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1.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 42(4): 273-278, July-Aug. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-763362

ABSTRACT

Trauma is one of the world's leading causes of death within the first 40 years of life and thus a significant health problem. Trauma accounts for nearly a third of the lost years of productive life before 65 years of age and is associated with infection, hemorrhagic shock, reperfusion syndrome, and inflammation. The control of hemorrhage, coagulopathy, optimal use of blood products, balancing hypo and hyperperfusion, and hemostatic resuscitation improve survival in cases of trauma with massive hemorrhage. This review discusses inflammation in the context of trauma-associated hemorrhagic shock. When one considers the known immunomodulatory effects of traumatic injury, allogeneic blood transfusion, and the overlap between patient populations, it is surprising that so few studies have assessed their combined effects on immune function. We also discuss the relative benefits of curbing inflammation rather than attempting to prevent it.


O Trauma é uma das principais causas de morte até 40 anos de idade em todo o mundo e, portanto, um significativo problema de saúde. Esta doença é ainda responsável por quase um terço dos anos perdidos de vida produtiva até os 65 anos de idade e esta associada com infecção, choque hemorrágico, síndrome de reperfusão e inflamação. O controle da hemorragia, coagulopatia, utilização dos produtos derivados do sangue, equilibrando hipo e hiperperfusão, e reanimação hemostática melhoraram a sobrevida em casos de trauma com hemorragia volumosa. Esta revisão discute a inflamação no contexto de choque hemorrágico associado ao trauma. Quando consideradosos efeitos imunomoduladores conhecidos da lesão traumática e transfusão de sangue alogênico em relação aos doentes, é surpreendente que tão poucos estudos avaliaram os seus efeitos combinados sobre a função imunológica. Discutimos também os benefícios relativos de reduzir a inflamação ao invés de tentar impedi-la.


Subject(s)
Humans , Shock, Hemorrhagic/complications , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Inflammation/etiology , Inflammation/therapy , Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/immunology , Wounds and Injuries/immunology , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology
2.
J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop. dis ; 19: 16, maio 2013. ilus, mapas
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-954699

ABSTRACT

Stingrays are a group of rays - cartilaginous fish related to sharks - that have whiplike tails with barbed, usually venomous spines and are found around the world, especially the marine species. Despite recent reports of accidents involving these fish, they are not aggressive, reacting only when stepped on or improperly handled. Injuries by stingrays are seldom mentioned by historians, although they have always been present in riverine communities of inland waters and in South American coasts. Indeed, envenomations by stingrays are quite common in freshwater and marine fishing communities. Although having high morbidity, such injuries are neglected because they have low lethality and usually occur in remote areas, which favor the use of folk remedies. In the present review article, historical aspects of injuries caused by stingrays in Brazil and their distribution on the coast of São Paulo state and riverine communities of the North, Midwest and Southeast regions were studied. In addition, other aspects were analyzed such as clinical features, therapeutic methods, preventive measures and trends in occurrence of these accidents in the country, particularly in areas in which freshwater stingrays had not been previously registered, being introduced after breaching of natural barriers.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Wounds and Injuries/history , Wounds and Injuries/immunology , Skates, Fish , Poisoning
3.
Clinics ; 61(5): 479-488, Oct. 2006. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-436774

ABSTRACT

Several clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated gender dimorphism in immune and organ responsiveness and in the susceptibility to and morbidity from shock, trauma, and sepsis. In this respect, cell-mediated immune responses have been shown to be depressed in males following trauma-hemorrhage, whereas they were aintained/enhanced in proestrus females. Furthermore, sex hormones have been shown to be responsible for this gender-specific immune response following adverse circulatory conditions. More specifically, studies indicate that androgens produce immunodepression following trauma-hemorrhage in males. In contrast, female sex steroids appear to exhibit immunoprotective properties following trauma and severe blood loss. With regard to the underlying mechanisms, receptors for sex hormones have been identified on various immune cells suggesting direct effects of these hormones on the immune cells. Alternatively, indirect effects of sex hormones, ie, modulation of cardiovascular responses or androgen- and estrogen-synthesizing enzymes, might contribute to gender-specific immune responses. Recent studies indicate that sex hormones, eg, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also modulate the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in surgical patients. Thus, the immunomodulatory properties of sex hormones/receptor antagonists/sex steroid synthesizing enzymes following trauma-hemorrhage suggests novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of immunodepression in surgical patients.


Uma série de estudos clínicos e experimentais demonstram a existência de dimorfismo sexual das respostas imunológicas e orgânicas, bem como da suscetibilidade e morbidade em relação ao choque, ao trauma e à sepse. Respostas imunes celularmente mediadas apresentam-se deprimidas em machos em resposta ao binômio trauma-hemorragia, mas conservados/enaltecidos em fêmeas em proestro. Adicionalmente demonstra-se que os hormônios sexuais são responsáveis por esta dicomotomia de resposta sexualmente específica, em condições cardiovasculares adversas. Estudos específicos indicam que os andrógenos produzem imunodepressão pós-trauma hemorragia em machos. Em contraste, esteróides sexuais femininos parecem exibir propriedades imunoprotetoras após episódios de trauma com ou sem perda importante de sangue. No terreno dos mecanismos subjacentes, foram identificados receptores para hormônios sexuais em várias células do sistema imunológico, sugerindo a existência de efeitos diretos destes hormônios sobre tais células. Alternativamente, observam efeitos indiretos de hormônios sexuais tais como modulação das respostas cardiovasculares das enzimas sintetizadores de andrógeno e estrógeno, que podem contribuir para as estas respostas sexualmente diferenciadas. Estudos recentes indicam que os hormônios sexuais, como por exemplo a dehidroepiandrosterona também modulam a função de células mononucleares da série branca em pacientes cirúrgicos. Assim, as propriedades imunomodulatórias de hormônios sexuais/antagonistas de receptores/enzimas sintetizadores de esteróides após a ocorrência de trauma ou de hemorragia sugerem o caminho para novas estratégias terapêuticas para o tratamento de imunodepressão em pacientes cirúrgicos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/immunology , Sex Characteristics , Sepsis/immunology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/immunology , Wounds and Injuries/immunology , Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Androgens/immunology , Blood Circulation , Disease Susceptibility , Dehydroepiandrosterone/immunology , Dehydroepiandrosterone/therapeutic use , Estrogens/immunology , Immunocompetence , Receptors, Androgen/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Androgen/immunology , Receptors, Androgen/therapeutic use , Receptors, Estrogen/immunology , Sepsis/drug therapy , Sepsis/physiopathology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/drug therapy , Shock, Hemorrhagic/physiopathology , Trauma Severity Indices , Wounds and Injuries/drug therapy , Wounds and Injuries/physiopathology
4.
Rev. bras. clín. ter ; 23(6): 242-4, nov. 1997.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-208223

ABSTRACT

É descrito um caso de angiomatose bacilar em um doente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico. A angiomatose bacilar é freqüente nos doentes imunodeprimidos. Pode afetar diversos órgäos, mas no presente caso, as lesöes eram predominantemente nódulos dérmicos e subcutâneos, alguns recobertos por pele normal e outros com aspecto angiomatoso. Pelo estudo imunoistoquímico identificou-se a Bartonella quintana, apesar de que a Bartonella henselea é mais frequente. A cura foi obtida pela administraçäo de eritromicina 2 g/dia por quatro semanas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Angiomatosis, Bacillary/pathology , Bartonella Infections/complications , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Skin/injuries , Erythromycin , Erythromycin/therapeutic use , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Wounds and Injuries/immunology
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