de alto grau. Roraima possui a maior incidência de CCU do Brasil (46,21 casos/100.000 mulheres), sendo 3 vezes mais incidente que o de mama e comparável a países subdesenvolvidos de baixa renda. O perfil epidemiológico revela pacientes com privação econômica, socialmente desfavorecidas, baixa escolaridade, sexarca precoce (média de 13,8 anos), multiparidade (média de 5,5 gestações). Das pacientes estudadas, 71,7 por cento nunca haviam realizado o teste de Papanicolaou, e o desconhecimento foi o motivo mais relatado (47,4 por cento). Como problema de saúde pública, o manejo do CCU gera gastos anuais diretos de mais de R$ 600 mil, com custo médio por paciente de R$ 8.711,00. CONCLUSÕES: o CCU é o câncer mais incidente em mulheres roraimenses e um grave problema de saúde pública no Estado. Seu elevado impacto econômico favorece a implantação de medidas preventivas do ponto de vista de custo-efetividade. O perfil da pacientes revela a ineficiência dos serviços preventivos em alcançar pacientes com perfil de exclusão socioeconômico e alto risco para o câncer de colo uterino.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the incidence and direct economic impact of cervical cancer (CC) in Roraima, in 2009, and to analyze the epidemiological profile of patients with this disease. METHODS: the histopathologic reports issued in Roraima in 2009 were reviewed, as were hospital records of female patients under treatment for cancer. Clinical data and medical procedures related to CC were recorded. CC carriers were treated under expenses of the public Brazilian health system (SUS) in Roraima underwent an interview dealing with socio-economic topics. RESULTS: we registered 90 cases of CC and high grade pre-invasive lesions. Roraima has the highest incidence of CC of Brazil (46.21 cases/100,000 women), which is 3 times higher than that of breast cancer, comparable to low-income developing countries. The epidemiological profile shows patients with economic deprivation, social disadvantage, low education, early first intercourse (mean age is 13.8 years), and high parity (medium of 5.5 gestations). Among the patients included in this report, 71.7 percent had never been submited to a Pap smear, and ignorance about it was the main reported reason (47.4 percent). As a public health problem, the management of CC generates direct annual expenditures of more than R$ 600,000, with an average cost per patient of R$ 8,711. CONCLUSIONS: CC is the most common cancer among women from Roraima, and represents a serious public health problem in Roraima. Its high economic impact favors the implementation of preventive strategies from the standpoint of cost-effectiveness. The profile of patients reveals the ineffectiveness of preventive services in reaching patients with a socio-economic exclusion profile at high risk for cervical cancer.

Aplicación de metodología de marco lógico para el análisis del programa nacional de pesquisa y control del cáncer cervicouterino en Chile / Methodology of logical framework for the analysis of the program of control of cervical cancer in Chile

La metodología de marco lógico (MML) es una herramienta de gestión utilizada para el diseño, monitoreo y evaluación de proyectos y programas. Promovida por el Banco Mundial y usada por la Dirección de Presupuestos de Chile, desde 1997. Algunos de los actuales programas de salud de nuestro país, se remontan a épocas en que esta metodología no estaba en boga. En el presente trabajo, se analiza utilizando esta metodología, el Programa de Pesquisa y Control de Cáncer Cervicouterino, vigente en Chile desde 1987. Este método nos permitió detectar posibles áreas falentes, principalmente en la definición de la población objetivo, en la explicitación del presupuesto, en la coordinación de los diferentes niveles del programa y en la participación comunitaria. Se presentan algunas propuestas que podrían contribuir al mejor desarrollo de este programa.

The methodology of logical framework (LFW) is a management tools used to design and evaluation of projects and programs. Promoted by de World Bank and used by the Direction of Budgets of Chile, since 1997. The projects and programs on health force in our country, mostly, dating back to times when this me-thodology it was not in vogue. In this work, using this methodology, we analyze the Program of Control of Cervical Cancer in Chile, since 1987. This method allowed us to detect possible lack areas, mainly in the defnition of the target population, in the clarifcation of budget, in the coordination of the different levels of the program and the community participation. Finally, showed some proposals that could contribute to better development of this program.

[Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening strategies for cervical cancer in Tunisia]

We aimed to identify the most appropriate screening strategy for cervical cancer [periodicity of 3, 5 or 10 years] for Tunisia, taking into consideration the incidence of the disease, costs of screening and economic implications. We simulated follow-up of a fictitious cohort of 1 million women 35-39 years over 30 years. Computation of yearly medical care costs was based on data from medical files of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2004 at the National Institute of Cancer, Tunis. For a 60% coverage level of screening, cervical cancer reduction would be 49.2% for a 3-year periodicity. The reduction would be 40.3% and 33.1% for 5 and 10 years periodicity respectively. Considering cost-effectiveness, 10-year screening gave the lowest annual cost to avoid 1 cervical cancer case

Relación costo-efectividad de las intervenciones preventivas contra el cáncer cervical en mujeres mexicanas / Generalized cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions against cervical cancer in Mexican women: results of a Markov model from the public sector perspective

OBJETIVO: Realizar un análisis de la relación costo-efectividad generalizada (ACEG) para la vacuna anti-VPH, el tamiz por captura de híbridos (CH) y el tamiz por Papanicolaou en el caso mexicano. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Entre abril y agosto de 2007 se desarrolló en México un ACEG de las intervenciones relacionadas con 10 posibles escenarios en un modelo markoviano, bajo la perspectiva del sector público como pagador. RESULTADOS: Los escenarios con cobertura universal muestran un cociente costo-efectividad por AVISA ganado para el Papanicolaou en mujeres de 25 a 64 años de 16 678 pesos, para el tamiz por CH en mujeres de 30 a 64 años de 17 285 pesos y para la vacuna en niñas de 12 años de 84 008 pesos. El financiamiento anual necesario para estas intervenciones es de 621, 741 y 2 255 millones de pesos, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Se sugiere introducir una combinación selectiva de tamices (Papanicolaou y CH) y considerar las ventajas comparativas de aplicación en distintas poblaciones y áreas geográficas. De manera complementaria, se aconseja introducir la vacuna con un precio umbral de 181 pesos por dosis, equiparable en términos del costo y la efectividad a la CH.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a generalized cost-effectiveness analysis (GCEA) of the HPV vaccine, hybrid capture screening (HC) and Papanicolaou screening (Pap) in the Mexican context. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April to August 2007, in Mexico, a GCEA of the interventions was developed for 10 possible scenarios using a Markov model from the public sector perspective as payer. RESULTS: Scenarios considering 80 percent coverage show an ACER per DALY averted of $16678 pesos for Pap of women between ages 25 and 64, $17277 pesos for HC of women between ages 30 and 64, and $84008 pesos for vaccination of 12-year-old girls. Annual financing of $621, $741 and $2255 million pesos, respectively, is needed for these scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: A selective, combined introduction of Pap-HC screening that considers the comparative advantages of application in different populations and geographical areas is suggested. Additionally, it is suggested to introduce the vaccine once a threshold price of $181 pesos per dose -when the vaccine becomes equal in terms of cost-effectiveness to HC- has been achieved.

Costos directos de atención de pacientes con cáncer cerviño uterino en el Hospital Bertha Calderon Roque de la ciudad de Managua en el periodo de abril – junio del año 2007 / Costs direct care of patients with uterine cancer cerviño in the Bertha Calderon Hospital Roque of the city of Managua in the period from April to June of 2007

El presente estudio refleja la descripción de Costos Directos de Atención de una serie de casos de pacientes con Cáncer cérvico uterino capatadas en consulta externa de Oncología del Hospital Bertha Calderón durante el período abril- junio del 2007 y manejadas en el transcurso del mismo año. Se evalauaron los costos en radioterapia, medicmentos, examenes de laboratorio y de diagnóstico, cirugía, recursos humanos, entre otros, los cuales permitieron establecer los resultados a través de tablas de frecuencia simple para cada grupo específico de pacientes. Del total de la muestra en estudio, 27 pacientes con cáncer cervico uterino el grupo étareo más frecuente fue el de 35 - 49 años con un 55. 55 por ciento seguido por mayor o igual a 50 años 37.04 por ciento; las patologías crónicas fueron hipertensión arterial (15 por ciento) y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (4 por ciento). El 56 por ciento de los casos se encontraban en estadio III b de la enfermedad seguido por 33 por ciento en estadio II b, 7 por ciento es estadio I b1 y 4 por ciento en estadio IVa...

A carga das neoplasias no Brasil: mortalidade e morbidade hospitalar entre 2002-2004 / The burden of neoplasm in Brazil: mortality and hospital morbidity from 2002 to 2004

OBJETIVO: Descrever a morbidade hospitalar e a mortalidade por neoplasias no Brasil e regiões segundo gênero. MÉTODOS: Os dados de óbitos foram obtidos junto ao Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e os de morbidade hospitalar no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares. Os óbitos foram categorizados segundo as localizações primárias do tumor, selecionadas de acordo com a décima revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças. Os dados populacionais são oriundos das estimativas intercensitárias do IBGE. O período de análise foi o triênio 2002-2004, o mais recente com dados de mortalidade no Brasil. Optou-se por calcular a média desse período para conferir maior estabilidade às taxas. RESULTADOS: Entre 2002 e 2004 ocorreram 405.415 óbitos por neoplasias no Brasil. As maiores taxas de mortalidade foram identificadas nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. Entre os homens, o câncer de traquéia, brônquios e pulmões foi a neoplasia maligna que apresentou maior mortalidade e entre as mulher foi o câncer de mama. Este agravo e o câncer de colo uterino foram os que mais demandaram internações, e a leucemia apresentou o maior custo médio e custo total em internações. CONCLUSÕES: A carga das neoplasias é extremamente elevada no Brasil e medidas públicas de caráter populacional devem ser priorizadas para o efetivo controle da morbidade e da mortalidade por este agravo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe mortality and the hospital morbidity by neoplasias in Brazil and regions according to gender. METHODS: Data of deaths were obtained from the Mortality Information System and of hospital morbidity from the Hospital Information System. Deaths were categorized according to primary tumor sites, selected in accordance with the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The population data were drawn from the inter census estimates of the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). The period of analysis was the triennial 2002-2004, with the most recent mortality data in Brazil. The average of this period was calculated to ensure greater stability of the rates. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2004, 405,415 deaths from neoplasias occurred in Brazil. The highest rates of mortality were identified in the South and South-East regions. For men, cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lungs were the malignant neoplasias with the highest mortality rate while for women breast cancer was highest. Breast cancer and cancer of the uterine cervix are those requiring the largest number of in-hospital admissions. In internments, leukemia presented the highest average cost and total cost. CONCLUSION: The burden of neoplasms is extremely high in Brazil and public policies focused on the population must be given priority for an effective control of mortality and morbidity.

Cost effectiveness of cervical cancer screening among Chinese women in North America.

BACKGROUND: Chinese North American women have high invasive cervical cancer rates and low screening rates. The cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve Pap testing rates for Chinese women living in Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia was examined. OBJECTIVES: To calculate the costs and cost-effectiveness of implementing two strategies to motivate women to obtain a Pap smear. RESEARCH DESIGN: A three-armed randomized, controlled trial was conducted. Women in each of two interventions (high-intensity outreach and low-intensity mailing intervention) were compared to a group of women who received usual care. MEASURES: Costs were captured via a group discussion of costs, accounting records, sampling of staff time logs, and estimation of costs and task times. Effectiveness was measured as the proportion of women in each intervention arm who reported receiving a Pap smear since the trial began. Cost-effectiveness was calculated as the incremental cost of screening each additional woman between an intervention arm and the control arm. RESULTS: A greater percentage of women who received the outreach intervention had a Pap test than women who received mailed materials or women who were in the usual care arm. The intent-to-treat cost for each additional woman to be screened for a Pap test was $415 in the Outreach arm and $676 for the Direct Mailing arm. The outreach worker intervention, though more expensive overall, was more cost-effective than the mailing intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Outreach intervention is cost-effective for sponsors and should be considered as a strategy to motivate Chinese women living in North America to seek cervical cancer screening.

Custo-efetividade no diagnóstico precoce do câncer de colo uterino no Brasil / Cost-effectiviness of uterine cervical neoplasms screening in Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi estimar o custo-efetividade do Teste de Papanicolaou versus as novas tecnologias de rastreamento do câncer cérvio-uterino. Foi utilizado um modelo analítico de decisão tendo como unidade de desfecho os casos detectados de câncer ou lesões precursoras de alta malignidade. A perspectiva adotada no estudo foi a do sistema de saúde, utilizando os valores propostos pela tabela da AMB, 2004. O teste de Papanicolaou revelou-se a opção mais custo-efetiva, com um custo por caso detectado de R$ 14.586,86, seguida da teste para HPV (R$ 47.805,30). As estimativas dos preços para o SUS foram: captura híbrida para HPV, R$ 19,12; associação do exame Papanicolaou com teste para HPV, R$ 11,82; citologia em meio líquido, R$ 8,22

Cost is a Barrier to Widespread Use of Liquid-Based Cytology for Cervical Cancer Screening in Korea

This study aimed to document current cervical cancer screening practices of physicians in Korea. Questionnaires were distributed to 852 Korean obstetricians and gynecologists, who attended the 91st Conference of the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology held during May, 2005. Questionnaires were returned by 30.6% (260/852) of the recipients and 254 of these were eligible for analysis. Sixty-seven percent started cervical cancer screening women at age 20, and 65% replied that they would continue annual screening in a 35-yr-old woman with three consecutive normal cytologic tests. Over 65% of respondents preferred conventional cytologic screening to liquid-based cytology. The cost was a major determinant for selecting screening method. Fifty-three percent used the human papillomavirus DNA test as a triage for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Our findings suggest that majority of Korean obstetricians and gynecologists in hospital prefer annual conventional cytologic testing to liquid-based cytology for financial reason.

Análisis costo beneficio del Programa de Detección Oportuna del Cáncer Cervicouterino / Cost benefit analysis of the Cervical Cancer Screening Program

Objetivo. Determinar el costo beneficio de la reorganización del Programa de Detección Oportuna del Cáncer Cervicouterino (PDOC) mediante intervenciones de garantía de calidad. Material y métodos. Se siguieron tres estapas: a) identificación y cuantificación de costos; b) identificación y cuantificación de beneficios, y c) evaluación económica del costo beneficio. Resultados. El costo unitario de operación por citología -obtención, fijación, el traslado al centro de lectura, su tinción e interpretación y la notificación de resultados- se estimó en USD$ 11.6. En conjunto, las intervenciones en calidad al PDOC elevarían el costo de cada citología en 32.7 por ciento. Sin embargo, la nueva organización generaría una razón beneficio/costo de 2 y un beneficio neto de 88 millones de dólares para los próximos cinco años. Conclusiones. La operación del programa propuesto resulta socialmente deseable, siempre y cuando las modificaciones se lleven a cabo, particularmente la capacitación, la notificación personalizada de los casos positivos, el incremento de cobertura, la introducción de mecanismos de control de calidad, el monitoreo contínuo y el tratamiento en mujeres con anormalidades detectadas

Cervical cancer in India--strategy for control.

The available information on the incidence of cancers by site in India have indicated that of incidence of cancer of uterine cervix among women is by far the highest compared to other sites in women. The epidemiology of cervical cancer has been studied extensively in India and in other countries. The majority of factors related to cervical cancer are associated with sexual behaviour. The available evidence for control of cervical cancer is through secondary prevention, namely--early detection through Pap smear. In the present communication the alternative strategies with secondary prevention for control of cervical cancer is worked out. Taking into consideration the number of cervical cancer cases saved, number of woman years saved and the cost aspects the strategy at present for India should be to provide one life time screening for women at the age of 45 years.

A cost-effectiveness analysis of routine pretreatment investigation for staging in cervical cancer patients.

Two methods of analysing the cost-effectiveness of routine pretreatment investigation of 524 cervical cancer patients were studied. It seems to be cost-effective to perform the complete pretreatment investigation only in patients at clinical stage III, while in initial stage I and II patients, only chest X-ray and IVP should be performed. This will be more significant if most of the patients are in an early stage and the hospital costs are higher, as well as the very high professional fees for private consultations especially in the developed countries. Following this suggestion, the direct and indirect cost to the patients and their relatives will be reduced without compromising the treatment of cervical cancer.