Covid-19 y gripe de 1918-1919: paralelos históricos, preguntas y respuestas / Covid-19 and the 1918-1919 influenza: historical parallels, questions and answers

Resumen El desarrollo de la pandemia de la covid-19 ha motivado un renovado interés por la gripe de 1918-1919 para buscar elementos que facilitaran la comprensión de la experiencia presente, pero también como oportunidad para reevaluar la grave crisis sanitaria del siglo XX a la luz de lo que estamos viviendo. En este contexto y con ese objetivo se inserta esta reflexión histórica sobre estos dos fenómenos pandémicos, que muestra los paralelismos existentes y la necesidad de una toma de conciencia de que nuestro modelo de sociedad está en crisis y se requiere una transformación profunda.

Abstract The rise of the covid-19 pandemic has led to renewed interest in the 1918-1919 influenza in search of aspects that might help us understand the current situation, but also as an opportunity to re-evaluate the serious twentieth-century health crisis in light of what we are experiencing now. In this context and with that goal, this historical reflection shows the parallels that exist and the need for a realization that our model of society is undergoing a crisis and requires profound transformation.

The neurology behind three wounded French artists during the great world war / A neurologia por trás de três artistas franceses feridos durante a grande guerra mundial

Abstract A unique association joins Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars and Louis Ferdinand Céline. Besides being great exponents of French literature, they were all neurologically wounded during the First World War. Apollinaire had a traumatic brain injury, Cendrars developed phantom limb neuropathic pain and Céline presented radial nerve paralysis. There is quite an evidence that supports that their artistic output was also influenced by acquired neurological conditions during the war. The examples of these three French authors reveal the surprising intimacy Neurology can share with art and history.

Resumo Uma associação única une Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars e Louis Ferdinand Céline. Além de serem grandes expoentes da literatura francesa, todos eles foram feridos neurologicamente durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Apollinaire sofreu traumatismo cranioencefálico, Cendrars desenvolveu dor neuropática do membro fantasma e Céline apresentou paralisia do nervo radial. Há bastantes evidências que sustentam que a sua produção artística também foi influenciada pelas condições neurológicas adquiridas durante a guerra. Os exemplos desses três autores franceses revelam a surpreendente intimidade que a neurologia pode compartilhar com a arte e a história.

Remedios curativos y propaganda médica contra la influenza de 1918 en México: ideas y conocimientos / Therapeutic remedies and medical propaganda on influenza in Mexico in 1918: ideas and knowledge sets

Resumen El artículo explora el pensamiento médico en torno al impacto de la pandemia de influenza de 1918 en México. Se analizan las ideas científicas sobre la etiología de la gripe, las cuales se reflejaron en el tipo de remedios y recetas médicas que se publicaron en la prensa y en boletines de salud. Para adentrarse en este tema profundizamos en el contexto histórico internacional dominado por la guerra. En México, años de conflictos armados a consecuencia de la Revolución agravaron las condiciones de vida de la población: hambre, tifo, viruela y otros padecimientos infecciosos se presentaron antes y durante el brote de la pandemia. El trabajo se apoya en documentación de archivo, boletines de salud, prensa de la época y bibliografía actualizada.

Abstract This article explores medical thought on the impact of the influenza pandemic of 1918 in Mexico. It analyzes scientific ideas on the etiology of the flu, as reflected in the types of remedies and medical prescriptions published in the press and in health bulletins. It then goes deeper into the topic by examining the international historic context, dominated by the war. In Mexico, years of armed conflict unleashed by the Revolution exacerbated living conditions among the population: starvation, typhus, smallpox and other infectious diseases were present before and during the outbreak of the pandemic. This study is based on archival documentation, health bulletins, press sources from the period, and modern bibliography.

Entre guerras y pandemias ¿volveremos a ser los mismos? ¿Hay duda de la resiliencia de la humanidad? / Between wars and pandemics, will we be the same? Is there any doubt on the resilience of humanity?

Estamos llamados a ser resilientes. Entre guerras, conflictos armados, pandemias y diferencias sociales están que acaban con la humanidad. En el último siglo, estos han dejado tanto impacto, que no somos los mismos luego de haberlos vivido. Rafael Pardo Rueda, economista, profesor universitario e investigador, con una hoja de vida repleta de experiencia en cargos públicos, narra en su libro La historia de las guerras, que estas "[…] no empiezan por casualidad, y ocurren, en general por profundas razones sociales, políticas o económicas, y usualmente tampoco se acaban solas", a lo que agrega, Karl von Clausewitz "la guerra es la continuación de la política por otros medios", y creo que se podrían aplicar los mismos conceptos a las pandemias. La historia del siglo XX e inicios del XXI es la historia de las guerras y pandemias. Nunca antes se habían librado dos guerras de la magnitud y duración de la Primera y Segunda Guerras Mundiales; además, con tan poco tiempo entre el desarrollo de una y otra.

Um estudo comparado dos Palestras Itália de São Paulo e de Belo Horizonte (1914-1933) / A comparative study of Palestras Itália São Paulo and Belo Horizonte (1914-1933)

No presente trabalho analisaremos em perspectiva comparada o Palestra Itália, fundado em São Paulo em 1914, que após 1942 passou a chamar-se Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, com o Palestra Itália de Belo Horizonte, que iniciou suas atividades em 1921 e após 1942 transformou-se em Cruzeiro Esporte Clube. Nosso objetivo central será analisar comparativamente o processo de afirmação dos dois times, buscando compreender qual a importância do futebol, no processo de inserção e pertencimento dos italianos nas duas capitais mencionadas, e qual a contribuição dos Palestras para sedimentar a noção de identidade italiana, entre os membros da colônia, no período de 1914 à 1933.

In this paper we are going to analyze in comparative perspective, the Palestra Italia, founded in São Paulo in 1914, which after 1942 became known Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, with the Palestra Italia in Belo Horizonte, which began its activities in 1921 and after 1942 became Cruzeiro Esporte Clube. Our main objective is to comparatively analyze the process of affirmation of the two teams, trying to understand how important soccer is in the process of inclusion and belonging of the Italians in the two aforementioned capitals, and the contribution of both Palestra teams to settle the notion of Italian identity, and members of the colony, in the period 1914 to 1933.

Scientizing Everyday Life, Rationalizing Eating Habits: The Rise of Nutrition Science in 1910s-1920s Japan / 의사학

Historians of science have noted that modern nation-states and capitalism necessitated the systematic creation and implementation of a wide array of knowledge and technologies to produce a more productive and robust population. Commonly labeled as biopolitical practices in Foucauldian sense, such endeavors have often been discussed in the realms of public hygiene, housing, birth control, and child mortality, among others. This article is an attempt to extend the scope of the discussion by exploring a relatively understudied domain of nutrition science as a critical case of social engineering and intervention, specifically during and after World War I in the case of Japan. Research and dissemination of knowledge on food and health in Japan, like other industrializing nation-states, centered on new public hygiene initiatives since the late nineteenth-century. However, in the aftermath of WWI, or more precisely, after the Rice Riots of 1918, a new trend began to dominate the discourse of nutrition and health. In the face of wartime inflation and the resultant nation-wide riots, physicians and social scientists alike began to view the food choice and budget issue as a solution to the middle class crisis. This new perception drew on the conceptual framework to understand food, metabolism, and cost in the language of quantifiable nutrition vis-à-vis monetary values. By analyzing how specific nutritional knowledge was translated into the tenets for public campaigns to reform everyday life, this paper ultimately sheds light on the institutionalization of a new area of research, nutrition (eiyō) in Japan.

The relationship between the First World War and neurology: 100 years of "Shell Shock" / A relação entre a Primeira Guerra Mundial e a neurologia: 100 anos do "Shell Shock"

ABSTRACT The First World War was a global war, beginning on 28 July 1914, until 11 November 1918. Soon after the beginning of the war, there was an “epidemic” of neurological conversion symptoms. Soldiers on both sides started to present in large numbers with neurological symptoms, such as dizziness, tremor, paraplegia, tinnitus, amnesia, weakness, headache and mutism of psychosomatic origin. This condition was known as shell shock, or “war neurosis”. Because medically unexplained symptoms remain a major challenge, and considering the close relationship of symptoms described in shell shock with clinical neurology, we should study their history in order to improve future care.

RESUMO A Primeira Guerra Mundial foi uma guerra global, iniciada em 28 de julho de 1914, até 11 de novembro de 1918. Logo após o início da guerra, exatamente há 100 anos, houve uma “epidemia” de sintomas neurológicos conversivos. Soldados de ambos os lados começaram a apresentar com frequência sintomas neurológicos, tais como: tontura, tremor, paraplegia, zumbido, amnésia, fraqueza, cefaleia e mutismo de origem psicossomática. Esta condição ficou conhecida como shell shock, ou “neurose de guerra”. Como muitos sintomas e doenças inexplicadas continuam sendo um grande desafio, e considerando a estreita relação dos sintomas descritos no shell shock com a neurologia clínica, torna-se importante estudar essa parte da história com o objetivo de entendermos e melhorarmos os cuidados aos pacientes.

A cien años del inicio de la Gran Guerra: brote de triquinosis en marinos del Dresden en Chile: Crónica de una infección anunciada / A hundred years since the beginning of the Great War: trichinosis outbreak in Dresden marine in Chile: Chronicle of an announced infection

In commemoration of one hundred years of the beginning of World War I, the occurrence of an outbreak of trichinosis in the crew of the SMS Dresden, a German ship that participated in that world conflagration, is re-viewed. In September 1915, while the sailors of SMS Dresden were forcibly detained on Isla Quiriquina, Bío Bío Region, Chile, 60 individuals became ill. The cause of the outbreak was the consumption of sausages made from pork infected with the parasite Trichinella spiralis. There was a fatal case. The review of the epidemiological aspects that facilitated the presentation and spread of human trichinosis at that time allows to conclude that, pork breeded in poor hygienic conditions, meat and its by-products clandestinely sold without sanitary inspection and the language barrier were determinant in the occurrence of the epidemic outbreak.

A propósito de la conmemoración de los cien años del inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial, se revisa la ocurrencia de un brote epidémico de triquinosis en tripulantes del SMS Dresden, buque alemán que participó en esa conflagración mundial. Este suceso, acaecido en septiembre de 1915, ocurrió mientras los marinos se encontraban forzosamente recluidos en la Isla Quiriquina, Región del Bío Bío, Chile. La causa del brote fue el consumo de embutidos fabricados a partir de carne de cerdo infectada con el parásito Trichinella spiralis e involucró a 60 mari-neros, de los cuales hubo un caso fatal. La revisión de los aspectos epidemiológicos que favorecían la presentación de triquinosis humana en la época permite concluir que, la crianza porcina en malas condiciones higiénicas, la venta clandestina de carnes y subproductos sin inspección sanitaria y la barrera idiomática fueron determinantes en la ocurrencia del brote epidémico.

Representaciones sociales de la primera guerra mundial en estudiantes de psicología e historia social / Representations of the first world war in psychology and history students

Desde la perspectiva de las representaciones sociales (RS), surge una línea de investigación que toma a la historia como objeto de representación. Los estudios previos muestran que los eventos más mencionados al recordar la historia universal se relacionan con guerras y revoluciones -denominado sesgo bélico (Liu et al., 2009). El objetivo general del presente trabajo es indagar en las RS de la Primera Guerra Mundial (PGM) que tiene un grupo de estudiantes de psicología e historia (n=144; 69,9% mujeres; edad=31,09, Min.:19-Máx.:64). Para la recolección de la información se utilizó un cuestionario diseñado para el proyecto Cooperación Europea en Ciencia y Tecnología (COST) IS 1205.En relación a la estructura representacional aparecen evocaciones relacionadas con aspectos negativos y característicos de la PGM. Se observan posicionamientos diferenciales en función de la carrera de estudio, siendo los estudiantes de historia los que exhiben mayores conocimientos, importancia y adjudicación de sentimientos hacia la PGM.

From the perspective of social representations (SR), appears a line of research which focuses on history as a representational object. Previous studies present that the events more mentioned when remember the universal history are related to wars and revolutions ­named military bias (Liu et al., 2009). The overall objective of this study is to investigate the SR of the First World War (WWI) which has a group of students of psychology and history (n=144; 69,9% women; age=31,09, Min.:19-Máx.:64). For collecting information was used the questionnaire designed for de project European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) IS 1205. In connection to the representational structure appear evocations related to negative and characteristics aspects of the WWI. Differential positioning's are observed depending on the study career, being history students who exhibit greater knowledge, importance and assignment of feelings to the WWI.

Psicotecnia: historia de un encuentro entre la psicología y la técnica / Psicotecnia. Story of an encounter between psychology and technique

La Historia de la Psicología constituye un campo privilegiado de reflexión sobre los procesos de construcción y transformación de los discursos y las prácticas de la Psicología a lo largo del tiempo, permitiendo situar en perspectiva la compleja diversidad disciplinar. La historia que recorre este artículo se propone describir, analizar y explicitar las condiciones que permitieron la emergencia de la Psicotecnia y sus primeras aplicaciones. Los orígenes de la Psicotecnia se ubican a comienzos del siglo XX y sus fundamentos teóricos se basaron en las derivaciones de la psicología experimental y en los aportes de la psicología de las diferencias individuales. Con herramientas derivadas de este entrecruzamiento, la psicología comenzaba a abordar demandas sociales y empresariales. La Primera Guerra Mundial marcó un momento de expansión y consolidación de la Psicotecnia. Cada uno de los países participantes en la guerra, convocaron a la Psicología para resolver cuestiones relacionadas con la selección, formación, rehabilitación, etc., de sus tropas. Tras la finalización de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el término Psicotecnia, asociado a los países derrotados o debilitados por la guerra, se eclipsa y literalmente desaparece del concierto internacional. En su lugar se impone el término Psicología Aplicada que contaba tradicionalmente con el respaldo americano...

The History of Psychology is a privileged field of reflection on the processes of construction and transformation of the discourses and practices of psychology over time, allowing put into perspective the complex diversity of our discipline. The story that follows this article aims to describe, analyze and explain the conditions that allowed the emergence of Applied Psychology [Psicotecnia] and its first applications. The origins of the "Psicotecnia" are located at the beginning of the twentieth century and were based on referrals of experimental psychology and the contributions of the psychology of individual differences. With tools derived from this crossing, psychology began to address social and business demands. The First World War marked a period of expansion and consolidation of "Psicotecnia". Each of the countries participating in the war, called for psychology to resolve issues related to the selection, training and rehabilitation of their troops. After the end of the Second World War, the term "Psicotecnia" associated with the defeated or weakened countries during the war, literally disappears from the international arena. Instead, the term Applied Psychology ­that traditionally had US backing­ is imposed.

A enfermagem e suas perspectivas / Nursing perspectives

No ano do centenário do início da Primeira Guerra Mundial (considerado em 28 de julho de 1914), é oportuno lembrar a contribuição da enfermagem para a minimização dos impactos em saúde dos combatentes e das populações...

Alemanha e Brasil, 1870-1945: uma relação entre espaços / Germany and Brazil, 1870-1945: a relationship between spaces

As relações entre Alemanha e Brasil foram influenciadas por diferentes ordens espaciais que coexistiram e se influenciaram, no período de 1870 a 1945. O artigo discute a ideia de viver em mundos diferentes, muito distantes entre si. Argumenta-se que o conceito de distância mudou lenta e regularmente com o aparecimento de modernas tecnologias de comunicação. Ordens espaciais hierarquicamente estruturadas em centros e periferias dominaram as relações nesse período. Os alemães consideravam seu espaço maior e superior ao brasileiro, situação com a qual muitos brasileiros, naquela época, concordavam, entretanto, desde a Primeira Guerra Mundial, não mais quiseram aceitar essa suposta ordem natural.

Relations between Germany and Brazil were influenced by different spatial orders which co-existed and influenced each other between 1870 and 1945. The article discusses the idea of living in different worlds, and being worlds apart. It argues that the concept of distance changed slowly, but surely, with the rise of modern communication technologies. Hierarchically structured spatial orders of centers and peripheries dominated the relationship in this period. Not only the Germans considered their own space superior, and on a higher level than the Brazilian, many Brazilians of the time agreed with this point of view, but also, since the First World War, were not willing to accept this allegedly natural order of the globe any longer.

O "abrasileiramento" das associações esportivas de Teutônia/Estrela no Rio Grande do Sul / The "abrasileiramento" of the sports associations from Teutônia/Estrela in Rio Grande do Sul

As associações esportivas teuto-brasileiras de Teutônia/Estrela no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul sofreram o processo de abrasileiramento no período da Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) e da Segunda Grande Guerra (1939-1945). Este artigo objetivou identificar os conflitos de identidades culturais nas associações esportivas de Teutônia/Estrela desencadeados pelas ações nacionalizadoras conduzidas pelos interventores do Estado Rio Grande do Sul no período das grandes guerras mundiais. As fontes históricas consultadas revelaram que a prática de esportes tradicionais nas associações teuto-brasileiras enfraqueceu, como no caso do bolão, ao mesmo tempo que outros esportes foram incorporados, principalmente o futebol. A adesão a esta nova prática esportiva significa um movimento na direção do processo de integração às ações nacionalizadoras.

The German-Brazilian sport associations of Teutônia/Estrela in the State of Rio Grande do Sul suffered the process of abrasileiramento in the period of the World War I (1914-1918) and of the World War II (1939-1945). This article aimed to identify the conflicts of cultural identities in the sport associations of Teutônia/Estrela developed by the nationalization actions leaded by the intervenors of the Rio Grande do Sul State in the period of the great world wars. Historical sources revealed that the practice of traditional sports in the German-Brazilian sport associations weakened, asthe bolão, while other sports were incorporated, mainly the soccer. The adhesion to this new sport means a movement in the direction of the process of integration in the nationalization actions.

Hitler's hysterical blindness: fact or fiction? / A cegueira histérica de Hitler: fato ou ficção?

This article deals with a little known episode that occurred near the end of the Great War in a military reserve hospital located in the small town of Pasewalk, part of the distant region of Pomerania in northern Poland. The story is centered around the transient visual loss of a 29-year-old Austrian messenger of the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment. His name: Adolf Hitler.

Este artigo trata de um episódio mal conhecido, ocorrido próximo ao final da Primeira Grande Guerra, em um hospital militar da reserva, situado na pequena cidade de Pasewalk, na distante região da Pomerania ao norte da Polônia. No centro desta história, a perda visual transitória de um cabo austríaco de 29 anos, mensageiro do 16º Regimento Bávaro de Infantaria. Seu nome: Adolf Hitler.

New drugs in hematological disorders / 대한내과학회지

Modern medical oncology has introduced various anti-cancer drugs since the World War I and II. Unlike for the solid tumors, hematological malignancies had been documented some limitations for curing it with chemotherapeutic agents only. In 1960, Dr. Nowell and Dr. Hungerford had discovered elongated chromosome (Philadelphia chromosome) which has documented as a product of translocation between 9th and 22nd chromosome in the patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. In 1970s, immunochemistry technique using monoclonal antibody has spread world widely and from 1990s, flow cytometry method has been available. In appreciation of these evolutions in basic science, the treatment strategy ofhematological malignancies has changed from the chemotherapeutic agents to targeted agents. Among the targeted agents, some drugs are newly developed and others are recreated as anti-cancer drugs after long-time of discard because of their toxicities or teratogenic effects. Nowadays, we are in the middle of flood of targeted agents, for example, tyrosinekinase inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor blockers, farnesyl transferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and etc. In 21st century, the optimal treatment of hematological malignancies should follow a tailor- made strategy according to the patient and disease itself. In the present article, some representative agents will be introduced in accordance with target diseases.

Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Health

Daylight Saving Time (DST) is used worldwide and affects millions of people annually. In the most countries, DST begins turning clocks forward by an hour in the spring and backward by an hour in the fall. transition out of DST in the fall increases the available daylight in the morning by one hour. Springtime transition into DST leads to an increase of the available daylight in the evening. During World War I, in an effort to reduce fuel consumption, Germany and England began to practice DST in 1916. Currently, 77 countries and most of OECD adopted DST except Korea, Japan, Iceland. The rationale for Daylight Saving Time (DST) is bolstered by the fact that it increases daylight hours within which the activity a population reaches its peak. Therefore, the effects of transitions into DST to the public health should be further explored, as DST affects millions of people annually and its impacts are still largely unknown. A general perception is that Turning clock forwards (on spring) or backwards (on fall) by one hour would affect our health. In This study, the association between Daylight Saving Time (DST) and health in population was investigated through theoretical and systemic review studies. Since the study was conducted solely on theoretical grounds, further research is needed to assess additional health-related impacts of Daylight Saving Time (DST) and to carry out more specific analysis on population health in Korea. In conclusion, population health is more strongly affected during spring transition into DST than during fall transition out of DST.

A Review of Rehabilitation Sports for the Disabled / 재활간호학회지

PURPOSE: This paper was to review the concept of rehabilitation sports for the disabled. METHOD: This paper was reviewed related papers published by KODDI(Korea Disabled People's Development Institute) concerning rehabilitation sports. RESULT: Rehabilitation sports that is integration of rehabilitation therapy and sports, was introduced in the U.K. during the World War I for the people wounded in the war. Since then, it was introduced into Germany for the wounded and disabled, and institutionalized in public health insurance program since 1960s. The present day, rehabilitation sports in Germany has been affected on promotion of physical, psychological, and social function and is being considered an importance field of sports and rehabilitation therapy for the disabled. Now, in our country, research is being carried out to introduce rehabilitation sports for the people with disabilities.

The Necessity for a Trauma Surgeon and the Trauma Surgeon's Role in the Trauma Care System

When man first walked on this planet, injury must have been a close encounter of the first kind. The outbreak of World War I, during a period of rapid scientific growth in the basic sciences, demonstrated the need to develop better methods of care for the wounded, methods that were later applicable to the civilian population. Trauma is a multisystem disease and, as such, benefits from almost any advance in medical science. As we learn more about the physiology and the biochemistry of various organ systems, we can provide better management for trauma victims. Improved imaging techniques, better appreciation of physiologic tolerance, and increased understanding of the side effects of specific surgical procedures have combined to reduce operative intervention as a component of trauma patient care. On the other hand, because of this rapid development of medical science, only a few doctors still have the ability to treat multisystem injuries because almost doctor has his or her specialty, which means a doctor tends to see only patients with diagnoses in the doctor's specialty. Trauma Surgeons are physicians who have completed the typical general surgery residency and who usually continue with a one to two year fellowship leading to additional board certification in Surgical Critical Care. It is important to note that trauma surgeons do not need to do all kinds of operations, such as neurosurgery and orthopedic surgery. Trauma surgeons are not only a surgeon but also general medical practitioners who are very good at critical care and coordination of patient. In order to achieve the best patient outcomes, trauma surgeons should be involved in prehospital Emergency Medical Services, the Trauma Resuscitation Room, the Operating Room, the Surgical Intensive Care and Trauma Unit, the Trauma Ward, the Rehabilitation Department, and the Trauma Outpatient Clinic. In conclusion, according to worldwide experience and research, the trauma surgeon is the key factor in the trauma care system, so the trauma surgeon should receive strong support to accomplish his or her role successfully.

Overview of Medical Examinations for Aircrew / 항공우주의학회지

Medical examinations for aircrew (MEA) have been applied in various extents since World War I, when medical fitness of aircrew began to be spotlighted as a major factor of flight safety and flight performance. The main purpose of MEA is to identify any presumptive medical defects that may cause sudden incapacitation and aircraft accident consequently. However, the value of medical screening tests has been debated for many years and raised questions of their effectiveness and aeromedical usefulness. Therefore, this review article focuses on diverse perspectives regarding MEA and tries to develop the most appropriate way of implementing medical examinations for insuring flight safety.