ABSTRACT
Evidences have indicated that the Ventral Tegmental Area [VTA] is the major source of dopamine [DA] neurons projecting to cortical and limbic regions involved in cognitive and motivational aspects of addiction. Also, studies have indicated that the Ascorbic acid [vitamin C] can reduce the dependency symptoms of opioids such as morphine via effect of activity on dopaminergic neuron in VTA. For this reason, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of ascorbic acid on the amplitude of Ventral Tegmental Area field action potential in morphine-exposed rats. Forty male Wistar's rats were used in this experimental study conducted at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 2010. Animals were randomly divided into four groups after electrode implantation and recovery period: 1. No- Vit C and No-Addicted group [nVitC.nA] 2. Vit C and No-Addicted group [VitC.nA] 3. No- Vit C and Addicted group [nVitCA] 4.Vit C and Addicted [VitC.A], The Vit C groups received 500 mg/kg of Vit C during 20 days. For addicted groups morphine was administrated once daily for 20 days. In the 20[th] day, the field potential recording was accomplished. Two-way ANOVA was used for data analysis followed by the Tukey test for post hoc analysis. Results were considered significant at P<0.05. This study shows the exposure to morphine declined the power of Delta and Beta bands [p<0.05] and Vit C solely enhance power of Theta and Beta [p<0.05, p<0.001] in VTA nuclei. Furthermore, Vit C could alter power of some bands which were affected by morphine. Therefore, it seems that Vit C has an increasing effects on them [p<0.05]. Although the effect of Vit C on power of the VTA bands is not well known, but it is supposed that this phenomenon can be related to alteration in activity of dopaminergic neuron in the brain
Subject(s)
Male , Animals, Laboratory , Ventral Tegmental Area/drug effects , Morphine , Rats, Wistar , ElectrophysiologyABSTRACT
Bipolar concentric electrodes were implanted in five cats in extreme lateral regions of hypothalamus. These sites were electrically stimulated using biphasic square wave pulses at a current strength ranging from 300-800 microA to evoke predatory attack on an anaesthetized but live rat. At lower current strength (300 microA) only alertness with pupillary dilatation was produced. Gradual increase in the current strength led to the recruitment of somatic and affective components and a predatory attack was exhibited at a mean current strength of 700 microA. A scoring system allowed the construction of stimulus response curves, which remained fairly constant when repeated over a period of 3-4 weeks. Bilateral microinjections of delta-alanine methoinine enkephaline (DAME) (500 ng in 0.5 microliter saline) in ventrolateral tegmental area (VTA) elevated the mean threshold current strength for affective components while somatomotor components were totally inhibited. The blocking effect of DAME persisted for 1 hour. Microinjections of naloxone (1 microgram) in similar volumes facilitated the response as indicated by a reduction in threshold current strength for somatomotor and affective components. Microinjections of naloxone (1 microgram) in similar volumes facilitated the response as indicated by a reduction in threshold current strength for somatomotor and affective components. Microinjections of naloxone (1 microgram) also reversed the blocking effect of DAME and the thresholds returned to the control level within 10 min while microinjection of normal saline as control had no effect. The excitatory effects of naloxone and inhibitory effects of DAME were statistically significant at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively with Wilcoxon's signed rank test. The present study indicates that enkephalinergic as well as opioidergic mechanisms operating at the midbrain (VTA) level are involved in the inhibition of predatory attack as elicited from lateral hypothalamus.