Avaliação da terceiro ventriculostomia endoscópica em lactentes: uma revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise / Evaluation of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Introdução: A hidrocefalia é um distúrbio da fisiologia do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), usualmente associada ao aumento a pressão intracraniana (PIC) e expansão dos ventrículos cerebrais. Representa uma das condições mais comuns em neurocirurgia pediátrica. A terceiro ventriculostomia endoscópica (TVE) é uma opção de tratamento à hidrocefalia que visa eliminar a dependência do paciente às derivações ventrículo peritoneais. Embora a baixa idade seja associada à falha da TVE, ainda não existe consenso sobre a realização da TVE em crianças abaixo de 24 meses. Objetivos: Mensurar a taxa de falha da TVE em crianças até 24 meses; medir a associação entre menor idade, diferentes etiologias da hidrocefalia e a falha da TVE. Metodologia: Seguindo a metodologia do PRISMA-P foram identificados estudos nas bases com os descritores relacionados à TVE, falha e lactentes, sem limite de data. Várias etapas foram realizadas por dois pesquisadores de forma cega e independente. Nas leituras de resumo e texto completo aplicou-se um formulário de elegibilidade com critérios elaborados para esta RSL. Dois instrumentos - Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa e Formulário de análise de qualidade - viabilizaram a análise qualitativa que permitiu a inclusão e a extração de dados. Os testes Q e I2 avaliaram a heterogeneidade e o modelo de efeito randômico foi utilizado para o cálculo das estimativas metanalíticas. Os programas OpenMeta [Analyst] e Review Mananger versão 5.4 foram utilizados. Resultados: Foram identificados 440 estudos nas bases Pubmed, Embase e Lilacs e 1 por referência de artigo. Foram retirados 134 títulos duplicados, por não serem elegíveis 118 na leitura de resumos e 155 na leitura de textos completos. Dos 34 estudos analisados 8 foram excluídos pela análise de qualidade e após a retirada de uma coorte repetida foram incluídos 25 artigos. A taxa de falha da TVE variou de 14,6 a 77,8%. Não foi possível calcular uma estimativa sumária da taxa de falha dos estudos em função da alta heterogeneidade (I²: 82,2). Optou-se então pela metanálise em subgrupos. Não foi detectada heterogeneidade (I²=0, p=0,56) portanto, a medida metanalítica para a falha de acordo com a idade, comparando lactentes menores de 6 meses com lactentes de 6 a 24 meses foi RR=1,73 IC95%[1,22-2,45]. Ao considerar estenose de aqueduto a categoria de base para análise de outros subgrupos o RR metanalítico com significância estatística foi obtido para infecção 2,07 IC95%[1,13-3,79], para hemorragia intraventricular: 2,27 IC95%[1,40-3,68], para mielomeningocele : 2,13, IC95%[1,01-4,48]. Apesar da ausência de heterogeneidade, o RR para lesão de fossa posterior foi de 1,31 IC95%:[0,69-2,40] incluiu o valor nulo e não foi significativo (p= 0,41). A taxa de falha da repetição de TVE variou de 0-90%, as etiologias foram estenose de aqueduto, infecção, hemorragia e outros. Os principais achados na repetição do procedimento foram membrana adicional e estoma fechado. Discussão e Conclusões: A medida metanalítica sumária para taxa de falha não foi obtida devido à grande heterogeneidade dos estudos. Foram feitas tentativas de agrupamento por tamanho da casuística e por data de realização que poderiam sugerir maior domínio da técnica mas a heterogeneidade se manteve. As principais complicações relatadas foram fístula liquórica e hemorragia intraoperatória, relacionando-se com a falha da cirurgia. Não foi possível avaliar os lactentes que foram submetidos à TVE em associação com reservatório de LCR. Os resultados desta RSL e metanálise confirmam que a idade menor de 6 meses é um fator prognóstico para a falha da TVE e demonstram o valor prognóstico de outras etiologias da hidrocefalia como a infecção, a hemorragia intraventricular e a mielomeningocele onde o risco para a falha da TVE foi 2 vezes maior.

Introduction: Hydrocephalus is a disorder of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and expansion of the cerebral ventricles. It represents one of the most common conditions treated in pediatric neurosurgery. Third endoscopic ventriculostomy (ETV) is a treatment option for hydrocephalus that aims to eliminate the patient's dependence on shunt. Young age is associated with surgery failure, and it is not clear whether or not ETV should be performed in children under 24 months old. Objectives: Measure the failure rate of TVE in children under 24 months old; measure is a relation between failure and younger age and hydrocephalus etiology. Methodology: This review was developed observing the parameters of the PRISMA-P guidelines. Systematic search using PubMed Embase and Lilacs using respective entry terms for each mesh terms ETV, failure and infants was carried out. the articles were chosen by reading abstracts, full text, applying the eligibility form and quality analysis - newcastle scale and quality form. The data were analyzed in OpenMeta[Analyst] and Review Mananger version 5.4, The Q and I² tests and random effect model were used to derive the meta-analytic estimates. Results: 440 studies were identified in Pubmed, Embase and Lilacs databases and 1 by article reference. 134 duplicates were removed, as 118 were not eligible when reading abstracts and 155 when reading full text. Of the 34 studies analyzed, 8 were excluded by the quality analysis and, after the removal of a repeated cohort e cohort, 25 articles were included. The failure rate of TVE ranged from 14.6 to 77.8%. It was not possible to calculate a summary estimate of the failure rate of the studies due to the high heterogeneity (I²: 82.2). Subgroup analysis was chosen The RR for age 1.73 CI95%:[1.22-2.45]; the RR for etiology, comparing each onde with aqueduct stenosis, were: infection 2.07 CI95%[1.13-3.79], intraventricular hemorrhage RR: 2.27 CI95%[1.40-3.68], RR for spinal dysraphism: 2.13 CI95%[1.01-4.48]. The RR for posterior fossa-space occupying lesions was 1.31 IC95%:[0.69-2.40], and not statistically significant. The failure rate for re-do ETV ranged from 0- to 90%, the re-do ETV etiologies were aqueduct stenosis, intraventricular infection, hemorrhage and others. The main intraoperative findings were extra membrane and closed stoma. Discussion and Conclusions: Due to the great heterogeneity of the sample, it was not possible to calculate the failure rate of infants. The most reported complications were CSF fistula and hemorrhage, related to the failure of the surgery. It was not possible to evaluate infants who underwent ETV in association with a CSF reservoir. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis confirm that the age untill 6 months old is a prognostic factor for the failure of ETV and demonstrate the prognostic value of other aetiologies of hydrocephalus such as infection, intraventricular hemorrhage and myelomeningocele, in which the risk for ETV failure was 2 times higher.

Tratamiento endoscópico de quistes coloideos del tercer ventrículo / Third ventricle colloid cysts endoscopic approach

Introducción: los quistes coloideos (QC) son tumores benignos de crecimiento lento, que comprenden menos del 1% de los tumores intracraneales. Se presentan en adultos jóvenes y se ubican más frecuentemente en el techo del tercer ventrículo. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una serie de pacientes con QC del tercer ventrículo operados por vía endoscópica, analizar la técnica quirúrgica, ventajas y desventajas. Desarrollo: se realizó una búsqueda retrospectiva de pacientes operados por vía endoscópica, en el Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, de tumores del tercer ventrículo en un período de 2 años (2013-2015), con diagnóstico de QC confirmado por anatomía patológica . Se identificaron cinco pacientes, tres mujeres y dos hombres, cuyo promedio de edad fue de 50 años. No hubo complicaciones perioperatorias y ninguno mostró recidiva en el lapso de observación. Conclusión: la vía endoscópica es una vía técnicamente simple y con muy baja morbilidad. Si bien no siempre puede realizarse una exéresis completa, los trabajos prospectivos permitirán definir si esto resulta suficiente para el control de la enfermedad. (AU)

Colloid cysts are benign, slow-growing tumors, comprising less than 1% of intracranial tumors. They occur in young adults and are more frequently located on the roof of the third ventricle. The objective of this study is to present a series of patients with Colloid cysts operated endoscopically and analyze advantages and disadvantages of this surgical technique. We performed a retrospective review of Colloid Cysts operated on endoscopically, at the Neurosurgical Department of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires in a period of 2 years (2013-2015). Five patients were identified, three women and two men whose average age was 50 years. No perioperative complications were observed, with no recurrences during the follow up period. Conclusion: the endoscopic approach is technically simple and has very low morbidity. Although a complete excision can not always be performed, prospective studies will allow us to define whether if is sufficient to control the disease. (AU)

Fungal granuloma following endoscopic third ventriculostomy for infantile hydrocephalus

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy [ETV] is increasingly being used in the treatment of hydrocephalus in infancy. Infective complications rarely occur following ETV and fungal infections or granulomas have not been reported so far. The authors report the occurrence and management of a fungal granuloma incidentally detected during a repeat ventriculoscopy for a non-functioning ETV

Infección relacionada con el drenaje ventricular externo: tratamiento intravenoso versus intratecal, revisión de la literatura / External ventricular drainage infection: intravenous vs intrathecal treatment, Review

Ante la emergencia de infecciones relacionadas al drenaje ventricular externo por gérmenes multirresistentes y la necesidad de utilizar antibióticos cuya acción en el sistema nervioso central es controvertida, surge la necesidad de emplear terapéuticas para la administración de fármacos cuyos beneficios merecen ser evaluados. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PUBMED y los datos fueron extraídos de estudios publicados entre 1987-2005. En esta revisión de la literatura se analizaron los resultados obtenidos, comparando: el tratamiento endovenoso con el tratamiento intratecal en pacientes con infección asociada a la ventriculostomía, los antibióticos utilizados y su penetración al líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) con cada vía. Finalmente, se propuso qué pacientes podrían beneficiarse con cada terapéutica, a pesar de la falta de evidencias claras, sugiriendo la necesidad de realizar un trabajo randomizado prospectivo comparando sus beneficios. Palabras clave: infección, tratamiento, ventriculitis.

Due to the emergency of external ventricular drainage infections, cause by multiresistant bacterial strains, and the need to treat them with antibiotics, whose action in the central nervous system is controversial, arises the terapeutic necessity to administer antibiotics whose benefits should be evaluated. We search the Pubmed library. The data were extracted from published studies between 1987-2005. In this reivision the results were analyzed, comparing envovenous versus intrathecal treatment in patients with a ventriculostomy associated infection, the antibiotics that were used and their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels according to each route. Finally, even though there is a lack of clear evidence, we proposed which patients could benefit with each treatment. We conclude that a randomized prospective study, comparing the benefits of each treatment is needed.

Guías de práctica clínica para el manejo del drenaje ventricular externo / Practical clinical guidelines for the management of the external ventricular drainage

La alta incidencia de infección en los drenajes ventriculares externos (0-45) representa un serio problema para los pacientes y las instituciones no sólo en el aspecto médico sino también en el económico y legal. Consideramos que la sistematización y la aplicación multidisciplinaria de guías de manejo son de gran importancia para la prevención de la infección. Por lo cual se debatieron los puntos de controversia en un grupo interdisciplinario constituido por especialistas en neurocirugía, terapia intensiva e infectología, enfermeros de terapia intensiva y el comité de infecciones, realizando por consenso las recomendaciones. Palabras clave: guía de manejo, infección, profilaxis antibiótica, ventriculitis, ventriculostomía.

The high incidence of infections fo the external ventricular drainages (0-45) represents a serious problem for patients and institutions not only in the medical aspects, but also int economic and legal ones. We believe that the systematic and multidisciplinary application of guides is of grat value for the prevention of infections. Based on the controversial points, a group comprised by neurosurgeons, intensive care phisicians, intensive care nurses, infectologists and the hospital infections comittee, discussed these issue and wrote the recomendations. Key words: antibiotics prophylaxis, infection, management guidelines, ventriculitis, vetriculostomy.

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic third Ventriculostomy (ETV) is one of the surgical options for obstructive hydrocephalus. There are varying opinions about results of ETV in infants. We are therefore presenting the results of ETV in 54 infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of 54 infants undergoing ETV in our institution in the last 2 years was carried out. There were 48 cases of congenital hydrocephalus with aqueductal stenosis, 6 of post tubercular meningitis hydrocephalus. Average follow up was 18 months. RESULTS: There was 83.3% (45 cases) clinical success rate in our study. Infection, persistent cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) leak and bleeding occurred in 4 (8%) cases each while blockage of stoma was observed in 8 (14.8%) patients. Majority of ETV stoma closure (6 out of total 8) occurred following infection (4) or bleeding during surgery (2). One patient (2%) had transient diabetes insipidus. Overall failure rate in our study was 16.7% (8 stoma blocks and 1 procedure abandoned). Low birth weight pre mature infants had higher failure rate (3 out of 5 infants 60%) compared to full term infants with normal birth weight (12.3%). Age did not have any impact on the success rate (P>0.05). Success rates were not significanlty different in patients with aqueductal stenosis (85.4%) and TBM (66.6%) (Fisher's exact test, P=0.3). CONCLUSION: ETV was fairly safe and effective in full term normal birth weight infants while the results in low birth weight pre mature infants were poor.

Riesgo de infección en ventriculostomías / Risk of infection in ventriculostomies

Se presentan 26 pacientes con 28 ventriculostomías, en los que se encontró una frecuencia de cultivos positivos de 11 por ciento. Se discute sobre los factores de riesgo en este tipo de pacientes, así como los gérmenes aislados