Asociación entre el reflujo vesicoureteral y la nefroesclerosis en las infecciones urinarias / Association of vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring in urinary tract infections

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la relación entre reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) y daño renal en pacientes con infección urinaria (IU) sin fiebre, primera IU febril e IU recurrente. El objetivo secundario, determinar si la proteína C-reactiva (PCR) actuaría como predictor de nefroesclerosis en las IU febriles. Población y métodos. Estudio prospectivo; pacientes pediátricos con IU sin fiebre, primera IU febril e IU recurrente. Los análisis de laboratorio de rutina incluyeron hemograma completo, urea, creatinina, análisis de orina completamente automatizado, urocultivo y PCR. Se realizó ecografía urológica luego del diagnóstico de IU, cistouretrografía miccional tras seis semanas y gammagrafía renal estática con ácido dimercaptosuccínico marcado con 99mTc tras seis meses a todos los participantes. Resultados. Participaron 47 niños con IU sin fiebre, 48 con primera IU febril y 61 con IU recurrente. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos respecto de RVU y nefroesclerosis (p= 0,001 y p= 0,011, respectivamente). También hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto de nefroesclerosis entre los pacientes con y sin RVU (p= 0,001). Además, se estableció una diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto de nefroesclerosis (p < 0,05) en los pacientes con PCR cinco veces mayor o menor que el valor de corte aceptado (5 mg/dl). Conclusión. La proporción de nefroesclerosis fue paralela a la frecuencia de RVU. Cuanto mayor era el grado de RVU, mayor era el daño renal. Se determinó una correlación positiva entre PCR elevada y nefroesclerosis, lo que señala esclerosis durante el diagnóstico de pielonefritis.

Introduction. The aim was to investigate the relationship between vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal damage in non-febrile, febrile for the first time and recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) patients. The secondary aim was to determine whether C-reactive protein (CRP) in febrile UTIs could be a predictor of renal scarring. Population and methods. This prospective study included non-febrile, febrile for the first time and recurrent pediatric UTI cases. The routine lab analyses comprised a complete blood count, urea, creatinine, fully automated urinalysis, urine culture and CRP analyses. All the participants were examined using urine ultrasonography subsequent to their UTI diagnosis, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) after six weeks and Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) static renal scintigraphy after six months. Results. There were included 47 children with non-febrile UTIs, 48 with first febrile UTIs and 61 with recurrent UTIs. A statistically significant difference was found among the groups in terms of VUR and renal scarring (p= 0.001 and p= 0.011, respectively). A statistically significant difference was also found in terms of renal scarring between patients with and without VUR (p= 0.001). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was also present in relation to renal scarring (p <0.05) in patients with five-fold lower or higher CRP values than the accepted cut-off value (5mg/dl). Conclusion. The ratio of renal scars detected was found to be parallel to the VUR frequency. The higher the VUR grade, the more renal damage was found. A positive correlation between elevated CRP and renal scarring was determined, indicating the presence of scarring during the diagnosis of pyelonephritis.

Infección del tracto urinario causada por Enterobacteriaceae y su relación con reflujo vésico-ureteral en recién nacidos / Urinary tract infection caused by Enterobacteriaceae and its relationship with vesicoureteral reflux

Resumen: Introducción: La primera infección del tracto urinario puede ser un marcador de una anomalía del tracto urinario, principalmente de reflujo vésico-ureteral. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la asociación entre microorganismos de la familia Enterobacteriaceae con la presencia y grado de reflujo vésico-ureteral en pacientes neonatales quienes debutaron con infección del tracto urinario. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional y analítico de recién nacidos con infección del tracto urinario, quienes ingresaron en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario ''Juan Manuel Márquez'', La Habana, Cuba, desde 1992 hasta 2013, y en quienes el microorganismo causal era de la familia Enterobacteriaceae. Se realizaron estudios por imagen y se analizó la asociación entre la presencia y grado de reflujo vésico-ureteral con el microorganismo causal de la infección del tracto urinario. Resultados: Se estudiaron 450 recién nacidos. Los aislamientos bacterianos en los urocultivos correspondieron a E. coli en 316 casos (70.2%). La prevalencia de reflujo vésico-ureteral resultó del 18.2%. Se comprobó que el microorganismo causal -otras bacterias diferentes a E. coli correspondientes a la familia Enterobacteriaceae- se asoció significativamente con el riesgo (OR 2.02; p < 0.01) y el grado de reflujo vésico-ureteral (para los de más alto grado, p < 0.01). Conclusiones: E. coli es el agente causal más frecuente de la infección del tracto urinario neonatal. Sin embargo, existe una asociación entre la presencia de un microorganismo de la familia Enterobacteriaceae diferente a E. coli y el reflujo vésico-ureteral, principalmente los de mayor grado.

Abstract: Background: The first urinary tract infection can be a marker of a urinary tract anomaly, mainly vesicoureteral reflux. The aim of this work was to determine the association between isolated enterobacteria with the presence and grade of vesicoureteral reflux in neonatal patients with their first urinary tract infection. Methods: A retrospective, observational and analytic study of newborns, who were admitted to the Neonatal Department, University Pediatric Hospital ''Juan Manuel Márquez,'' in Havana, Cuba, from 1992 to 2013 was conducted. The causal microorganism of urinary tract infection was from the Enterobacteriaceae family. They were evaluated by radio imaging. The association between the presence and grade of vesicoureteral reflux with the causal microorganism of the urinary tract infection was analyzed. Results: Newborn infants with urinary tract infection (450) were studied. Bacterial isolations in the urine cultures corresponded to E. coli in 316 cases (70.2%). The prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux was 18.2%. The presence of bacteria corresponding to the Enterobacteriaceae family (other than E. coli) had significant risk association with vesicoureteral reflux (OR: 2.02; p < 0.01) and vesicoureteral reflux classification (for higher grades, p < 0.01). Conclusions: E. coli is the most frequent causal microorganism in neonatal urinary tract infection. However, an association between the isolation of a microorganism of the Enterobacteriaceae family different to E. coli with the presence of vesicoureteral reflux and mainly with higher grades of vesicoureteral reflux exists.

Study of the association between the BMP4 gene and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract / Estudo da associação entre o gene BMP-4 e anomalias congênitas do rim e trato urinário

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of different phenotypes for congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in a Brazilian sample, and to evaluate the association between the CAKUT phenotypes and the BMP4 gene. METHODS: In this study, 457 Brazilian individuals were analyzed in an attempt to establish the association between the BMP4 gene and the CAKUT diagnosis. A case-control sample was genotyped for three BMP4 gene polymorphisms. RESULTS: Association data was established with CAKUT sample as a whole and with the three most important CAKUT phenotypes: multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MDK), ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). When the sample was segregated in these three phenotypes, associations between the BMP4 gene were observed with UPJO and with MDK. Conversely, VUR was not associated to the polymorphisms of the BMP4 gene. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that Brazilian individuals with polymorphisms of the BMP4 gene have a higher risk to develop CAKUT, especially the malformations related to nephrogenesis and initial branching such as MDK and UPJO. Conversely, VUR appeared not to be related to BMP4 gene. .

OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de diferentes fenótipos de anomalias congênitas do rim e trato urinário (CAKUT) em uma amostra brasileira e avaliar a associação entre os CAKUT e o gene BMP-4. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, analisamos 457 indivíduos brasileiros em uma tentativa de estabelecera associação entre o gene BMP-4 e o diagnóstico de CAKUT. As amostras de caso e de controle foram genotipadas em busca de três polimorfismos do gene BMP-4. RESULTADOS: Os dados de associação foram estabelecidos com a amostra de CAKUT como um todo e com os três fenótipos de CAKUT mais importantes: rim displásico multicístico (RDM), obstrução da junção ureteropélvica (UPJO) e refluxo vesico-ureteral (VUR). Quando a amostra foi separada nesses três fenótipos, encontramos associações entre o gene BMP-4 com UPJO e com RDM. Por outro lado, o VUR não foi associado aos polimorfismos do gene BMP-4. CONCLUSÕES: Esses dados sugerem que os indivíduos brasileiros com polimorfismos do gene BMP-4 apresentam maior risco de desenvolver CAKUT, principalmente as malformações relacionadas a nefrogênese e ramificação inicial, como RDM e UPJO. Por outro lado, o VUR parece não estar relacionado ao gene BMP-4. .

Reflujo vesicoureteral primario: comportamiento clínico epidemiológico durante 20 años en el Hospital Pediátrico de Holguín / Primary vesicoureteral reflux

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con el objetivo de analizar el comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de los niños con el diagnóstico de Reflujo Vesicoureteral Primario, en el Hospital Pediátrico de Holguín, durante un período de 20 años: 1989 al 2008, a los que se les aplicó el Protocolo diagnóstico y terapéutico de Reflujo Vesicoureteral Primario concebido en nuestra institución. Fueron seguidos 255 pacientes y se les diagnosticó 379 unidades renales refluyentes. La frecuencia del Reflujo Vesicoureteral Primario disminuye con la edad, y se diagnosticó la mayoría durante el primer año de vida, con predominio en el sexo femenino. Cuando el Reflujo se sospecha durante la vida prenatal, es más común en sexo masculino. El grado III de Reflujo fue el más usualmente diagnosticado, en 122 unidades refluyentes, y predominó en el riñón izquierdo. La mayoría de los pacientes atendidos con Reflujo, se presentaron clínicamente con Infección del Tracto Urinario. La combinación de Uretrocistografía Miccional, Ultrasonido y Urograma Descendente constituye un método efectivo para el diagnóstico y seguimiento del Reflujo. Los grados I, II y III de Reflujo casi siempre desaparecen espontáneamente y existe una asociación directa entre Nefropatía de Reflujo y el alto grado de esta entidad. Un número reducido de pacientes, evolucionó a la Nefropatía de Reflujo, que representan el 25 por ciento. La mayoría de estos presentó Infección del Tracto Urinario y en un pequeño grupo, se sospechó una malformación renal desde la vida antenatal. La frecuencia de Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Terminal y de Hipertensión Arterial fue baja en este tipo de paciente.

Hallazgos ultrasonográficos del riñón y las vías urinarias en niños con reflujo vesicouteral / Ultrasonographic findings of the kidney and urinary tract in children with reflux vesicouteral

Objetivos: Identificar las principales características epidemiológicas y ultrasonográficas de los diferentes grados del reflujo vésicoureteral (RVU) detectados por cistouretrografía miccional seriada (CUMS) en niños. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo donde se analizaron las US y las CUMS de 279 niños (554 riñones) menores de 18 años con sospecha de RVU en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, entre julio a diciembre del 2009. Los hallazgos de US para RVU considerados fueron la dilatación del sistema pielocalicilial y del uréter, el engrosamiento del urotelio y de la pared vesical; mientras que para daño renal fueron la disminución del tamaño renal y del grosor del parénquima renal, el incremento de la ecogenicidad del parénquima renal y la desdiferenciación córtico medular. El RVU se clasificó según el Sistema Internacional de Gradación del RVU en cinco grados. Los datos se analizaron en base a frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino (54.05 por ciento) y la edad entre los 6 meses y 6 años (64.86 por ciento). Sólo 27 niños (51 riñones) presentaron RVU. La dilatación del sistema pielocalicilial fue el criterio ultrasonográfico más frecuente (52.94 por ciento) para RVU, mientras que la disminución del tamaño renal lo fue para daño renal (52.94 por ciento). Todos los hallazgos por US evaluados predominaron en los grados severos de RVU (IV y V). Sin embargo, existieron pacientes con US normal a pesar de presentar grados severos de reflujo. La poliquistosis renal (21.43 por ciento) fue la anomalía congénita más frecuente. El 17.64 por ciento de pacientes con RVU se asoció con otra anomalía. Conclusiones: El RVU es más frecuente en el sexo femenino. La ultrasonografía permite detectar los grados más severos de RVU y la presencia de daño renal, sin embargo, una ecografía normal no la excluye. Además la ultrasonografía ayuda a determinar otras anomalías que pueden estar o no asociadas al RVU

Objectives: To identify the epidemiological and ultrasonographic characteristics of different degrees of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) detected by voiding cystourethrography (VCUO). Material and methods: We performed a retrospective study which evaluated the US and VCUO in 279 children (554 kidneys) under 18 years with suspected VUR at the National Institute of Child Health from July to December 2009. The US findings to VUR were considered the pelvic and ureteral dilatation, the thickening of the urothelium and bladder wall, while for kidney darnage were decreased renal size and thickness of the renal parenchyma, increased echogenicity renal parenchyma and corticomedullary dedifferentiation. VUR was classified according to the lnternational System of Grading of VUR into five grades. The data were analyzed based on frequencies and percentages. Results: The VUR predominance in females (54.05 per cent) and age between 6 months and 6 years (64.86 per cent). Only 27 children (51 kidneys) had VUR. The pelvic dilatation was more frequent uItrasonographic criteria (52.94 per cent) for VUR, while the decrease in kidney size was for kidney damage (52.94 per cent). AlI of US findings evaluated were predominant in severe grades of VUR (IV and V). However, there were patients with normal US despite having severe grades of reflux. Polycystic kidney disease (21.43 per cent) was the most common congenital anomaly. The 17.64 per cent of the patients with VUR is associated with other abnormalities. Conclusions: VUR is more common in females. The ultrasound can detect the most severe degrees of VUR and the presence of kidney darnage, however, a normal ultrasound does not excIude it. In addition ultrasound helps identify other abnorrnalities that may or may not be associated with VUR

Prevalencia y características del reflujo vesicoureteral en niños que presentaron infección urinaria neonatal / Prevalency and characteristics of the vesicoureteral reflux in infants who suffered neonatal urinary tract infection

Introducción. El riesgo de desarrollar daño renal cicatrizal es mayor en edades tempranas de la vida, fundamentalmente cuando el pacientepresenta reflujo vesicoureteral, lo cual hace imprescindible identificar este reflujo tan precozmente como sea posible. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia y características depresentación del reflujo vesicoureteral en niños que padecieron infección del tracto urinario en el período neonatal.Pacientes y método. Estudio observacional, prospectivodesde 1992 hasta 2007, de una cohorte de recién nacidos que ingresaron con la primera infección del tracto urinario adquirida en la comunidad,de localización alta por criterios clínicos,y en la que se realizaron estudios de ecografía renal y uretrocistografía miccional. Se analizaron las características clínicas y de radioimagen en la presentación del reflujo vesicoureteral.Resultados. En 358 pacientes la mediana de seguimiento fue 19 meses (intervalo 1-104). La prevalenciade reflujo vesicoureteral fue de 20,9 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 16,4-26,2), con predominio del reflujo vesicoureteral primario, con tasa de 18,1 por ciento. El reflujo vesicoureteral fue unilateral en 40 pacientes, con mayor afectación del riñón izquierdo,y bilateral en 35 casos. El reflujo vesicoureteral de los grados III o mayor (65,0 por ciento), superaron al de bajo grado I o II en los pacientes con reflujovesicoureteral unilateral (35,0 por ciento). No hubo diferenciassignificativas según el género.Conclusiones. La presentación de una infección del tracto urinario en el período neonatal se asoció con reflujo vesicoureteral en el 20,9 por ciento de los casos, con predominio del reflujo primario y de los grados dilatantes. No hubo diferencias según el género.

Refluxo vesicoureteral primário e infecçao urinária: uma revisao / Vesoureteral primary reflux and urinary infection: a review

Apesar da infeccçao do trato urinário (ITU) ser a complicaçao mais frecüente em pacientes com refluxo vesicoureteral primário (RVU), há importantes questonamentos sobre essa ássociaçáo. Na faixa etária pediátrica, a prevalência estimada de IYU é 8 por cento no sexo feminino e 2 por cento no masculino. Durante investigaçao de ITU, o RVU é diagnosticado em até 40 por cento das crianças. A presença de episódios infecciosos está associada à formaçao de cicatrizes renais, que aumentam os riscos de herpertensao arterial sistêmica, insuficiência renal crônica e complicaçóes gestacionais futuras. Atualmente, é consenso que seja instituída a antibioticoprofilaxia por tempo prolongado para a maioria destes pacientes, com a finalidade de prevenir novos episódios de ITU. Entretanto, segundo pesquisas recentes nem todas as crianças co RVU parecem se beneficiar dessa abordagem terpêutica. O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir os principais aspectos, echados recentes e controvérsias da ssociaçao RVU e ITU.

[Urinary tract Complications in 94 Patients with spinal dysraphisms]

Congenital neurospinal dysraphism is the most common cause of neurogenic bladder among children. Myelomeningocele, which is the most common type of these lesions, is associated with neurogenic bladder in more than 90 percent of cases. Due to critical consequences of this disorder and high worldwide prevalence of urinary complications in these patients and because of no previous studies in our country, we evaluated patients with various types of spinal dysraphism refered to Labbafinejad and Mofid hospital between 1999 and 2005. In this study which was carried out on existing data, we evaluated 94 patients with various types of spinal dysraphisms. Type of spinal dysraphism, history of pyelonephritis, vesicoureteral reflux, renal damage, urinary incontinence, paraclinic findings, type of treatment and outcome of disease were reviewed in the patients records and these data were entered into a data sheet and reported by descriptive-analytic statistics. Sixty eight patients [72.3%] had at least one episode of pyelonephritis. Hydronephrosis was reported in 34.1% of patients as well as vesicoureteral reflux in 35.1%, renal atrophy in 13.9% and end stage renal failure in 3.2% of them. Among 61 patients aged 4 years or older, 47 [77%] had urinary incontinence. Urodynamic studies were performed in 17% of patients to evaluate lower urinary tract function. Seventy six cases [80.9%] had paraclinic findings in favour of neurogenic bladder, from whom 59.2% had recieved medical treatments [CIC, anticholinergic agents, or both] to improve complications of this disorder; the mean age of these patients was 4.8 +/- 4.4 years at the onset of medical treatments. Cystoplasty was performed in 35.1% of cases. Antireflux surgery was also performed in 9 patients [9.6%]. 7 cases out of them underwent surgery without having any treatment for the underlying cause of reflux; in later follow-up, vesicoureteral reflux had relapsed in 6 cases of these latter group. It seems that urodynamic studies are the most accurate means in evaluation of lower urinary tract function and performing these studies in patients with spinal dysraphisms [in newborn period or early infancy] is necessary for diagnosis of urinary tract dysfunction and planning up the most appropriate management for these patients. Failure to treat the underlying cause of secondary vesicoureteral reflux would significantly jeopardize the success rate of any surgery that might inadvertently be done in an attempt to correct the problem

Morbilidad de las Uropatías Congénitas Obstructivas del Tractus Urinario Superior más frecuentes en Matanzas / Morbidity of the Congenital Obstructive Uropathies of the Upper Urinary Tract more frequently in Matanzas

Se revisa la morbilidad de las más frecuentes anomalías congénitas del Sistema Urinario en la provincia de Matanzas, Cuba, en un período de 30 años. Se encuentra que las más frecuentes malformaciones Urológicas son el Reflujo Vésico Ureteral, la Hidronefrosis Congénita, por compromiso de la unión pielo ureteral, la Estenosis Urétero Vesical y el Ureterocele. Se analizan la incidencia de estas patologías, edad, sexo, raza, síntomas más frecuentes, técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas y las patologías asociadas

We review the morbidity of the more frequently congenital anomalies of the Upper Urinary System in the province of Matanzas, Cuba, in a period of 30 years. We found that the more frequently urological malformations are the vesico–urethral Reflux; the congenital hydronefrosis for the compromise of the skin-urethral joint; vesico-urethral stenosis and ureterocele. We analyze the incidence of these pathologies, age, sex, race, and more frequent symptoms; used surgical techniques and associated anomalies.

Unusual clustering of diseases and manifestations in pediatric admissions of a tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND: Cluster investigations has been an important tool in investigations of diseases. While clustering of diseases or a manifestation in community can cause great public alarm, similar unexplained clustering in hospital admissions has baffled clinicians. Objectives: (a) To determine whether perceived unexplained clustering of diseases and manifestations among hospital admissions is real or significant. (b) To look for possible explanations of such clustering. DESIGN: One-year prospective observational and two-year retrospective study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cases admitted under pediatric and neonatal services (excluding rooming in babies) from September 2002 to August 2003 formed material for prospective and cases admitted for 2 years prior for retrospective study. Whenever an unexplained cluster of disease/manifestation was perceived, case definition was finalized and cases recorded. Retrospective cluster analysis was done for some significant unexplained clusters detected prospectively. These clusters case rate were analyzed in relation to age, sex, climatic conditions, etiology of case, etc. to detect any correlation. Pearson correlation coefficient, chi-square test, centroid method and Z test of proportion were used for statistical significance. RESULTS: Eight unexplained clusters were perceived in prospective study. 3 (hyperbilirubinemia in exchange range hypocalcemic seizures and vesicoureteric reflux) proved statistically not significant. 3 were small clusters of uncommon diseases / manifestations (biliary atresia, cardiomyopathy, and acral gangrene). Two large significant clusters, major non-traumatic bleeding manifestations (MNTBM) and acute renal failure (ARF) occurred to which retrospective study was extended. Tmax and Tmin (average maximum and minimum daily temperature) had statistically significant positive correlation with ARF (gamma = + 0.83, P <0.001 for Tmax and gamma =+ 0.56, P = 0.002 for Tmin) and negative correlation with MNTBM (gamma = - 0.34, P = 0.040 for Tmax and gamma = - 0.59, P <0.001 for Tmin). Barometric pressure has significant negative and positive correlation with MNTBM and ARF respectively (gamma =+ 0.57, P <0.001 for MNTBM and gamma = -0.45,P = 0.006 for ARF). The clusters also had significant positive correlations with female sex and age under 1 year (Z = 2.48, P <0.001,chi2=13.83, P<0.001 for sex and age of MNTBM and Z =3.11, P <0.001, chi2 =10.85, P <0.001 forage and sex of ARF cases respectively). Three small clusters and a small subgroup of MNTBM(subcutaneous nodules as manifestations of bleeding disorders) occurred predominantly under one year and different sexes were involved. CONCLUSIONS: Several significant unexplained clustering were noted among hospital admissions. There was significant correlation with climatic conditions, age and sex. Larger, longer and multicentric studies in different geographical areas are required to investigate more plausible but complex biological phenomenon and associations related to diseases or manifestations. Cluster awareness has diagnostic and management implications for clinician as it also helps in early recognition of disease outbreak and dissemination of information and hospital staff to be prepared to handle increased number of cases and its treatment.

Evaluation of the use of DMSA in culture positive UTI and culture negative acute pyelonephritis.

This prospective study was done to assess the frequency of acute pyelonephritis (APN) in febrile children with positive urine culture as documented by Tc99m DMSA scintigraphy (DMSA) and the frequency of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in these children. Secondly, to determine the frequency of APN, in febrile children with supportive evidence for UTI but with negative urine culture, as documented by DMSA and frequency of VUR in them. Thirdly to stress the utility of DMSA to diagnose APN in urine culture negative febrile children and to suggest DMSA as a clinical tool in evaluation of fever of unknown origin (FUO). This study included 42 children with positive urine culture and 26 children with negative urine culture who had supportive evidence of UTI as determined by the predetermined criteria and diagnosed to have APN by DMSA. All of them had ultrasonogram (USG), DMSA and voiding cystourethrogram (VCU). They were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months. Out of the 42 children with positive urine culture 92.9% had features of APN in the DMSA of whom 82.1% had vesicoureteric relux (VUR). The DMSA was abnormal in 26 children with negative urine culture, of whom 65.4% had VUR. Ultrasound suggestive of parenchymal change was observed in 47.6% in the culture positive group and 65.4% in the culture negative group. In conclusion, it is suggested, that DMSA is a useful investigation for the diagnosis of APN in febrile UTI. DMSA is indicated in febrile children with negative urine culture but with supportive evidence of UTI and in FUO. An abnormal DMSA is a strong indication for work up for VUR.

Clinical study about vesicoureteral reflux at Aleppo University Hospitals

This subject aimed to study the ureterovesical reflux. It is divided into two major parts: The first one was a review of literature which contains at first the history of this disease when it was recognized as a clinical entity, then the embryology, anatomy and physiology of the ureterovesical junction. After that the incidence, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis and complications were studied. This part contains the clinical features, symptoms and signs. Then the diagnosis of VUR was studied which contains laboratory findings, radiologic findings, classification grades and instrumental examination. It has mentioned the differential diagnosis and treatment which Contains two types: The first one was medical treatment which contains: 1-Treatment of destruction of the ring of distal urethral in little girls or posterior urethral valves in boys 2-Elimination of the infection by anti microbial drugs which should be continued for 6 months or more. 3-Triple voiding. 4-Placement of urethral catheter in infant girls with markedly dilated upper urinary tract. The second type of treatment is the surgical treatment which contains: a-Indications of it. b-Types of surgical treatment: 1-Temporary urinary diversion. 2-Permanent urinary diversion. 3-Other surgical treatments such as: a-Heminephrectomy b-Nephrectomy c-Transuretero ureterostomy 4-Definitive repair: By many types of operations such as: 1-Hutch 1963 2-Gleen-Anderson 1967 3-Politano Lead beater 1958 4-Panquine 1959 5-Cohen 1975 6-Lich's 1976 7-Flocks 1961-8-Endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux The second part of this study was practical section, it contains 50 patients admitted to the urologic department of Aleppo University Hospital at the period between 1/1/1995-20/9/2004. Among these cases, 20 had a medical treatment and the other 30 had a surgical treatment. The disease was bilateral in 30 cases, on the right side in 12, and on the left side in the rest 8 cases as the following [Table I]: Table [I]: Show No. of cases and the affected sides. The affected side-Number of cases-[%]: Right side-12-24%; Left side-8-16%; Bilateral-30-60%; Total-50-100%. The number of cases was much more in females than in males as the following table. Table [II]: Cases as affected by sex. The sex-Number of cases-[%]: Female-33-66%; Male-17-34%; Total-50-100%. Most cases were between 5-10 years old [table III] as the following: Table [III]: Case as affected by age. Age-Number of cases-[%]: 1-4-21-42%;; 5-9-15-30%;; 10-15-8-16%; 16-20-4-8%; > 20-2-4%; Total-50-100%. The results of urine analysis made for these patients were as the following table. Table [IV]: The results of urine analysis. Urine analysis-Number of cases-[%]: Sterile Reflux-12-24%; Non sterile reflux-38-76%; Total-50-100%. Vesicoureteral reflux was classified into 5 grades by voiding cystourethrogram as shown in the following table. Table [V]: classification of Vesicoureteral reflux. Grade-Number of cases-[%]: I-33-66%; II-9-18%; III-2-4%; IV-3-6%; V-3-6%; Total-50-100%. The treatment of reflux was medical made in 20 patients 35 ureters and surgical in 30 patients 85 ureters as illustrated in table [VI]. Table [VI]: Type of treatment according to number of patients. Type of treatment-Number of patients-Number of ureters-[%]; Conservative treatment-20-35-40%; Surgical treatment-30-50-60%; Total-50-85-100%; The surgical treatment of reflux was achieved by three methods: 21 patients were treated by Politano Lead beater method. 6 patients were treated by Cohen method. 3 patients were treated by Lich's method. Table [VII]: Type of surgical technique according to number of patient. Type of surgical technique-Number of patients-[%]: Politano Lead beater-21-70%; Cohen technique-6-20%; Lich's technique-3-10%; Total-30-100%. The final results of the surgical treatment achieved by the three methods were as the following [table VIII]. Table [VIII]: The final results and its percentages. Final results-Number of cases [ureters]-[%]: Absence of reflux[cure]-29-87.8%; Stenosis of vesicoureteral junction-1-3%; Persistance of reflux-3-9.2%; Total-33-100%. These results were compared to the results of Dr. Randell Scotte [1977] as in the following table: Table [IX]: Shown comparative studies. Final studies-Our studies-Study of Randell Scotte: Cure-87.8%-97%; Stenosis of UVJ-3%-3%; Persistance of reflux-92%-3%. Finally: Vesicoureteral reflux is very important, so studying and management of this disease are necessary to avoid the renal injury which lead in turn to the renal failure. In addition, the early diagnosis and treatment vesicoureteral reflux will make the results of treatment better and avoid the complications

Complicaciones urológicas en el trasplante renal / Urological complication in renal transplantation

Entre 1987 y 1995 se han realizado 51 trasplantes renales en el Hospital Clínico FUSAT, de los cuales 10 de ellos han presentado complicaciones urológicas (19,6 por ciento). De estas complicaciones urológicas 7 corresponden a fístulas, 2 a obstrucciones ureterales y 1 reflujo vesicoureteral masivo. El tratamiento quirúrgico inmediato se llevó a cabo en 7 casos (70 por ciento), todos ellos con evolución favorable. De los tres que no recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico inmediato 1 falleció y 1 se encuentra en diálisis. Se analizan las infecciones conconmitantes, tiempo de hospitalización, las técnicas quirúrgicas, el tiempo de isquemia y la inmunosupresión utilizada. El seguimiento promedio de la serie fue de 59 meses

Reflujo vesicoureteral: estudio de 122 pacientes / Vesicoureteral reflux: study of 122 patients

El reflujo vesicoureteral es la uropatía más común en nuestro medio; de las numerosas publicaciones realizadas a este respecto, la relación entre reflujo vesicoureteral, infección urinaria y lesión renal es aún motivo de discusión. Con el objetivo de analizar estos factores se realiza un estudio de 122 pacientes atendidos en nuestro hospital. Se analiza la edad del diagnóstico, la frecuencia de acuerdo con el sexo, la nutrición y la evolución de la enfermedad acorde con el tratamiento médico o quirúrgico, para valorar la posible aplicación de medidas preventivas que puedan disminuir la morbimortalidad y la progresión a insuficiencia renal terminal