Estudio sobre la prevención de la discapacidad visual en pacientes diabéticos del municipio Playa / Study on the prevention of visual disability in diabetic patients from Playa municipality

Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de la discapacidad visual por retinopatía diabética en dos áreas de salud del municipio Playa. Métodos: se realizó una investigación exploratoria, observacional y descriptiva, en la que se practicó un examen oftalmológico a los diabéticos, donde se evaluó por especialistas de retina la presencia de lesiones en el fondo de ojo y su asociación con otras afecciones oftalmológicas. Resultados: las dos áreas de salud presentaron características demográficas y de la enfermedad diabética similares. Las formas no proliferativas de los dos grupos se presentaron en el 8,5 y 4,8 por ciento, no así la forma proliferativa, que fue de 2 y 2,7 por ciento. La maculopatía leve fue más frecuente que la severa en los dos grupos. La prevalencia de algún grado de retinopatía y de maculopatía fue de 13,1 y 10,6 por ciento, respectivamente. El mayor porcentaje de pacientes en los dos grupos de estudio no había sido examinado o había transcurrido más de un año de haberse realizado un fondo de ojo. Se encontró un número elevado de ojos de pacientes con catarata evidente (31,2 y 26,5 por ciento. La prevalencia de baja visión (10,9 y 11 por ciento) y de ceguera (2,9 y 2,7 por ciento) fue similar en los dos grupos, pero sus causas pueden ser reversibles, prevenibles y tratables. Conclusiones: a pesar de que la muestra fue pequeña y la prevalencia de retinopatía y/o maculopatía fue baja, se presentaron pacientes con discapacidad visual prevenible y tratable(AU)

Objective: to determine the situation of visual disability caused by diabetic retinopathy in two health areas of Playa municipality. Methods: a descriptive, observational and exploratory research study was conducted where eye exam was performed in diabetic patients to evaluate the presence of fundus oculi lesions and their association with other ophthalmological diseases. Results: it was found that the two health areas showed similar demographic characteristics and diabetic disease features. Non-proliferative forms of the two groups occurred in 8.5 and 4.8 percent whereas the proliferative form was seen in 2 percent and 2.7 percent. Mild maculopathy was more common than the severe one in the two groups of patients. The prevalence of retinopathy and maculopathy was 13.1 and 10.6 percent, respectively. The highest percentage of patients in the two study groups had not been examined or their fundus oculi test had been performed over a year ago. There was a high number of patients with evident cataract (31.2 and 26.5 percent). The prevalence rates of low vision (10.9 and 11 percent) and of blindness (2.9 and 2.7 percent) were almost the same in the two groups; however it should be borne in mind that their causes can be reversible, preventable and treatable. Conclusions: despite the small sample size and the low prevalence of retinopathy and/or maculopathy, there were patients with preventable and treatable vision(AU)

Crianças com cegueira e baixa visão: o brincar na perspectiva histórico-cultural / Play of children with visual impairment: a historical-cultural perspective / Niños con discapacidad visual: el juego en la perspectiva histórico-cultural

Parece ser um consenso teórico afirmar que o brincar é uma das mais importantes atividades do desenvolvimento infantil. Autores de diferentes abordagens indicam a centralidade dessa atividade para as crianças pequenas. A partir dos pressupostos teóricos da perspectiva histórico-cultural, campo teórico de interesse do presente artigo, temos observado um aumento de trabalhos científicos que problematizam a brincadeira infantil. Entretanto, a partir de um levantamento de artigos, dissertações e teses escritos em português, que realizamos entre os anos de 2004-2014, na base integrada da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) e no oasisbr ­o portal brasileiro de publicações científicas em acesso aberto ­, identificamos um número reduzido de estudos brasileiros que investigam a brincadeira de crianças cegas e com baixa visão. Buscando compreender esse contexto de produções acadêmicas, esse artigo objetiva contribuir para o mapeamento desse objeto de estudo, sinalizando a importância do mesmo para o campo da psicologia, educação e políticas públicas.

It seems to be a theoretical consensus that play is one of the most important activities of child development. Authors from different approaches indicate the centrality of this activity for young children. From the theoretical assumptions of the historical-cultural perspective, our theoretical field of interestin this article, we have seen an increase of scientific papers about child's play. However, from a survey of articles, dissertations and theses written in portuguese (2004-2014) - at the integrated base of the University of Brasília (UnB) and oasis.br (Brazilian Portal of Scientific Publications in Open Access) - we could identify a small number of brazilian studies investigating the role of play in blind and low vision children. By trying to understand this context of academic productions, this article seeks contributing to the mapping of this object of study, signaling the importance of it to the field of psychology, education and public policy.

Parece haber un consenso teórico que el juego es una de las actividades más importantes en el desarrollo del niño. Los autores de diferentes enfoques indican la importancia de esta actividad para los niños pequeños. A partir de los supuestos teóricos de La perspectiva histórico-cultural, el campo teórico de intereses de este artículo, hemos visto un aumento de trabajos científicos que tematizan el juego de niños. Sin embargo, a partir de una investigación de artículos, disertaciones y tesis escritas en portugués, llevados a cabo entre los años 2004-2014, de forma integrada en la Universidad de Brasilia (UnB) y oasisbr ­el portal brasileño de publicaciones científicas de acceso abierto ­ identificamos un pequeño número de estudios brasileños que investigan e juego de los niños ciegos y de baja visión. Tratar de entender este contexto de producciones académicas es el propósito de este artículo buscando contribuir a la asignación de tal objeto de estudio, lo que indica la importancia de ésta al campo de la psicología, la educación y la política pública.

Prevención de ceguera por retinopatía diabética: ¿dónde estamos? / Prevention of blindness caused by diabetic retinopathy in Cuba, how far have we gone?

La diabetes es una de las cuatro enfermedades no transmisibles prioritarias identificadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, junto con la enfermedad cardiovascular, el cáncer y la enfermedad respiratoria crónica. En este siglo XXI se habla de una epidemia global de diabetes, fenómeno relacionado particularmente con la diabetes mellitus tipo II y que está teniendo lugar tanto en países desarrollados como en aquellos en vías de desarrollo. Cuba se une desde 1999 a la iniciativa Visión 2020 y desarrolla desde la propia fecha un plan de prevención de ceguera y baja visión. Hoy, donde la prevalencia de diabetes aumenta, asociada al aumento de la esperanza de vida y a los cambios en el estilo de vida, los oftalmólogos cubanos trabajamos en la prevención de la ceguera por retinopatía diabética. En esta revisión nos proponemos analizar dónde estamos en relación con la Guía práctica clínica de retinopatía diabética para Latinoamérica, publicada en el 2011(AU)

Diabetes is one of the four prioritized non-communicable illnesses identified by the World Health Organization, along with the cardiovascular illnesses, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases. The 21st century witnesses a global diabetes epidemics a phenomenon closely related to type II diabetes mellitus and taking place in both developed and developing countries. Since 1999, Cuba joined the Vision 2020 initiative and has developed a preventive program to prevent blindness and low vision. As prevalence of diabetes increases today, associated to higher life expectancy and changes in lifestyles, the Cuban ophthalmologists are working in the prevention of blindness from diabetic retinopathy. In this review we set out to analyze how far we have advanced regarding the implementation of the practical clinical guideline for diabetic retinopathy for Latin America, published in 2011(AU)

Déficit visual y nivel de educación / Visual deficit and level of education

En este trabajo de tesis se pretendió investigar si existe una relación entre el nivel educativo de la población en estudio y el déficit visual de la misma. Dicha investigación descriptiva se realizó en un Centro Municipal de 2º Nivel de Atención situado en el Barrio Alta Córdoba de la Ciudad de Córdoba, entre los meses de enero y agosto de 2011. Para ello se tomó una muestra aleatoria y al azar de los pacientes que concurrieron al Servicio de Oftalmología, dentro de un grupo etáreo de entre 30 y 80 años de ambos sexos. Se les practicó una anamnesis donde se interrogó sobre motivo de consulta, antecedentes patológicos y oftalmológicos positivos, nivel educativo alcanzado, si poseía trabajo formal y obra social, y área de vivienda. Después se prosiguió con un examen oftalmológico completo determinando si había déficit visual, ya sea uni o bilateral, y el diagnóstico o causa de dicha dolencia. Todo ello fue registrado en fichas médicas. Se intentó demostrar que a menor nivel educativo fue mayor el déficit visual encontrado.En la muestra tomada de 205 pacientes el 65% posee nivel educativo bajo. La prevalencia del déficit visual es del 25 % (17% unilateral, 8% bilateral). El 88 % de los pacientes con déficit visual bilateral posee nivel educativo bajo y ocurre la misma situación con el 58 % de los pacientes con déficit visual unilateral. La mayoría de los pacientes con Déficit Visual tanto unilateral como bilateral no poseen obra social (83% y 87% respectivamente), y el 44 % de éstos no pertenece al mercado laboral. El diagnóstico más frecuente fueron las ametropías (66% de los casos). Así el autor demuestra que el nivel educativo alcanzado, la cobertura médica y el empleo formal son determinantes para una adecuada salud visual.

SUMMARY: In this thesis work was intended to investigate whether there is arelationship between the educational level of the study population and the same visual deficit. This descriptive study was performed in a Municipal Center 2nd Level of Care located in the Alta Córdoba neighborhood Córdoba City, between January and August 2011. This is a random sample and random patients who attended the Department of Ophthalmology, within an age group between 18 and 80 years of both sexes. They underwent anamnesis where queried complaint, medical history and positive eye, educational attainment, if possessed formal work and social work, and living area. Then he continued with a complete eye examination by determining whether visual deficits had either unilateral or bilateral, and the diagnosis or cause of the ailment. All this was recorded in medical records. We attempted to show that lower education was greater visual deficits found. In the sample taken from 205 patients, 65% have low education. The prevalence of visual impairment is 25% (17% unilateral, bilateral 8%). 88% of patients with bilateral visual deficit has low educational level and the same situation occurs with 58% of patients with unilateral visual deficits. Most patients Visually Impaired either unilateral or bilateral not have healthcoverage (83% and 87% respectively), and 44% of those not in the labor market. The most frequen t diagnosis was ametropy (66% of cases). So the author shows that educational attainment, health coverage and formal employment are crucial for proper eye health.

Mobile eye services: literature review with special reference to the experience of Al-Basar international foundation

To evaluate the concept of quality assured mobile eye services [MES] in implementing the vision 2020 initiative. Literature review as well as the medical records of Al-Basar International Foundation [BIF] on MES. Emphasis was focused on the causes of blindness, objectives, operation, management and the benefits of MES, a critical appraisal of MES, training for MES and the relationship with other organizations and concerned government agencies. More than 38 countries have been included in this exercise during which more than 620 eye camps have been conducted. More than two million people have benefited from the services provided including medicines and glasses in these eye camps and about 180,000 sight restoring surgeries performed for cataract, glaucoma etc. Quality assured MES are a very important means of tackling the problems of blindness and implementing the vision 2020 initiative. The adoption of this concept by major stake-holders in the prevention of blindness [e.g. WHO, IAPB] will bring an additional momentum to the achievement of this noble goal

Creating synergies for health systems strengthening through partnerships in Pakistan - a case study of the national eye health programme

Blindness and visual impairment are major causes of noncommunicable diseases in Pakistan. Two national population-based blindness surveys conducted in 1988 and 2002-04 demonstrated a reduction in prevalence of blindness from 1.78% to 0.9% with a significant drop in cataract blindness as a result of accelerated nationwide interventions and eye care integration in primary health care. In addition, between 2006 and 2008r 88 facilities were upgraded as a result of the national eye health programme. These measures resulted in a 279% increase in eye outpatient attendances and a 375% increase in eye surgeries performed. Investment in human resources development and policy change contributed significantly to the sustainability of the programme. Key challenges facing the programme include aligning national eye health strategies with health system strengthening informed through health systems research. This gaper attempts to document this extraordinary success

effect of nutririon and supplements on ocular health

Nutrition is a subject of interest in many fields of medicine. So ophthalmologists have also attempted to find possible ways to preserve vision through diet and supplements. Ocular disorders such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma are the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in the world, so most of the studies have focused on these major disorders and nutritions containing antioxidant such as vitamin C and E. Zexanthin/luteins and omega 3 have been the main substances studied in this relation. Although benefits of the regimens with high amounts of antioxidants were observed in reducing progression of cataract, agerelated macular degeneration and so on, as many of these studies have been observational, the cause and effect relationship cannot be definitely concluded and multiple cohort prospective studies will be desired to evaluate the exact role of nutrition. Somehow, a healthy diet which means the diet which increases our health can be achieved in regimens with low saturated fatty acids and rich in fresh fruits, vegetables and fish. On the whole, even though they may not affect disease progression, they are generally good for overall health