Sympatry influence in the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with triatomine

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is widely distributed in nature, circulating between triatomine bugs and sylvatic mammals, and has large genetic diversity. Both the vector species and the genetic lineages of T. cruzi present a varied geographical distribution. This study aimed to verify the influence of sympatry in the interaction of T. cruzi with triatomines. Methods: The behavior of the strains PR2256 (T. cruzi II) and AM14 (T. cruzi IV) was studied in Triatoma sordida (TS) and Rhodnius robustus (RR). Eleven fifth-stage nymphs were fed by artificial xenodiagnosis with 5.6 × 103 blood trypomastigotes/0.1mL of each T. cruzi strain. Every 20 days, their excreta were examined for up to 100 days, and every 30 days, the intestinal content was examined for up to 120 days, by parasitological (fresh examination and differential count with Giemsa-stained smears) and molecular (PCR) methods. Rates of infectivity, metacyclogenesis and mortality, and mean number of parasites per insect and of excreted parasites were determined. RESULTS: Sympatric groups RR+AM14 and TS+PR2256 showed higher values of the four parameters, except for mortality rate, which was higher (27.3%) in the TS+AM14 group. General infectivity was 72.7%, which was mainly proven by PCR, showing the following decreasing order: RR+AM14 (100%), TS+PR2256 (81.8%), RR+PR2256 (72.7%) and TS+AM14 (36.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our working hypothesis was confirmed once higher infectivity and vector capacity (flagellate production and elimination of infective metacyclic forms) were recorded in the groups that contained sympatric T. cruzi lineages and triatomine species.

Estudo da correlação entre a carga parasitária de cães com diferentes apresentações clínicas da leishmaniose visceral e a transmissão ao vetor da leishmania infantum / Study of correlation between parasite load of dogs with different clinical presentations of visceral leishmaniasis and transmission to the vector of Leishmania infantum

No Novo Mundo, a leishmaniose visceral (LV) é causada pela Leishmania infantum, que tem como vetor o inseto flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis. Os cães são considerados o principal reservatório urbano da infecção. Devido ao fato do controle da LV se basear, principalmente, no controle da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC), é importante estudar o papel dos cães na transmissão da infecção. Foi demonstrado que cães apresentando diferentes apresentações clínicas da LV, inclusive os assintomáticos transmitem a infecção ao vetor flebotomíneo. Nenhum estudo sistemático avaliou a associação direta entre a carga parasitária em diferentes tecidos e a transmissão do parasito. A hipótese desse estudo é que cães com baixa carga parasitária na pele e no sangue não transmitem a infecção ao vetor flebotomíneo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se há correlação entre a carga parasitária de cães com diferentes apresentações clínicas da LV e a transmissão ao vetor Lutzomyia longipalpis. Foram selecionados 35 cães de dois canis, locazidos em area endêmica (n=23) e não endêmica (n=12) para LV. Os animais foram classificados de acordo com o número de sinais clínicos em: assintomáticos (sem sinais; n=12), oligossintomáticos (1-3 sinais; n=15) e polissintomático (<3 sinais; n =8). Todos os 35 cães foram positivos em pelo menos um dos testes diagnósticos: ELISA (n=8), cultura de aspirado esplênico (n=9) e qPCR (n=35) dos tecidos avaliados. Diferentes tecidos (sangue periférico, aspirado esplênico e biópsia de pele) foram coletados para quantificação do DNA do parasito pela qPCR. Para avaliar a capacidade de transmissão dos cães, foi realizado xenodiagnóstico, seguido de determinação da carga parasitária em cada flebótomo utilizando qPCR. Finalmente, a capacidade de transmissão de Leishmania foi estimada pela determinação, após o xenodiagnóstico, da infectividade de cães ao flebótomo, da taxa de infecção de flebótomos, e da carga parasitária transmitida aos flebótomos. Baixa carga parasitária na pele e no sangue foi detectada em aproximadamente 85% dos cães assintomáticos. A infectividade de cães ao flebótomo variou de 60 a 90%, e foi similar entre animais apresentando diferentes números de sinais clínicos. Foi identificado que o maior percentual (51%) de cães transmite parasitos a um pequeno número de flebótomos (de 1 a 5 em 30 flebótomos utilizados no xenodiagnóstico). Entre os tecidos analisados, correlação positiva foi detectada entre a infectividade de cães ao vetor e a carga parasitária nas amostras de sangue (r = 0.50, p<0.01). Adicionalmente, foi observada, correlação positiva entre menor taxa de infecção dos flebótomos e baixa carga parasitária no sangue (r = 0.53, p<0.01). Em conjunto, estes dados mostram que cães com baixa carga parasitária são capazes de transmitir o parasito, porém a um pequeno número de flebótomos e com uma baixa carga parasitária.

Chronic Chagas disease: PCR-xenodiagnosis without previous microscopic observation is a useful tool to detect viable Trypanosoma cruzi

We evaluate the elimination of the microscopic stage of conventional xenodiagnosis (XD) to optimize the parasitological diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic Chagas disease. To this purpose we applied under informed consent two XD cages to 150 Chilean chronic chagasic patients. The fecal samples (FS) of the triatomines at 30, 60 and 90 days post feeding were divided into two parts: in one a microscopic search for mobile trypomastigote and/or epimastigote forms was performed. In the other part, DNA extraction-purification for PCR directed to the conserved region of kDNA minicircles of trypanosomes (PCR-XD), without previous microscopic observation was done. An XD was considered positive when at least one mobile T. cruzi parasite in any one of three periods of incubation was observed, whereas PCR-XD was considered positive when the 330 bp band specific for T. cruzi was detected. 25 of 26 cases with positive conventional XD were PCR-XD positive (concordance 96.2%), whereas 85 of 124 cases with negative conventional XD were positive by PCR-XD (68.5%). Human chromosome 12 detected by Real-time PCR used as exogenous internal control of PCR-XD reaction allowed to discounting of PCR inhibition and false negative in 40 cases with negative PCR-XD. Conclusion: PCR-XD performed without previous microscopic observation is a useful tool for detection of viable parasites with higher efficiency then conventional XD.

Xenodiagnosis: use of mosquitoes for the diagnosis of arboviral infections.

The arboviruses have a worldwide distribution and, mosquitoes and ticks contribute principally in their transmission. In the last two decades, arboviral diseases have been recognised due to their resurgence and spread in newer geographic areas. Surveys to determine the prevalence of arboviruses in any region largely depend on the isolation attempts from the arthropods along with the serosurveys. Xenodiagnosis means use of insects for the diagnosis of infectious diseases affecting human being. The present communication discusses the application of mosquitoes for propagation and assays of arboviruses, the technique of mosquito inoculation and importance of xenodiagnosis.

Correlação entre a positividade do xenodiagnóstico artificial e a quantidade de sangue e triatomíneos utilizados no exame, em pacientes chagásicos cronicos / Correlation among the positivity of the artificial xenodiagnosis and the amount of blood and triatomines used in the exam, in chronic chagasic patients

The aim of this study was to verify whether the amount of blood and number of triotomines used could improve the artificial xenodiagnosis performed in 200 chronic phase infected individuals. Ten or 40ml of peripheral blood was collected in heparinized (20.4 IU) vacuum tubes, and fed to 60 and 360 triatomines, respectively. Dipetalogaster maximus (1st instar, about 15 days after eclosion), as well as 3rd instar Triatoma infestans and Triatoma vitticeps and the 4th instar of Rhodnius neglectus were used. The faecal examinations were performed 30 and 60 days after xenodiagnosis procedure. The positivity with 10ml of blood was 19 and with 40ml, 44, from which it was concluded that a correlation existed between the amount of blood and the number of triatomines used (p < 0.01). The positivity of the xenodiagnosis ranged from 9.7 to 100, higher in young and adults up to 34 years old, but independent in relation to the sex of the chronic chagasic individuals studied.